高强度聚焦超声作用下体模组织温度上升研究

为研究高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)作用下组织温度上升规律,建立了高强度聚焦声场和组织温度场有限元仿真模型,并通过体外辐照实验对仿真模型进行了验证。通过仿真对水和组织域中的聚焦声场进行建模,计算吸收声能并将其用作热源以计算组织内的温升。进一步制备仿生物组织凝胶体模,利用热电偶进行HIFU作用下体模组织焦点处的测温。结果表明:该模型可有效预测HIFU治疗时的温度上升,与实验所得温度误差不超过 3℃;体模组织受到超声辐照时温度会立即升高,起初温升速率较快,随着辐照时间延长,温升速率逐渐降低,停止辐照后温度立即下降。     

超声空化泡相界面逸出时相间传质的研究

根据超声空化泡在相间特殊运动时周围流体流动特性,以相间传质渗透理论为依据,结合流体动力学原理,分析了超声空化泡在相间的传质过程,由此建立了超声波声空化气泡相界面逸出时相间传质数学关系式,该式表明,超声功率可使传质系数增加,传质系数不仅与超声波声强近似呈线性关系,而且与扩散系数、气泡的气体体积流率的平方根成正比,同时还与空化泡半径Rd、界面面积S＇等因素有关。采用文献实验数据验证文中关系式,与实验结果相吻合,能较好地描述相界面上逸出超声空化泡时液体中的传质行为。该关系式为超声波强化传质过程提供了理论依据。     

高分子表面活性剂对超声辐照下苯乙烯乳液聚合的影响

在超声辐照引发苯乙烯乳液聚合中加入一种新型的以羧甲基纤维素为基础的高分子表面活性剂(CMC—A9)，讨论了高分子表面活性剂对反应动力学的影响。实验表明，超声辐照下初级自由基并非由通常认为的高分子表面活性剂产生，而是十二烷基硫酸钠在超声辐照下断裂，产生自由基。通过对反应动力学的研究，发现超声辐照下乳液聚合机理不同于常规乳液聚合，聚合反应过程只有两个阶段，即加速期和减速期，不存在恒速期。加入CMC—A9高分子表面活性剂，可以在较短的时间内和较低的超声功率下达到较高的单体转化率。     

一维复合波入射的固-固界面接触特性分析

基于弹性波理论,针对接触面非线性相互作用,建立了一个非线性刚度模型,利用接触应力描述非线性刚度特性。引入包含基波和谐波的一维复合波入射,在二阶微扰近似以及非线性边界条件下,给出了界面的反射波和透射波的表达式,得到反射系数和透射系数。结合界面线性刚度和接触应力的幂律关系,定义了四个非线性系数。通过数值计算分析了固-固界面的非线性特性以及谐波对于接触应力的依赖性。     

10 kW电校准激光功率计吸收体的设计与抗损伤性能研究

激光功率的绝对测量主要采用电校准激光功率测量系统,将激光功率溯源至电压和标准电阻基准,实现量值复现。对于万瓦级高功率激光的绝对测量,吸收体的抗损伤性能是测量系统的关键。针对10 kW电校准激光功率计吸收体的设计与抗损伤性能展开研究,基于反射锥体扩束结构和水冷散热方式,实现了抗损伤激光吸收腔体的设计与研制。采用数值传热分析手段,对不同激光功率、光斑尺寸和冷却水流量下吸收体的传热特征进行了研究。结果显示,吸收体内壁激光吸收面的温升得到较好控制,吸收体的功率测量上限达到15 kW,主要受限于水冷通道表面温升引起的冷却水汽化。数值分析结果对于抗损伤性能的明确、测量系统参数的设定和吸收体结构的优化具有重要的参考价值。在高功率激光下对由该吸收体组成的电校准测量系统开展了实验测试,最高测量功率达到14.3 kW,不同功率下的测量数据保持稳定,吸收体未发生损伤。     

