成品油管道枢纽站罐容计算方法研究

目前国内成品油管道枢纽站的罐容还没有明确的计算方法,大多参照GB50253《输油管道工程设计规范》中的相关规定进行确定,计算的罐容往往过大,建设用地多,造成工程投资偏高。以兰郑长成品油管道咸阳油库为例,通过对咸阳油库各种运行工况的分析,引用流量差的概念,阐述了一种成品油管道枢纽站罐容计算方法。并和参照《输油管道工程设计规范》罐容计算结果进行了经济对比。对比结果表明:阐述的罐容计算方法经济适用,可用于今后类似成品油管道枢纽站罐容的确定。     

油气长输管道壁厚计算及选用

在油气长输管道设计中,管道的壁厚设计计算和选取直接影响到管道输送安全和工程投资.针对油气长输管道壁厚计算因输送介质不同、输送温度不同、输送压力不同及处于不同地段而产生的差异,归纳总结出油气长输管道普通线路段、穿跨越段和站场部分管道壁厚计算方法,也总结出了在管道壁厚的选取中需要注意的问题及应用的规范.     

短小成品油管道批次和罐容的确定

为了研究短小成品油管道输送批次和罐容的确定方法,以安庆-合肥成品油管道为例,根据该工程线路短、管径小、不考虑分输、不需要新建储罐、混油量少等特点,经过综合比较确定管道输送的最大批次数,再综合分析首末站的实际情况,以充分利用首末站现有储罐、方便运行管理、减少混油损失为原则,来确定合适的批次和首末站的罐容.     

长呼线和马惠线夏季运行方式对比分析

长呼线和马惠线都是输送长庆油田原油的长输管道。马惠线采用裸管,夏季采用常温输送方式,而长呼线采用保温管道,夏季却采用加热输送方式。文中从所输油品物性,管道沿线地温、管线总传热系数、油品输送距离等方面对比分析长呼线和马惠线的差异,探讨限制长呼线夏季常温输送可行性的因素,提出了长呼线夏季运行方式的优化方案,建议长呼线夏季采用首站不加热、中间站加热的运行方式。     

航煤管道水击分析及保护措施

为验证中航油成都某航煤管道实施的超前保护、泄压保护、压力保护等水击保护措施的有效性,利用SPS软件对首站事故停泵、沿线阀室阀门和末站站场阀门异常关闭的事故工况进行模拟,分析了航煤管道的水击保护逻辑。研究结果表明,首站事故停泵、阀室阀门或末站站场阀门异常关闭都不会造成管道全线超压,这说明目前的水击保护措施有效保证了航煤管道的安全运行。     

靖咸大落差成品油管道顺序输送的特点

运行中的顺序输送管道沿线压力的变化主要是由管路特性的变化和不同密度油品在管道中交替产生的,管道的落差越大,对压力的影响越明显。由于靖成输油管道具有落差大、翻越点多、地形复杂及进出油点多等特点,所以在成品油顺序输送时,随着混油段位置的变化,其管输量、各站进出口压力等均在变化。针对靖咸成品油顺序输送管道通过大落差地段的压力变化进行研究,对不同油品在大落差管道中交替时压力变化规律做了定性和定量的分析,并提出了危险点的压力控制措施。     

长输成品油管道顺序输送混油量的控制

长输成品油管道顺序输送过程中会产生大量混油，目前常用的处理混油的方法都无法避免经济损失。以减少成品油管道在每个计算周期内混油量最终减少成品油管道系统总体混油量为目的，通过分析混油产生过程中各种因素的影响，结合实际顺序输送管道的运行经验，主要研究了从成品油输油计划编制和管道运行管理两方面对混油量的控制方法，提出了一些用于控制长输成品油管道混油量的有效措施。     

输卤管道的研究

介绍的管道工程采用首站开泵一泵到底的常温、密闭、连续输送的输送工艺,根据设计输量和确定的管径,全线只设首、末站两个站场。以淮安-连云港碱厂卤水输送管道为例,对输卤管道工程设计计算方法进行了分析和探讨,重点分析了管材的选取和防腐方面应注意的问题,为其他输卤管道工程提供参考。     

长输油气管道的完整性管理

文中对管道完整性管理的背景、理念和原则、管理的标准体系、管理方法,以及新建管道完整性和站场完整性管理等进行了阐述,介绍了国内长输管道完整性的主要成果和做法,总结了长输管道完整性管理具备的一般特征.     

长输天然气管道冬季运行分析

为了降低某天然气长输管道的能耗,用SPS软件建立了该条管道仿真模型。在该条管道冬季不同输量下,利用模型分析管道沿线各站出站温度调节对能耗费用的影响。结果表明:该条天然气管道当输量为2.0×1010m3/a时,开空冷器比不开空冷器所需能耗费用多;当输量为2.5×1010m3/a和3.0×1010m3/a时,开空冷器比不开空冷器所需能耗费用少,开空冷器能够降低管道的运行成本。     

Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians

Pedestrians as compared to vehicular traffic enjoy a high degree freedom of movement even in heavily congested areas. Consequently, there are more alternative links available to pedestrians between a given origin‐destination (O‐D) pair. This paper describes a study done by the University of Calgary to evaluate the factors affecting the choice of route on intra‐CBD trips or trips within the Central Business District (CBD).

