The review of thermal management technology for large-scale lithium-ion battery energy storage system

大容量锂离子电池储能系统对完善传统电网和高效利用新能源都具有非常重要的作用。为了实现大容量锂离子电池储能系统的高倍率化、长寿命化以及高安全性,高性能电池热管理系统的研发刻不容缓。本文总结了温度对锂离子电池性能的影响规律,综述了空冷、液冷、热管冷却、相变冷却这4种典型热管理技术的研究概况,分析了热管理技术在锂离子电池储能系统中的应用与研究状况。随着锂离子电池储能系统工作倍率的提高,产热量随之增大,对热管理系统的要求也越来越高。下一步的研究工作应围绕空冷系统优化、基于新型冷却介质的液冷系统、经济型热管及多目标优化设计这4方面展开。     

车用锂离子电池液冷式热管理系统实验研究

锂离子电池组的热管理对电动汽车的性能和安全性具有重要意义。基于多通道蛇形波纹管液冷式热管理系统,以200个18650型锂离子电池组为热管理对象,对电池在各种充放电倍率下所需的冷却液流量、泵功消耗以及热管理收益进行了实验研究。结果表明,热管理系统对动力电池在各种充放电应用条件下都具有较好的热管理效果,电池最大温度和最大温差基本可控制在40℃以下和5℃以内。提高冷却水流速对系统热管理能力的提升具有一定的效果,但是随着流速增大,热管理能力提升的边际效益也更趋明显;而系统运行所消耗的泵功增加导致了热管理收益随冷却水流速增加而大幅降低。从电池的性能安全以及热管理有效性的角度综合考虑,各充放电倍率下热管理系统的冷却水流速都是以保证电池安全和性能指标的最低流速为优。     

服役工况下车用锂离子动力电池散热方法综述

随着电动汽车的广泛使用,锂离子动力电池俨然成为纯电动汽车首选的动力来源,然而其热安全性问题也日益突出.基于此,本文针对车用锂离子动力电池在服役工况下尤其高温时存在的安全性差、工作不可靠及循环寿命短等热问题,根据电池的动态散热特性着重介绍了车用锂离子动力电池常用的冷却方法,包括空冷散热、液冷散热、相变材料冷却、热管冷却和耦合散热,说明了集多种冷却方式耦合的热管理系统与单一散热方法相比不仅能提高散热效率,还可以改善电池的均温性.并结合上述散热方法的研究进展及关键技术,主要在空冷通道优化、液冷结构设计及冷却液介质分析、相变材料应用特性、热管的冷却特性及热特性等方面进行了具体综述.最后,针对目前常用的动力电池散热方法中存在的问题提出了合理化建议,展望了电池热管理系统与汽车乘员热舒适性、电动机舱热管理及车辆热环境相耦合,形成整车热管理系统的开发,以期为电池热管理系统设计开发等相关领域的研究提供一定参考.     

基于电化学热耦合模型的富镍锂离子电池产热分析

锂离子电池在工作过程中产生的热效应会影响其温度和电化学性能,并极大地影响电池的安全性和使用寿命.分析电池在放电过程的热特性变化规律及产热机制,评估电池内部不同性质的产热对温度变化的相互作用,对于电池热管理系统的设计起到至关重要的作用.因此,本工作以富镍三元锂离子电池为研究对象,建立了基于动态参数响应的电化学热耦合模型,在0℃和40℃环境温度下分别进行了 0.3 C、1C放电与温升实验验证,验证结果表明耦合模型具有较好的精确性和可靠性,能够准确地分析电池热特性.基于验证后的模型,研究了富镍锂离子电池在不同放电倍率、环境温度、换热环境下的温升特性,并进一步分析了电池内部生热机理及发热特性.结果表明:放电倍率的增大使得电池的总产热量迅速增大,同时加剧了电池内部的温度不均匀性,正负极熵热系数较大的差异性使得正极区域产热较大而负极产热较为平缓.研究结果能够为锂离子电池的热性能评估和电池组的热管理系统设计提供一定的指导意义.     

