褐藻寡糖及其锌络合物对暗纹东方鲀消化能力、血清生化指标及肠道菌群的影响

为探究褐藻寡糖及其锌络合物对暗纹东方鲀的生长、血清免疫相关酶活性、消化酶活性及肠道菌群的影响,实验以暗纹东方鲀为研究对象,在饲料中分别添加0.23%褐藻寡糖、0.23%褐藻寡糖锌,挑选270尾规格均一、体表无伤的河豚,随机分3组,每组3个平行养殖桶,每桶30尾,分别投喂无寡糖的饲料、含0.23%褐藻寡糖的饲料、含0.23%褐藻寡糖锌的饲料,完成8周饲养实验。结果显示:褐藻寡糖对暗纹东方鲀起到促生长作用但不显著(P>0.05);相比于对照组,褐藻寡糖组、褐藻寡糖锌组暗纹东方鲀血清溶菌酶活性分别提高201.761、51.235 U/mL,且存在显著差异(P<0.05);褐藻寡糖、褐藻寡糖锌均提高暗纹东方鲀肠道中的胃蛋白酶和纤维素酶活性,褐藻寡糖提高了α-淀粉酶活性,均无差异显著性(P>0.05)。饲料中添加褐藻寡糖、褐藻寡糖锌可提高暗纹东方鲀血清溶菌酶活性、肠道消化能力,同时维持暗纹东方鲀肠道的细菌多样性方面起到积极的作用。     

褐藻寡糖对断奶仔猪生长性能、抗氧化性能和肠道消化吸收功能的影响

文章旨在研究日粮添加褐藻寡糖对断奶仔猪生长性能、抗氧化性能、养分消化率及相关酶含量的影响。试验选择健康、体重一致的(25±1)d三元断奶仔猪720头,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复30头猪。试验日粮设计4种日粮,各组日粮中分别添加0、20、40和80 mg/kg褐藻寡糖。试验共进行14 d。结果显示:随着日粮褐藻寡糖添加水平的提高,断奶仔猪平均日增重和日采食量表现为显著线性升高(P0.05)。与对照组相比,日粮添加20、40或80 mg/kg褐藻寡糖显著提高了断奶仔猪日增重和日采食量(P0.05)。褐藻寡糖组较对照组显著提高了断奶仔猪血清GSH-Px、CAT和T-AOC的含量(P0.05),但对血清SOD和MDA的含量无显著影响(P0.05)。日粮添加褐藻寡糖显著提高了血清胰岛素和胰岛素样因子的含量(P0.05)。日粮添加20、40或80 mg/kg褐藻寡糖较对照组显著提高了粗打摆子、粗灰分、粗脂肪和总能的回肠表观消化率(P0.05),各组对断奶仔猪干物质的回肠表观消化率无显著影响(P0.05)。褐藻寡糖较对照组显著提高了十二指肠和空肠黏膜麦芽糖酶和蔗糖酶活力(P0.05),日粮添加褐藻寡糖显著提高了空肠SGLT1和DMT1基因m RNA相对表达量(P0.05)。结果提示:在本试验条件下,日粮添加褐藻寡糖可以提高断奶仔猪抗氧化能力、提高消化酶的活力及相关基因的表达水平,从而改善生长性能。     

对虾饲料生产中褐藻酸钠凝胶化的影响因素及控制条件

<正> 褐藻酸钠亦称海藻酸钠,褐藻胶。它是从海带等褐藻纲植物提取出来的一种主要为D-甘露糖醛酸和L-古罗糖醛酸的高分子线性糖醛酸——褐藻酸的钠盐。褐藻酸钠公认安全,与饲料各种成分配合性好,可作为一种有效的饲料赋形剂用于鱼虾等多种水产饲料。褐藻酸钠的赋形作用实际上就是凝胶化作用。本文仅讨论对虾颗粒饲料中褐藻酸钠的凝胶化的影响因素及控制条件,以生产出具有良好耐水性、适口性的对虾饲料。褐藻酸钠溶胶能与许多多价阳离子反应(镁除外)形成交联键。当溶胶中多价阳离子的含量增加     

科技

正牧医所揭示褐藻寡糖缓解肠道炎症机制近日,中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所家畜营养与调控科技创新团队研究揭示了褐藻寡糖(Alginate Oligosaccharides)具有缓解小肠黏膜炎症,促进肠道健康的作用机制。该成果可为靶向性调控畜禽肠道健康,促进绿色健康养殖提供重要的理论依据,也是该团队面向产业饲料禁抗重大需求,科企合作,开发新型绿色替抗产     

大豆寡糖对瘤胃发酵的影响及适宜添加量筛选

为获得合理的大豆寡糖饲喂量,试验采用体外批次培养法,利用大豆寡糖作为寡糖添加来源,研究添加不同水平的大豆寡糖对体外发酵的影响,为进一步的研究奠定基础.另外,通过体外培养试验可以初步了解寡糖在瘤胃内的降解和残留规律,为下一步的研究作好铺垫.     

