A tilt sensor with a compact dimension based on a long-period fiber grating

A tilt sensor with a compact dimension based on a long-period fiber grating (LPG) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The LPG is fixed in a rigid Plexi-glass tubular with a slant orientation and half of the LPG is immersed into the NaCl aqueous solutions, whereas the other half is exposed in air. The tilt angle is obtained by monitoring the dip wavelength shift of the LPG, which changes gradually when the immersed length of the LPG varies with the tilt angle. Experimental results show that the average sensitivity 0.077 nm/° is achieved within the measurement range from -30° to 30° at the static measurement.     

一种新型的高压电器温度在线测量系统

基于螺旋形液晶填充光子晶体光纤的温度传感特性,提出一种新型的高压电器温度传感器系统。该传感器系统由宽带光源、螺旋形液晶、光子晶体光纤、光纤F-P腔(Fabry-Perot cavity)滤波器、信号处理放大电路等组成。将螺旋形液晶封装在光子晶体光纤的纤芯空气孔中,利用光子晶体光纤对温度和弯曲不敏感特性以及螺旋形液晶的螺距对温度变化非常敏感的特性,传感器的选择反射光波长依赖于温度的变化,采用光纤F-P腔滤波器解调出光波长的变化,利用反射波长与温度之间的关系,实现温度的测量。测量系统选用合适液晶,可以得到不同的温度测量范围,能对高压电器温度进行在线检测,测量精度可以达到±0.1℃以内,并具有本征安全、高精度、高电绝缘和抗电磁干扰、对应变和环境光变化不敏感以及与普通传输光纤兼容性好等优点。     

四边形周期结构负折射介质光子晶体光纤的设计

提出了一种纤芯与介质柱为负折射率材料、衬底为正折射率材料的新型四边形周期结构光子晶体光纤(PCF)。介绍了它的结构设计,研究了光子带隙效应导光特性。与传统四边形周期结构光子晶体光纤相比,该种光纤可以实现带隙效应导光传输,取填充比f=0.7时可获得光子带隙传输范围为880~4140nm,可应用于远红外光通信中。     

Multiplex and simultaneous measurement of displacement and temperature using tapered fiber and fiber Bragg grating

A simple method to work out the multiplexing of tapered fiber based sensors is proposed and demonstrated. By cascading a tapered fiber with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG), the sensor head is provided with a wavelength identification, different FBGs provide the sensor heads with different reflective peaks and they can be distinguished in optical spectrum. By compositing several such sensor heads with a multi-channel beam splitter, a star-style topological structure sensor for multipoint sensing is achieved. At the same time, the output intensity at the peak wavelength is sensitive to one external physical parameter applied on the related FBG-cascaded tapered fiber and the central wavelength of the peak is only sensitive to temperature, so that that parameter and temperature can be measured simultaneously. A sensor for dual-point measurement of the displacement and temperature simultaneously is experimentally demonstrated by using a 2 × 2 coupler in this paper. Experiment results show that the sensor works well and the largest sensitivities reach to 0.11 dB/μm for displacement in the range of 0-400 μm, and ～0.0097 nm/°C for temperature between 20 °C and 70 °C.     

Absolute calibration method for nanosecond-resolved, time-streaked, fiber optic light collection, spectroscopy systems

This paper describes a convenient and accurate method to calibrate fast (<1 ns resolution) streaked, fiber optic light collection, spectroscopy systems. Such systems are inherently difficult to calibrate due to the lack of sufficiently intense, calibrated light sources. Such a system is used to collect spectral data on plasmas generated in electron beam diodes fielded on the RITS-6 accelerator (8-12MV, 140-200kA) at Sandia National Laboratories. On RITS, plasma light is collected through a small diameter (200 μm) optical fiber and recorded on a fast streak camera at the output of a 1 meter Czerny-Turner monochromator. For this paper, a 300 W xenon short arc lamp (Oriel Model 6258) was used as the calibration source. Since the radiance of the xenon arc varies from cathode to anode, just the area around the tip of the cathode ("hotspot") was imaged onto the fiber, to produce the highest intensity output. To compensate for chromatic aberrations, the signal was optimized at each wavelength measured. Output power was measured using 10 nm bandpass interference filters and a calibrated photodetector. These measurements give power at discrete wavelengths across the spectrum, and when linearly interpolated, provide a calibration curve for the lamp. The shape of the spectrum is determined by the collective response of the optics, monochromator, and streak tube across the spectral region of interest. The ratio of the spectral curve to the measured bandpass filter curve at each wavelength produces a correction factor (Q) curve. This curve is then applied to the experimental data and the resultant spectra are given in absolute intensity units (photons∕sec∕cm(2)∕steradian∕nm). Error analysis shows this method to be accurate to within +∕- 20%, which represents a high level of accuracy for this type of measurement.     

