某综合医院重症监护科营养支持应用现状的药学调查

目的了解珠海市人民医院重症监护科营养支持药物的应用情况,探讨肠内营养(EN)、肠外营养(PN)、肠内肠外营养(EN+PN)的临床治疗效果。方法采用药物利用分析方法对珠海市人民医院2010-09～2011-08重症监护科营养药物的用药频度(DDDs)、药物利用指数(DUI)进行分析;并选取此期间该科患者119例,分别按EN组32例、EN+PN组55例、PN组32例进行回顾性调查,考察其营养支持前后血红蛋白(Hb)、血清白蛋白(sALB)的变化,进行分析比较。结果 DDDs排序前3位的药品分别是人血白蛋白(5 g)、肠内营养混悬液(能全力)、5%复方氨基酸注射液(18AA)。3组患者的Hb及sALB均有不同程度降低,PN组降低最多。PN组与EN组、PN组与EN+PN组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.01),EN组与EN+PN组间比较则没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。各组用药时机基本与指南相符。结论本院重症监护科营养支持药物的应用基本合理。EN或EN+PN的营养治疗效果优于PN,重症监护患者应积极采用EN。     

肠内肠外营养在危重患者中的临床应用

目的探讨不同营养支持方式在ICU危重患者中的效果影响。方法将57例危重患者按营养支持治疗方式不同分为肠内肠外联合营养组(PN+EN)29例和肠内营养组(EN)28例,对比观察两组营养支持治疗前后各营养指标(淋巴细胞计数、血红蛋白、血浆白蛋白、前白蛋白)的变化及并发症的发生和住院天数的不同。结果 PN+EN组淋巴细胞计数、血红蛋白、血浆白蛋白高于EN组,差异有统计学意(P<0.05)。结论对于危重患者,肠内肠外联合营养支持治疗可改善患者的营养状况,是危重患者较好的营养支持方式。     

食管癌术后早期肠内营养的应用研究

目的 探讨早期肠内营养对食管癌术后患者营养状态免疫功能住院时间及营养支持费用的影响.方法 60例食管癌术后患者随机分为肠外营养组(PN)肠内营养1组(EN)和肠内营养2组(EN2).手术前后检测营养和免疫指标,统计住院天数及营养支持费用.结果 术后8天,EN组免疫指标恢复与PN组无显著性差异,而血清前白蛋白、转铁蛋白水平明显高于PN组;EN组住院天数显著少于PN组,营养支持费用显著少于PN组;EN1组和EN2组两者住院天数无显著差别,EN1组营养支持费用显著少于EN2组.结论 EN能改善免疫功能提高机体营养状况缩短住院时间,减少住院费用,EN1可作为第一选择.     

急性重症脑卒中患者营养状况与供给途径的相关性研究

目的探讨不同途径营养支持治疗对急性重症脑卒中营养状态的影响。方法选择186例急性重症脑卒中按照1∶1的设计随机分为肠内营养疗法组(EN组)与肠外营养疗法组(PN组),比较入住当天和第8天的各项营养参数。结果第8天,EN组体重指数、上臂肌围、淋巴细胞计数、前白蛋白、血红蛋白及血清白蛋白明显高于PN组,平均血糖低于PN组(P<0.05)。结论急性重症脑卒中患者肠内营养支持治疗更有效。     

肠内联合肠外营养的应用对危重症患者的预后影响

目的:研究肠内联合肠外营养(EN+PN)支持在危重症病人中的临床应用效果. 方法:将60例有部分或全部胃肠功能的危重症病例随机分为肠内联合肠外营养(EN+PN)支持组、完全肠内营养(TEN)支持组和完全肠外营养(TPN)支持组,每组20例,对比观察营养支持前1d及营养支持后d7患者的体重指数、肱三头肌皮褶厚度、血清前白蛋白、白蛋白、总蛋白、血红蛋白、免疫球蛋白、淋巴细胞计数,且每天观察并发症情况. 结果:营养指标比较:经EN+PN支持后,血清前白蛋白明显升高(P<0.01),总蛋白、白蛋白、血红蛋白、免疫球蛋白、淋巴细胞计数亦有升高(P<0.05);而TEN和TPN支持后,各指标结果无显著差异.三组对比,EN+PN支持组血清前白蛋白、白蛋白、总蛋白、血红蛋白、免疫球蛋白、淋巴细胞计数均高于EN组和PN组(P<0.05),体重指数,肱三头肌皮褶厚度无显著差异.并发症比较:EN+PN支持组患者并发症的发生率显著低于EN组和PN组(P<0.05).结论:EN+PN支持更符合生理状态,有更好的代谢效应,能改善危重症病例营养状况提高免疫功能,降低并发症发生率,对有部分或全部胃肠功能的危重症病例,应尽量早期采用.     