粗糙表面固态耦合超声检测研究

固态耦合超声检测时两固体粗糙表面接触界面处的超声波不完全耦合,为提升该界面处超声检测的耦合效果,需深入研究其耦合特性。以粗糙表面的弹簧接触模型为基础,结合粗糙表面接触理论推导出固态耦合超声检测的耦合界面理论模型。根据实际情况以及材料参数分析,得到表征界面耦合效果的平均声反射系数与接触载荷以及接触表面当量粗糙度的关系,并与T模型的计算结果进行对比。在不同当量表面粗糙度和不同接触载荷下分别测得接触界面的平均声反射系数,并对比了不同当量表面粗糙度下界面声耦合效果达到最佳时接触载荷的理论值和实验值,计算得最大相对误差为13.04%,表明实验结果与所提出的理论模型结果基本吻合。所建立的固态耦合超声检测界面理论模型形式简洁,实用性强,并可通过针对性地控制相关参数来改善耦合效果。     

高度聚焦超声立体定向治疗并联机器人定位损伤离体猪肝组织的初步探讨

目的探讨自主研制的高强度聚焦超声立体定向治疗并联机器人对离体猪肝组织的定位损伤效果及其影响因素.方法采用自主研制的高强度聚焦超声立体定向治疗并联机器人,对离体猪肝进行定点脉冲辐照,工作频率1.0MHz,辐照深度分别定位于猪肝组织表面下10mm、20mm,辐照时间分别为5s、10s、15s、20s和40s.热电偶探针测温系统测量凝固性坏死区中心温度.测量凝固性坏死区体积、坏死区中心距组织表面距离.取材病检进行光镜观察.结果该仪器定位辐照离体猪肝,可在目标区内形成灰白色凝固性坏死区.在相同声强作用下,辐照时间分别为5s、10s、15s、20s和40s,辐照深度为10mm时,凝固性坏死区体积分别为78.50±3.14mm3、198.54±42.27mm3、650.04±54.17mm3、941.96±94.25mm3、2861.71±460.12mm3.坏死区中心距组织表面的距离为10.98±3.14mm,与预定辐照深度10mm间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);辐照深度为20mm时,凝固性坏死区体积分别为65.42±13.04mm3、85.82±35.22mm3、133.23±20.90mm3、153.16±28.86mm3、714.80±60.81mm3.坏死区中心距组织表面的距离为21.04±2.67mm,与预定辐照深度20mm间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05).凝固性坏死区中心最高温度平均为76.0±1.4°C.结论高强度聚焦超声立体定向治疗并联机器人在同一声强作用下,对离体猪肝进行定点辐照所形成的凝固性坏死区体积,随辐照时间的增加而增加,随辐照深度的增加而减小,对离体组织的定位损伤准确、有效.     

超声作用下激光熔覆SiC/316L复合涂层残余应力数值模拟

通过施加动态边界条件和超声振动热效应转化相结合的方法近似处理超声振动边界条件,研究了超声作用下激光熔覆SiC/316L复合涂层的残余应力,并探讨了超声振幅和扫描速度对复合涂层残余应力的影响。根据优化结果采用超声辅助激光熔覆制备SiC/316L复合涂层。结果表明:超声振幅和扫描速度对涂层表面x方向应力、y方向应力、界面处剪切应力和von Mises应力均有明显影响。当超声振幅为10 μm,扫描速度为10 mm/s时,SiC/316L复合涂层有较好的残余应力缓和效果。超声空化或机械效应及声流作用促使SiC/316L复合涂层组织得到明显细化,且SiC颗粒均匀分布。      

液氮薄膜在切应力作用下的降膜流动和传热模型

以钎焊板式换热器当中液氮薄膜为研究对象,通过建立在切应力作用下层流饱和蒸发液氮薄膜的传热特性的物理模型,推导出了无量纲液膜厚度和表面传热系数与气液界面切应力、界面对流换热强度、初始雷诺数和流动长度之间的非线性关系式.     