光纤傅里叶变换光谱术在光纤光栅传感解调中的应用

介绍了光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪的基本原理和光纤傅里叶变换光谱仪(FFTS)的结构;基于光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪,采用傅里叶变换光谱算法对光纤Bragg光栅传感器的波长进行了解调。宽带光源发出的光经过光纤耦合器进入光纤Bragg光栅,其反射光由耦合器返回进入到FFTS中进行测量,FFTS的最高光谱分辨率达到0.05 cm-1,即在近红外1 550 nm波长处分辨率为0.012 nm。分别对光纤Bragg光栅的应变特性和温度特性进行了测量。测量显示:光纤Bragg光栅的应变灵敏度为0.833 pm/με,温度灵敏度为19.78 pm/℃。得到的结果表明FFTS系统具有高分辨率、大测量范围的特点,可满足光纤Bragg光栅传感器波长解调的需求。     

基于固体腔的超窄带F—P干涉滤光片

介绍了一种利用熔融石英作为间隔层来实现F-P超窄带干涉滤光片的设计原理与方法。并制备了半宽2nm,透射率约90%的滤光片。该滤光片间隔层的干涉级次很高,能有效压缩带宽,实现超窄带滤波,不但极大提高了峰值透射率,而且温度稳定性好。     

基于光纤环形镜的C+L波段高平坦高功率掺铒光源

研究并设计了一种用3 dB宽带耦合器制作的光纤环形镜作为反射镜的双级双程单管抽运高平坦度高功率C+L波段ASE光源。用2个980 nm激光二极管调试两级抽运光功率的分配,两级采用掺铒浓度不同的光纤并优化光纤长度,获得了功率高达15.28 mW(11.84 dB/m)的C＋L波段ASE光输出,平均波长为1 559.31 nm,在未采用任何外加滤波器的情况下,其平坦区域3 dB带宽66.72 nm(从1 533.12 nm至1 599.84 nm)。之后采用一个激光二极管实现两级双向同时抽运得到了同样的效果。通过光纤环形镜的使用,不仅提高了抽运源利用效率,且改善了光源的平坦度,在实验过程中,在平坦度相度相对要差一些的条件下,还通过调整两级抽运光的功率及分配比例得到了功率达到30.11 mW的C+L 波段ASE输出。     

Sensitivity-optimized long-period fiber gratings for refractive index and temperature sensing

A long-period fiber grating sensor was fabricated by periodically changing the structure of single-mode fiber with an electric arc discharge technique. After the fabrication, the refractive index and temperature sensitivities were optimized by etching the cladding with hydrofluoric acid solution. The experimental results illustrate that the thinner cladding shows relatively higher refractive index and temperature sensitivities for the same order cladding mode, which are accordant with that of numerical simulation. After the long-period fiber grating was etched for 15?min, average refractive index sensitivities of 214?nm/refractive index unit (RIU) (1.3333?–?1.3931) and 1987?nm/RIU (1.4115–1.4555) were achieved. An extremely higher refractive index sensitivity of 2731?nm/RIU appears near 1.4555. By systematically studying the temperature sensing characteristic of cladding-etched long-period fiber grating in this work for the first time, the temperature sensitivity can reach as high as 144.23?pm/°C when the ambient temperature changes from 30 to 80°C. This work provides a theoretical reference for the fabrication of a high-sensitivity refractive index and temperature sensor based on arc-induced long-period fiber grating.     