早期留置鼻空肠管肠内营养在重症急性胰腺炎中的临床研究

目的评价早期放置鼻空肠营养管行肠内营养支持在重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)治疗中的作用。方法回顾分析该院近3年来收治的25例SAP患者,12例早期接受经鼻空肠管肠内营养+肠外营养(EN+PN)治疗,13例接受全肠外营养(TPN)治疗,比较两组患者腹胀缓解时间、血淀粉酶恢复正常的时间、住院天数、并发症的发生率及感染率的差异。结果经鼻空肠管肠内营养+肠外营养组(EN+PN)与全肠外营养(TPN)支持组腹胀缓解时间、血淀粉酶恢复正常的时间、住院天数、并发症的发生率及感染率相比差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论早期经鼻空肠管EN+PN治疗重症急性胰腺炎能改善全身情况,安全可行,值得临床推广。     

重症脑卒中患者营养风险筛查与营养支持现状调查

目的 探讨营养风险筛查（nutritional risk screening,NRS）用于评估重症脑卒中患者营养状态的意义,比较肠内外营养支持治疗对该类患者的临床应用价值。方法 采用回顾性调查方法,对267例重症脑卒中患者根据营养风险筛查2002版[2002年欧洲肠外肠内营养学会（ESPEN）推荐的成人营养风险筛查方法,NRS 2002]进行营养评估,并根据营养支持类型分为3组,包括肠内营养（EN）组、肠外营养（PN）组和联合营养（EN+PN）组,通过比较使用前后各项指标的变化情况,对各组的临床疗效和不良反应进行评价。结果 通过比较患者入院第1天与第10天的营养状况、肝肾功能及并发症情况,发现EN组、EN+PN组相对用药前的总蛋白、白蛋白水平有显著性提高（P<0.05）,且EN组肝肾功能指标变化较小,合并感染的发生率为16.67%。结论 肠内营养支持能有效改善重症脑卒中患者的营养状况,降低患者感染及胃肠道并发症的发生率,明显改善患者预后。     

比较肠内营养和肠外营养支持治疗对重症患者的影响

目的对重症患者进行肠内营养(EN)或肠外营养(PN)支持治疗,比较营养代谢状况、留住ICU的时间、并发症发生率,探讨营养支持治疗对重症患者的影响。方法将2010年8月至2011年8月期间入住我院重症医学科(ICU)符合纳入标准的70例重症患者按照1∶1的设计随机分为肠内营养疗法组(EN组)与肠外营养疗法组(PN组),两组皆于入住后第1天开始给予EN或PN支持治疗。于入住当天及第8天分别检测记录各项营养状态指标。同时对患者留住ICU的时间及临床并发症进行比较。结果两组入住第8天的血清白蛋白、血红蛋白及体质量指数皆较入住当天下降(P<0.05),EN组入住第8天的前白蛋白较入住当天有明显升高(P<0.05),PN组入住第8天的前白蛋白与入住当天比较差异无统计学意义。EN组血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白及体质量指数的下降幅度明显低于PN组(P<0.05);EN组留住ICU时间明显低于PN组(P<0.05);EN组留住ICU期间的并发症发生率低于PN组(P<0.01)。结论肠内营养能更加有效地改善重症患者的营养状况,减少ICU留住时间,降低其留住ICU期间的并发症发生率。     

不同营养支持方式对AECOPD患者营养状态影响的研究

目的 探讨不同营养支持方式对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者营养状态的临床研究。方法 随机选取556例AECOPD患者进行回顾性分析,其中肠内营养(EN)组36例、肠内联合肠外营养(EN PN)组45例、肠外营养(PN)组201例、对照组274例。对照组给予常规治疗,营养支持组在此基础上分别给予不同的营养支持方式,比较四组患者治疗前后营养、免疫、肝肾功能指标变化。结果 (1)营养及免疫状态：治疗后各营养支持组患者总蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白均较对照组明显升高(p<0.05),PN组白蛋白、淋巴细胞数均较对照组明显升高(p<0.05);治疗后PN组血红蛋白较EN组升高(p<0.05);治疗后EN组、EN PN组总蛋白均较PN组升高(p<0.05)。(2)肝肾功能：治疗后PN组ALT、AST和CR均较对照组明显增高(p<0.05),治疗后EN PN组CR较对照组明显增高(p<0.05),各营养组BUN较对照组改善不明显(p>0.05)。结论 在常规治疗基础上应用营养支持治疗可以明显改善AECOPD患者的营养状态,肠外营养对患者肝肾功能有一定的影响。     

重症胰腺炎患者实施肠内营养的护理

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）肠内营养支持治疗（EN）的疗效与相应的护理措施。方法将60例患者分为肠外营养支持治疗（PN）组和EN组,比较治疗效果。结果EN组的C反应蛋白（CRP）检测、APACHEII评分、血清白蛋白水平、感染率、并发症发生率与PN组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论肠内营养支持治疗期间的观察和护理是肠内营养支持治疗顺利进行的保证,是肠内营养支持治疗是否有效的关键。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

基层医院护士在临床合理用药中的作用

目的充分利用护士在医师和患者间的特殊地位和作用,促进基层临床合理用药。方法从护士的工作性质出发,论述护士参与促进合理用药的方便和优势。结果通过实践,护士在促进合理用药中的作用得到有效发挥,基层合理用药环境得到极大改善。结论充分利用护士与医师和患者间的特殊桥梁作用,在基层医院促进合理用药,规范医师用药行为,防止药物滥用,引导患者安全用药,降低药源性疾病。