汽车空调制冷剂直冷动力电池热管理系统的PID控制研究

电池热管理对电动汽车的安全和寿命至关重要。本文采用铝翅片铜管作为基础结构,设计一种结构紧凑、轻量型的18650型锂离子电池模组,采用基于PID原理的算法作为电动汽车空调系统电子膨胀阀的控制方案,实验研究R134a制冷剂直接气液两相流冷却电池模组的换热性能。结果表明：所提出的电池热管理系统能够快速响应温度的变化,并降低电池模组的温度。此外,当控制方案为动态温度PID算法时,电池模组以1 C倍率放电过程中电池之间的最大温差小于4℃,并且电池模组的最高温度低于36℃。     

模拟仿真在锂离子电池热安全设计中的应用北大核心CSCD

随着锂离子电池的广泛使用,锂离子电池热安全问题日益突出。相比于成本高、破坏性大的实验方法,建模仿真因其经济、安全、快速等优势成为锂离子电池热安全研究的重要手段。本文从微观建模、单电池建模以及电池组建模三个尺度对最新的锂离子电池模型及其在热安全设计中的应用进行了综述。着重介绍了锂枝晶的生长调控和电解液的安全设计方面的模拟仿真、单电池模型与热方程耦合的应用以及锂离子电池组热模型在优化电池热管理系统方面的研究。最后总结了现有的锂离子电池热模型存在的缺陷,并对锂离子电池热模型未来的研究方法做出了展望。     

基于正交试验的锂离子电池热失控仿真北大核心CSCD

锂离子电池热失控是由多种因素耦合而导致的结果,得到影响锂离子电池热失控影响因素的重要性程度对于提高电池安全性具有极大意义。对此,针对针刺导致的锂离子电池热失控,利用COMSOL软件仿真分析了不同针刺位置、速度、直径、SOC(state of charge)对锂离子电池单体针刺热失控影响,得到对单体电池热失控影响的重要因素。基于单体针刺热失控仿真结果,以4个锂离子电池单体组成的模组为研究对象,利用单因素仿真试验分析不同钢针直径R、电池SOC以及针刺电池个数N对电池模组热扩散影响;基于此,本文分析了针刺电池个数N、钢针直径R及电池SOC耦合作用热失控的正交试验。结果表明:相对于针刺位置、针刺速度对电池单体热失控影响,电池SOC和针刺直径R对电池单体热失控影响较为显著,且针刺直径R越小,单体电池热失控越剧烈;电池SOC越大,热失控时电池温度分布越不均匀;针刺直径R越大,模组热扩散需要时间越长;当SOC在100%~85%范围内时,模组内各电池单体的热失控最高温度变化较为明显;针刺电池个数N越大,模组热失控越剧烈,但位于模组中间位置的电池热失控最高温度有所降低。针刺电池个数N、SOC、针刺直径R对电池模组热失控温度和扩散时间的影响程度主次顺序为:N>R>SOC*R>SOC*N>N*R>SOC,其中,针刺电池个数N对电池模组热扩散影响最显著,且不同因素间的交互作用不容忽视。本工作为提高电池的安全性及电池设计提供了参考依据。     

储能用锂离子电池管理系统研究

锂离子电池因其性能优异在高电压大容量的储能系统得到了广泛的应用。锂离子电池管理系统是延长电池循环寿命,维护电池安全运行的关键。针对储能用锂离子电池的特性,该文讨论了储能用锂离子电池管理系统的结构,重点介绍了电池管理系统的主要功能,特别是单体电池数据采集功能、电池状态估计功能和均衡管理功能,并分析了状态估计和均衡管理方法的优缺点,对其实现策略进行了评价。     

过充、过热及其共同作用下车用三元锂离子电池热失控特性北大核心CSCD

锂离子电池作为目前电动汽车的主要能源电池,其在外界滥用条件下的热失控问题受到广泛关注,研究不同滥用下尤其是多种滥用共同作用下的电池热失控特性可有效提高电池使用安全性。本工作以车用50 Ah方型动力三元锂离子电池单体作为研究对象,利用大功率充放电循环仪和电加热装置,进行了1 C倍率过充、150 W局部过热及其共同作用下的电池热失控实验。对不同工况下热失控实验现象、质量损失、温度变化、升温速率变化、升温部位和电压变化等实验结果进行对比分析,结果表明:过充过热共同作用下电池热失控具有更大危险性,电池热失控时间比单一滥用减少约35%,热失控时电池SOC比过充减小约35%,电池电压会出现“持续上升—突降至零”现象。本研究可为车用三元锂离子电池热管理系统安全设计提供参考。     

Overview of research on thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries

随着锂离子电池在生活和工作中的普及,锂离子电池的安全事故逐年增加,锂离子电池的安全研究逐渐引起学术界的关注。研究锂离子电池的热安全性,可以有效分析锂离子电池发生起火和爆炸的内在原因,指导锂离子电池安全性研究的开展。本文介绍了锂离子电池工作过程中产热的来源和影响因素,以及锂离子电池热失控发生时的内部反应和反应对应的温度,并对电池热失控时的热特性参数进行了总结。     

Heat Generation and Thermal Transport in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Scale-Bridging Perspective

ABSTRACT

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are complex, heterogeneous systems with coupled electrochemical and thermal phenomena that lead to elevated temperatures, which, in turn, limit safety, reliability, and performance. Despite years of research, there are still open questions about the electrochemical-thermal phenomena within battery cells. This article highlights recent advances in thermal characterization and modeling of LIBs with an emphasis on the multi-scale aspect of battery systems: from the microscale electrode components to the macroscale battery packs. Both heat generation and thermal properties (thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity) are impacted by battery capacity, charge/discharge rate, ambient conditions, and the underlying microstructure. Understanding thermal phenomena and designing batteries to prevent thermal runaway requires multiscale efforts from the microstructure of the electrodes to the overall system behavior. Experimental efforts have focused on both property and performance characterization, as well as development of new battery chemistries for improved performance and new designs for improved thermal management. Past numerical modeling work ranges from computationally efficient lumped approaches to high fidelity microstructural finite element models. Ultimately, coupled electrochemical-thermal investigations (both numerical and experimental) are required to further improve the performance and reliability of batteries, and to prevent thermal runaway. This perspective article provides insight into directions to improve these approaches with the goal of informing design of batteries with improved performance, safety, and reliability.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of heat transfer in Li‐ion battery pack of a hoverboard

Li‐ion cells are used for energy storage and conversion in electric vehicles and a variety of consumer devices such as hoverboards. Performance and safety of such devices are severely affected by overheating of Li‐ion cells in aggressive operating conditions. Multiple recent fires and accidents in hoverboards are known to have originated in the battery pack of the hoverboard. While thermal analysis and measurements have been carried out extensively on large battery packs for electric vehicles, there is relatively lesser research on smaller devices such as hoverboards, where the extremely limited thermal management design space and the critical importance of user safety result in severe thermal management challenges. This paper presents experimental measurements and numerical analysis of a novel approach for thermal management of the battery pack of a hoverboard. Measurements indicate that temperature rise in cells in the pack can be as large as 30°C at 4C discharge rate, which, although unlikely to be a standard discharge rate, may result from a malfunction or accident. A novel thermal management approach is investigated, wherein careful utilization of air flow generated by hoverboard motion is shown to result in significant temperature reduction. Measurements also indicate the key role of the metal housing around the battery pack in thermal management. Measurements are found to be in good agreement with finite element simulations, which indicate that the battery pack can be cooled as effectively in presence of a perforated metal casing as without the casing at all. Experimental data and simulation model presented here offer critical insights into the design of hoverboard thermal management and may result in safer, high performance hoverboard battery packs.     

Experimental investigation on thermal performance of silica cooling plate‐aluminate thermal plate‐coupled forced convection‐based pouch battery thermal management system

The power battery as an indispensable part of electric vehicle has attracted much attention in recent years. Among these, the lithium‐ion battery is the most important option due to the high energy density, good stability, and low discharge rate. However, the thermal safety problem of lithium‐ion battery cannot be ignored. Therefore, it is very necessary to explore an effective thermal management system for battery module. Here, a thermal silica cooling plate‐aluminate thermal plate (SCP‐ATP) coupling with forced convection air cooling system as a thermal management system is proposed for improving the cooling performance of pouch battery module. The results reveal that the heat dissipating performance and temperature uniformity of pouch battery module with SCP‐ATP are greatly improved compared with other thermal management systems. Moreover, the highest temperature can be controlled below 50°C, and the temperature differences can be maintained with 3°C when the SCP‐ATP coupling forced convection is utilized to enhance the heat transfer coefficient. Furthermore, considering the cooling effectiveness and consumption cost comprehensively, the optimal air velocity of the SCP‐ATP coupling forced convection cooling system is 9 m/s. In addition, the SCP‐ATP filling with different proportions of acetone has also been investigated for pouch battery module, indicating that 50% acetone exhibited a better heat transfer effect than the 30% one. Therefore, this research would provide a significant value in the design and optimization of thermal management systems for battery module.     