A 1.8-µm multiwavelength thulium-doped fiber laser based on a hybrid interference filter

A 1.8-µm tunable multiwavelength thulium-doped fiber laser based on a hybrid filter is proposed. In the designed ring-cavity fiber laser, the filter consists of one Sagnac loop and one dual-pass Mach–Zehnder filter. In the experiment, the lasing threshold is 155?mW, and a continuously tunable and stable single-wavelength laser could be realized with a minimum tuning interval of 2.1?nm within a scope of 22.5?nm. When an 1858-nm laser is obtained, the peak power fluctuation is less than 0.83?dB within 20 minutes at room temperature. By adjusting the polarization controller, stable dual-wavelength lasers are simultaneously achieved, and the peak power shift is less than 1.24?dB within a scan time of 20 minutes at room temperature. By changing the polarization state, stable triple-wavelength lasing is obtained, and the power fluctuation is less than 1.95?nm. In the experiment, the 3-dB linewidth of the laser is less than 0.4?nm.     

法布里-珀罗型光纤应变干涉仪

光纤传感技术是现代通信的产物,是随着光纤及通信技术的发展而逐步发展起来的一门崭新技术。光在传输过程中,光纤易受到外界环境的影响,如温度、压力等,从而导致传输光的强度、相位、频率、偏振态等光波量发生变化。通过监测这些量的变化可以获得相应的物理量。详细介绍了一种常用的干涉型光纤传感器——法布里-珀罗（F-P）光纤应变干涉仪。     

Surface roughness measurement based on fiber optic sensor

The multi-wavelength fiber sensor for measuring surface roughness and surface scattering characteristics were investigated. In this paper, specimens with different surface roughness were analyzed by using 650 nm, 1310 nm and 1550 nm laser as the light source, respectively. The working distance of 2 mm was chosen as the optimum measurement distance. The experimental results indicate that multi-wavelength fiber sensor can accurately measure surface roughness, and can effectively reduce the unsystematic error. The light scattering intensity ratio has a good linear relationship with the surface roughness. The minimum relative error of the surface roughness is 2.92%, the maximum relative error is 13.4%, and the average relative error is about 7.48%. The accuracy for measuring surface roughness by multi-wavelength fiber sensor is about twice as large as that by single-wavelength fiber sensor.     

Microscope Spectrophotometry with a Continuous Interference Filter

Operating principles are described for microscope spectrophotometry using a continuous interference filter (CIF) powered by a DC motor operated from programmable relays and a multimeter. Optical fibers illuminated from green and red helium-neon lasers were used for calibration. A relatively slow step, stop and measure method for scanning through the spectrum was compared with continuous scanning, making measurements as the CIF was moving. Two vectors for wavelength and light intensity were integrated in a stepwise manner (31 wavelengths from 395 nm to 705 nm with a band-pass of 10 nm). The methods were tested against the difficult operating conditions created by measuring reflectance spectra through optical fibers, where there was a crossover between illuminating and measuring pathways and a restricted dynamic range of the photomultiplier at the edges of the spectrum. Both methods gave equally acceptable results with good operating conditions, and equally unacceptable results with bad operating conditions.     

Temperature and refractive index sensor using a high-birefringence fiber loop mirror and single mode-coreless-single mode fiber structure

A novel fiber optic sensor for the simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature is reported. The sensor consists of a high-birefringence fiber loop mirror and a section of single mode-coreless-single mode fiber structure. The single mode-coreless-single mode fiber structure served as a refractometer while the high-birefringence fiber loop mirror was used to measure temperature. The multimode interference valley of the single mode-coreless-single mode fiber structure was sensitive to the surrounding refractive index of liquids (96.42 nm/refractive index unit) and had almost no response to temperature fluctuations. The high-birefringence fiber loop mirror was highly sensitive to temperature (1.98 nm/°C) but was insensitive to changes in refractive index. The theoretical and experimental results demonstrated simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index. The optimum resolution was 2.07 × 10^?4 refractive index units and 0.01°C.     