基于状态空间的空调用表面式换热器动态建模

在合理简化复杂物理模型的基础上,建立了表面式换热器的动态换热状态空间模型,推导出了表面式换热器出口参数与各进口参数间的动态关系式;动态模拟仿真得到出口参数随各进口参数扰动而发生的变化;并基于实验对空气和水的传热系数以及传质系数进行了修正。通过实验进行了验证,新建模型能较好的反映表面式换热器出口参数对各扰量的动态响应特性,可以满足系统分析需求,为设计出优良的控制系统,保证空调系统稳定运行奠定理论基础。     

The thermal state of a porous wall under conditions of transpiration cooling

Results of numerical experiment are used for analysis of fields of temperature in a laminar boundary layer, in a porous wall, and in a cooling gas delivery chamber, as well as for analysis of heat transfer and of distribution of the temperature difference between the cooling gas and the porous wall frame and cooling efficiency. It is demonstrated that heat transfer between a porous wall of finite thickness and a high-temperature gas flow differs significantly from heat transfer with preassignment of the same intensity of injection and of the homogeneous thermal boundary condition directly on the surface subjected to flow. One of the reasons for this is the formation of wall temperature variable along the boundary layer.     

Solution of an Inverse Problem of Heat Conduction of 45 Steel with Martensite Phase Transformation in High Pressure during Gas Quenching

In order to simulate thermal strains,thermal stresses,residual stresses and microstructure of the steel during gas quenching by means of the numerical method,it is necessary to obtain an accurate boundary condition of temperature field.The surface heat transfer coefficient is a key parameter.The explicit finite difference method,nonlinear estimation method and the experimental relation between temperature and time during gas quenching have been used to solve the inverse problem of heat conduction.The relationship between surface temperature and surface heat transfer coefficient of a cylinder has been given.The nonlinear surface heat transfer coefficients include the coupled effects between martensitic phase transformation and temperature.     

Longitudinal propagation of a normal phase along a superconducting wire and its transient heat evacuation to a normal helium bath

The longitudinal destruction of the superconducting state along a wire by an electrical subcritical current can occur if a strong enough thermal disturbance appears somewhere along the wire. The longitudinal expansion velocity of the normal phase along the wire is then strongly dependent on the different heat production and evacuation processes. As for a wire in a superfluid helium bath, a steady boundary thermal conductance across the wire wall and the normal helium bath can be deduced by adjusting the theoretical data with the experimental data. For the temperature range considered in this paper, the steady boundary thermal conductance seems to be independent of the helium bath temperature but not of the wire surface morphology. It is also shown that the experimental and theoretical data are in strong disagreement unless a transient term in the heat transferred across the wire wall and the liquid He I separating interface is introduced in the theoretical model. A transient heat transfer coefficient is defined, and its dependence on the different wire characteristics is investigated. An empirical relationship between the transient heat transfer coefficient and the wire characteristics is deduced for a given bath temperature. The transient heat transfer coefficient is shown to depend on the maximum thermal flux released into the bath across the wire wall and not on the wire surface morphology.     

Experimental study on the convective heat transfer coefficient of early-age concrete

During the process of setting and hardening in concrete, the temperature profile shows a gradual nonlinear distribution due to the development of heat of hydration in cement. At early ages of concrete structures, this nonlinear distribution can have a large influence on crack evolution. It is thus important to obtain an accurate temperature history, and to do this, it is necessary to examine the thermal properties of the concrete. In this study, the convective heat transfer coefficient, which represents the heat transfer between a concrete surface and ambient air, was experimentally investigated with test variables such as the velocity of wind, the curing conditions, and the ambient temperature.For analyses using the thermal equilibrium boundary condition, it is generally noted that most of the heat release by the evaporation of moisture occurs at an early stage. To consider this phenomenon, the existing thermal equilibrium boundary condition has been modified so as to consider the evaporation quantity due to the evaporation effect. Convective heat transfer coefficients for a specific case were then calculated from the modified thermal equilibrium boundary condition using experimental results.     

Investigation of heat transfer coefficient in two‐dimensional transient inverse heat conduction problems using the hybrid inverse scheme

A hybrid scheme of the Laplace transform, finite difference and least‐squares methods in conjunction with a sequential‐in‐time concept, cubic spline and temperature measurements is applied to predict the heat transfer coefficient distribution on a boundary surface in two‐dimensional transient inverse heat conduction problems. In this study, the functional form of the heat transfer coefficient is unknown a priori. The whole spatial domain of the unknown heat transfer coefficient is divided into several analysis sub‐intervals. Later, a series of connected cubic polynomial function in space and a linear function in time can be applied to estimate the unknown surface conditions. Due to the application of the Laplace transform, the unknown heat transfer coefficient can be estimated from a specific time. In order to evidence the accuracy of the present inverse scheme, comparisons among the present estimates, previous results and exact solution are made. The results show that the present inverse scheme not only can reduce the number of the measurement locations but also can increase the accuracy of the estimated results. Good estimation on the heat transfer coefficient can be obtained from the knowledge of the transient temperature recordings even in the case with measurement errors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Calculation of heat flux from the region behind a reflected shock wave into the shock tube edge