低温环境下电池热管理研究进展

动力电池作为电动汽车（Electric vehicle, EV）的重要组件,在低温环境下存在能量密度和功率密度下降等问题。为提高低温条件下动力电池的性能,需要合适的电池热管理系统。本文介绍了动力电池在低温环境下的放电特性,整理归纳了现有的各种电池加热方式,并综述了低温环境下电池热管理研究进展,对电池低温下热管理的进一步研究具有指导意义。     

基于液体介质的电动汽车动力电池热管理研究进展

电动汽车在节能减排上具有很大的潜力和优势,但其性能受动力电池的制约,而温度又会影响电池的安全和寿命。因此,为保证电动汽车的综合性能,需配置合理的电池热管理系统。由于液体冷却具有较好的降温效果,采用液体介质对电池进行热管理近年来逐渐引起重视。本文介绍了基于液体介质的电池热管理基本原理,综述了液体介质应用于电池热管理的研究进展,并重点介绍了新型热管在电池散热方面的应用,同时指出了目前液体介质冷却电池时存在的一些问题。     

Thermal management system of lithium‐ion battery module based on micro heat pipe array

Temperature affects the performance of electric vehicle battery. To solve this problem, micro heat pipe arrays are utilized in a thermal management system that cools and heats battery modules. In the present study, the heat generation of a battery module during a charge‐discharge cycle under a constant current of 36 A (2C) was computed. Then, the cooling area of the condenser was calculated and experimentally validated. At rates of 1C and 2C, the thermal management system effectively reduced the temperature of the module to less than 40°C, and the temperature difference was controlled less than 5°C between battery surfaces of the module. A heating plate with 30‐W power effectively improved charge performance at low temperature within a short heating time and with uniform temperature distribution. Charge capacity obviously increased after heating when battery temperature was below 0°C. This study presents a new way to enhance the stability and safety of a battery module during the continuous charge‐discharge cycle at high temperatures and low temperatures accordingly.     

Recent progress in lithium-ion battery thermal management for a wide range of temperature and abuse conditions

Lithium-ion batteries are important power sources for electric vehicles and energy storage devices in recent decades. Operating temperature, reliability, safety, and life cycle of batteries are key issues in battery thermal management, and therefore, there is a need for an effective thermal-management system. This review summarises the latest research progress on lithium-ion battery thermal management under high temperature, sub-zero temperature, and abuse conditions. Heat generation mechanisms are characterised under both normal and abuse conditions. Different cooling methods, which include air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change cooling, heat pipe cooling, and their combinations are reviewed and discussed. Thereafter, features of different battery heating methods such as air/liquid heating, alternate current heating, and internal self-heating are discussed. An improvement in battery safety under abuse conditions is discussed from the perspective of battery material modification and thermal management design. The research progress in recent investigations is summarised, and the prospects are proposed.     

Recent progress on thermal runaway propagation of lithium-ion battery

简述了电动汽车锂离子动力电池热失控蔓延机理、建模与抑制技术的最新研究进展。为了满足汽车高能量的要求,需要动力电池进行串并联成组来提供动力。电池组成组安全问题成为电动汽车大规模应用的重要技术问题。电池组中的某一个电池单体发生热失控后产生大量热,导致周围电池单体受热产生热失控。因而,电池组成组安全问题的重要关注点是电池组内的热失控蔓延问题。本文对锂离子电池热失控蔓延问题的国内外研究进展进行了综述,分析了对于不同种类锂离子动力电池影响其热失控蔓延特性的主要因素。总结了文献中的热失控蔓延建模方法,并指出了已有方法的不足。从电池系统热安全管理的角度,阐述并分析了热失控蔓延防控技术的研究成果与方向。最后对锂离子电池热失控蔓延研究进行了展望。     

增设通风孔的风冷式锂离子电池热管理系统数值研究

电池热管理系统的优化设计可以维持动力电池的高效性能,进而促进电动汽车产业的发展。本文采用CFD方法研究有通风孔的情况下,风冷式锂离子电池组在放电过程中的散热性能。研究结果发现,在电池组外壳增设通风孔可以明显提高整个电池组的冷却效果。风孔开设在主出风口的相反方向时,电池组的温升和温差最小。当风孔的面积与出口面积相等时,电池组的冷却效果最佳;继续增大风孔对电池组的冷却效果影响较小。最后探讨了空气进口温度和电池间冷却通道的变化对电池组散热效果的影响。采用在电池组外壳上开设多个通风孔的办法有助于电池热管理系统的冷却优化设计。