基于光子晶体光纤参量振荡器的CARS成像光源研究

研究了一种基于光子晶体光纤参量振荡器的相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射(CARS)成像光源。该光源采用中心波长为1 030nm的皮秒光纤激光器作为泵浦源,以无截止单模光子晶体光纤作为参量增益,通过搭建光参量振荡器,实现平均功率为10mW的参量激光输出。在色散滤波效应的作用下,该光源输出波长可实现连续可调,调谐范围为782～793nm,对应的波数覆盖范围为2 901～3 078cm-1。该光源产生的两束激光脉冲可实现空间自同步、时间自重合,用于CARS成像测量时,无需空间、时间对准,有望推动CARS成像光源向全光纤化、小型化的方向发展。     

掺铒光纤超荧光光源外部增益平坦技术的研究

为满足光纤布拉格光栅传感和波分复用光纤通信系统对光源光谱平坦度与带宽的要求,利用外部增益平坦技术实现掺铒光纤超荧光光源输出光谱的平坦化。介绍了三种常见的外部增益平坦技术,并通过实验对平坦结果进行比较,由此得出采用长周期光栅增益平坦滤波器是一较好的选择。实验结果表明,平坦波段范围内(1 525~1 540nm)的光谱不平坦度小于±1.1dB,整个C波段光谱的3dB带宽为39.125nm。     

保偏光纤模场直径和数值孔径测试研究

基于光纤测量远场法原理测量光纤远场光强分布。通过改进远场法得到光纤的远场光强分布后,同时计算得到保偏光子晶体光纤的模场直径和数值孔径,使测量装置实现集成化和简便化。通过光束测试仪测量光纤的出射光强分布,光束测试仪测量的是光纤中心最大光强点的两个垂直方向上的光强分布。保偏光子晶体光纤的出射光斑是椭圆的,每个方向的模场直径、数值孔径分布并不相同。传统的测试方法不能解决这个问题。通过旋转光纤测量光纤各个方向上的光强分布,然后计算各个方向上的模场直径,最后通过拟合各个方向上的模场直径得到保偏光子晶体光纤椭圆形的模场分布。实验测得保偏光子晶体光纤椭圆光斑长短轴的模场直径分别为7.5μm和4.2μm,数值孔径分别为0.159和0.276。     

组合镀膜法制备集成滤光片列阵

为实现集成滤光片列阵在单片衬底上的高效制备,提出组合镀膜法,通过磁控反应溅射,以N b2O5和S iO2为介质材料,仅通过8次镀膜就成功制备出了集成64通道的滤光片面阵。滤光片面阵的总体尺寸只有12mm×12mm,各个滤光片通道基本呈线性分布在720.5nm~877.2nm之间,带宽在1.82nm~3.92nm之间。结果表明,组合镀膜法是一种高效的集成滤光片列阵制备方法。     

光纤触发式测头及其性能测试研究

为解决三坐标测量机等精密仪器在被测工件表面数据点的采样问题,将光电技术和数字信号处理(DSP)技术应用到光纤触发式测头的研制中。分析了光纤触发式测头的工作原理;当光束照射到球的表面,随意入射角的变化,耦合入分布在发射光纤周围接收光纤的光强也会发生变化,基于这一现象,在接收光纤末端利用硅PIN光电二极管将光强的变化转化为电信号,在信号预处理之后,进行了多路信号模数转换;然后,利用DSP对采集到的多路信号进行运算处理,当运算结果达到设定阈值时发出触发脉冲信号;最后,通过实验对测头的预行程变动量和单向重复性精度进行了测试,实验测定该测头的预行程变动量为0.97μm,单向重复性精度为0.42μm。研究结果表明,该光纤触发式测头具有一定的实用性。     

光子晶体光纤端面研磨损伤的分析

对光子晶体光纤的端面研磨过程进行研究,讨论了光子晶体光纤端面研磨损伤的特点。针对光子晶体光纤的结构特点,应用有限元法建立了数值仿真模型。通过单一磨粒切削孔壁的仿真实验,分析了不同切削深度下裂纹损伤的产生情况以及不同磨粒直径对光纤孔壁结构造成的损伤。最后通过实际研磨实验验证了分析结果。结果表明:有限元法能够很好地模拟光子晶体光纤的端面研磨过程;研磨过程中,相对于非孔洞区域,孔壁边缘更容易出现损伤,呈现出沿圆周分布的崩塌区域;边缘崩塌区域尺寸随磨粒直径的增加而增加。实验用光子晶体光纤孔壁边缘无崩塌的最大切削深度低于普通光纤脆塑转变的临界切削深度,使用0.02μm的砂纸进行抛光可以有效地避免对光子晶体光纤孔壁造成损伤。