An origin destination survey conducted in downtown Calgary, Alberta enabled the identification of the most significant factors influencing the choice. These factors were analyzed in relation to the physical characteristics of the location, personal characteristics of the trip maker and the type of the trip.

It appears that most people chose the shortest link and factors such as the level of congestion, safety or visual attractions were only secondary. This suggests that the length should be made a major consideration when planning and designing pedestrian links.     

Non-parametric analyses of efficiency of airports

This paper estimates the efficiencies and productivity changes of 12 international airports in the Asia-Pacific region based on data from 1998 to 2006. We apply stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to compute efficiency estimates and use the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to analyze productivity changes. We use the SFA model with a translog-type production function after testing the statistical hypotheses. According to the results of the SFA hypothesis tests, airports have experienced a technological regression; the deviations from the efficiency frontier are caused more by technical inefficiency than random noise. However, the inefficiency was found to decrease. The MPI reveals a declining trend resulting more from technological change than from efficiency change, with a decrease in inefficiency. Taken together, both the hypothesis tests and the MPI not only provide consistent conclusions, but also suggest that airports should concentrate on technological progress.     

波纹管应力分析研究进展

评述了波纹管应力理论研究方法的进展情况，围绕解析法、工程近似法和数值法，对波纹管理论研究中的一些主要成果作了较详细的回顾和总结，对各种研究方法作出了评价，展望了亟待解决的一些问题。     

实现多组态计量软件集中监控的可行性分析

天然气自动计量系统有多种组态软件,由于软件的不相通性,造成了计量系统数据采集的通用性差、数据传输与入库的时效性差、数据利用的可靠性低.结合各组态软件的实际情况,从设计上充分利用Oracle大数据处理能力以及Partition(分区表)的特性,实现历史数据的存储,应用WebService与COM+数据访问组件提供多层数据访问架构,采用OPC与DDE工业数据交换协议,实现了各站场计量数据的实时上传,为连续数据采集和实时监控提供了可能,节约了改造成本.     

注汽管道承压能力评估和实物试验验证

基于失效评估图技术对某注汽管道进行了承压能力评价,给出了管线在不同腐蚀壁厚情况下的极限承压能力和极限裂纹尺寸。并利用实物爆破试验验证了评价方法的安全性和有效性,通过对爆破断口进行宏观和微观分析,发现管段的开裂属于脆性开裂。     

输油管道中原油乳状液的流变性研究

原油乳状液的流变性是原油开采后在管道中输送的重要研究方面,为了更好地研究这一性质,采用电动搅拌机、偏光显微镜以及流变仪等仪器来测定不同含水率的原油乳状液在不同条件下的黏度,观测不同含水率的原油乳状液在偏光显微镜下的形态。并且分别对原油乳状液的黏度与含水率之间的关系以及与剪切速率之间的关系进行研究,初步确定了所测区块原油乳状液的转相点以及该区块原油乳状液的流变特性,为生产中的油气集输提供了理论依据。     

埋地管道防腐保温层失效评价

明确埋地管道防腐保温层的技术评价标准,对埋地钢质管道的安全运行,延长管道使用寿命具有重要意义。为了对埋地管道防腐保温层做出有效评价,从间接检测与开挖检测2个方面,结合现场检测数据,提出了基于防腐保温层的电流衰减率、绝缘电阻率、质量状况与厚度的分级评价标准及基于4种评价指标的综合评判方法。工程实践表明,该评价标准对防腐保温层是否存在失效能做出有效判断。     

城市轨道交通杂散电流监测系统概述

介绍了城市轨道交通工程中杂散电流不同的监测系统的构成,分析了集中式、分散式和智能型等监测系统的配置和功能,以及智能型实时在线监测系统的重要意义,为轨道交通工程杂散电流监测系统的选择与应用提供参考。     

Preliminary results of an analysis of areas of influence in Shanghai

The main deficiency of most current modeling approaches to transportation can be identified as neglect of the integration of existing geographical knowledge in regard to the ex ante transport/land use modeling approaches, with its focus on territorial dynamics and theory development. This paper addresses this aspect of the problem by introducing a theoretical and methodological framework for the analysis of the interrelationship between land uses. The analysis attempts to determine to what extent the functional land use in a city can be considered an ordered pattern. The order sought does not rely on purely spatial configurations, but on the correlation of transportation and land use. The first section of this paper focuses on theoretical considerations. It stresses the fact that conventional approaches do not apply in the present context. It then suggests an alternative based on areas of influence and measured in terms of level of attractance of land uses. The second describes a procedure based on this alternative following the remarkable contribution of Hanjoul, Beguin and Thill. An application of this procedure to the analysis of Shanghai is then examined. Finally, an evaluation of the strategies for optimizing the interrelationship between land uses is presented. The paper concludes with a possible research agenda.     

Direct analysis of the perceived importance of attributes of reliability of travel modes in urban travel

Reliability of travel modes was found to be the most important characteristic of transportation systems in several attitudinal investigations of individual travel behavior. This paper represents the first part of a research effort aimed at gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of reliability of transportation modes in urban travel. In this research, reliability characteristics are identified; their importance relative to each other is assessed, and an insight into possible structure of an objective reliability index is discussed. The research is based on perceived values of reliability, which were identified through a large attitudinal survey conducted in the Chicago metropolitan area.