We have numerically calculated the process of conjugated unsteady heat exchange during the formation of a boundary transient temperature layer as a result of the interaction of a shock wave with a flat edge surface of a shock tube. The results of calculations can be used in the analysis of the experimental data. The time variation of the heat flux and the temperature at the gas-solid interface is determined. The heat flux distribution profiles are obtained for two limiting variants of the boundary conditions on the outer surface of the shock tube.     

热金属表面多喷嘴风冷过程气-固耦合传热模拟

目的 获得多喷嘴风冷过程的界面换热系数,并研究风冷工艺参数对界面换热的影响规律.方法 基于Fluent软件对三喷嘴强制风冷传热过程进行"气-固"耦合分析,获得高压气流的流速场和钢板表面温度场.基于"气-固"耦合分析得到钢板表面平均温度曲线,利用自开发的反传热软件计算得到"气-固"耦合界面换热系数,并将界面换热系数以第三类边界条件施加在钢板表面进行瞬态传热分析.结果 对于直径为4 mm的喷嘴,当喷嘴间距为10～16 mm时,喷嘴间距对高压气体的流速场影响较大,气流的卷吸效应随着喷嘴距离的增大而增强;喷嘴间距对界面换热系数影响较小,喷嘴至钢板表面的距离对界面换热系数影响较大;随着喷嘴至钢板表面距离的增大,各股气流逐渐汇合为一股,各股气流的滞止区也逐渐汇合,钢板表面温度更加均匀;将界面换热系数以第三类边界条件施加在钢板表面进行瞬态传热分析,得到的钢板表面温度与"气-固"耦合分析得到的钢板表面平均温度曲线吻合得较好.结论 获得的界面换热系数可为多喷嘴风冷过程数值模拟提供可靠的数据,保证温度场的求解精度.     

确定金属型铸造界面传热系数方法的研究

铸造凝固过程数值模拟中通常用界面传热系数表示热阻的影响,在诸多影响模拟精度的因素中,该系数起主导作用。为提高模拟精度,以ANSYS软件为平台,在测温试验的基础上,考虑铸件与铸型的不同接触位置以及不同界面传热系数对模拟结果的影响,采用0.618黄金分割法选取了该系数;应用最小二乘法建立起界面传热系数与时间关系的数学模型,并对金属型铸造凝固过程的温度场进行了模拟,将模拟结果与试验结果做了对比分析,得到了合理的温度分布。研究的结果为获得精确的界面传热系数提供了一种研究方法。     

水平管外沸腾强化换热的数值模拟与场协同分析

应用FLUENT软件对制冷剂R134a在光管和横纹槽管水平管外沸腾传热进行三维数值模拟,得到其饱和泡状沸腾过程中体积含气率的分布规律,并比较它们的换热系数。结果表明横纹槽管外侧能够很好地强化沸腾传热。此外,还通过改变边界条件分析质量流量、热流密度的变化对横纹槽管管外沸腾换热系数的影响。最后应用场协同理论,从局部换热角度分析其强化机制。研究表明,横纹槽管水平管外沸腾换热得到强化的原因是其凹槽前后的速度场与温度梯度场之间夹角较小,协同程度更好。     

Analysis of the effects of inlet temperature frequency in fully developed laminar duct flows

Unsteady heat transfer for a fully developed laminar flow inside a parallel-plate channel and circular duct that are subjected to a periodically varying inlet temperature is studied. The thermal capacitance of the duct wall and the boundary condition that accounts for external convection are considered. An exact solution is presented for this extended Graetz problem as the result of using a new methodology based on a variational method. The quasi-steady approach that employs a heat transfer coefficient at the liquid–solid interface is also investigated, and the results are compared with the variational solution. The damping and phase lag coefficients as functions of the inlet temperature frequency are presented in graphical form.