体外培养条件下木寡糖对瘤胃发酵的影响

采用体外发酵法古研究木寡糖对瘤胃发酵的影响.研究结果表明:在体外发酵过程中添加木寡糖可以增加发酵产气量,对pH值和NH3-N浓度没有影响;添加木寡糖降低了发酵产物中的乙酸/丙酸比,适合作为乳用反刍动物的饲料添加剂.木寡糖的适宜添加比例为饲料干物质的1%～2%.     

半乳甘露寡糖在猪生产中的运用

许多研究已经证明,功能性寡糖无论在体外还是体内都能刺激乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的增殖,是一类效果较好的抗生素替代品.近年来国内外对果寡糖、甘露寡糖、异麦芽寡糖和壳质低聚糖的研究和综述报道较多,但是对半乳甘露寡糖却鲜有报道.现将半乳甘露寡糖在猪生产中应用情况作一介绍,供参考.     

烟酸、果寡糖及柠檬酸稀土组合对肉牛瘤胃体外发酵特性及菌群结构的影响

本试验旨在探讨烟酸、果寡糖及柠檬酸稀土组合对肉牛瘤胃体外发酵特性及菌群结构的影响。试验选用3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康锦江黄牛公牛[体重为(375±28)kg]作为瘤胃液供体,采用3因素3水平正交试验设计,通过瘤胃体外发酵培养技术研究添加不同水平的果寡糖(0.8%、1.0%、1.2%)、烟酸(400、800、1 200 mg/kg)和柠檬酸稀土(0.6%、0.8%、1.0%)组合对肉牛瘤胃体外发酵特性的影响,并采用高通量测序技术分析其瘤胃菌群结构。试验共设9个调控剂组合,分别为0.8%果寡糖+400 mg/kg烟酸+0.6%柠檬酸稀土(A组)、0.8%果寡糖+800 mg/kg烟酸+0.8%柠檬酸稀土(B组)、0.8%果寡糖+1 200 mg/kg烟酸+1.0%柠檬酸稀土(C组)、1.0%果寡糖+400 mg/kg烟酸+0.8%柠檬酸稀土(D组)、1.0%果寡糖+800 mg/kg烟酸+1.0%柠檬酸稀土(E组)、1.0%果寡糖+1 200 mg/kg烟酸+0.6%柠檬酸稀土(F组)、1.2%果寡糖+400 mg/kg烟酸+1.0%柠檬酸稀土(G组)、1.2%果寡糖+800 mg/kg烟酸+0.6%柠檬酸稀土(H组)、1.2%果寡糖+1 200 mg/kg烟酸+0.8%柠檬酸稀土(I组),每个调控剂组合设3个培养瓶。体外培养时间为48 h。结果显示:1)G组体外培养液的p H最高,为6.77,显著高于A、B、C、D、E组(P≤0.05);G组体外培养液中氨态氮(NH3-N)含量最低,为9.77 mg/d L,显著低于其余各组(P≤0.05);不同调控剂组合对体外培养液中微生物蛋白(MCP)含量无显著影响(P0.05)。2)I组体外培养液中丙酸含量最高,为28.53%,显著高于A、B、D、E组(P≤0.05),乙酸/丙酸值最低,显著低于A、B、D组(P≤0.05);各组体外培养液中总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度、乙酸和丁酸含量无显著差异(P0.05)。3)不同调控剂组合体外培养液中优势菌群均为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicultes)。在门水平上,A和I组之间存在4个差异显著的菌群(P≤0.05);在属水平上,A和I组之间存在15个差异显著的菌群(P≤0.05)。综合分析可知,在肉牛玉米-豆粕-稻草型饲粮下的较优瘤胃调控剂组合为1.2%果寡糖+1 200 mg/kg烟酸+0.8%柠檬酸稀土和1.2%果寡糖+400 mg/kg烟酸+1.0%柠檬酸稀土。     

甘露寡糖和纤维素复合酶对奶牛乳脂率的影响研究

甘露寡糖是一种从酵母细胞壁中提取的磷酸化的葡萄糖甘露寡糖蛋白质复合物，俗称甘寡糖。甘露寡糖可以通过对病原微生物的识别、黏附和排除作用来调节非免疫防御系统，可结合肠黏膜上皮细胞受体，竞争性排除病原微生物，打断病原菌附着一繁殖一致病的途径，使病原菌排出体外，保护动物健康；而且，甘露寡糖可以改善饲料效率，提高饲料转化率，促进营养物质的消化吸收，提高动物的生产性能，     

应用Rusitec-S系统研究甘露寡糖对 绵羊体外瘤胃发酵的影响

本研究应用Rusitec-S型人工瘤胃模拟装置,采用单因素完全随机设计,在基础饲粮中分别添加0、0.8%、1.6%和2.4%的甘露寡糖(mannan oligosaccharides,MOS),测定总产气量、甲烷产量、养分降解率及培养液pH、总氮、氨氮、尿素氮、蛋白氮和挥发性脂肪酸浓度以及比例的变化,分析饲粮中添加甘露寡糖对绵羊体外瘤胃发酵的影响。试验共两期,每期9d(预试期7d,采样期2d),每个处理4个重复。结果表明,添加甘露寡糖对体外培养液pH、总氮、氨氮、尿素氮、蛋白氮和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度、各挥发性脂肪酸比例、养分降解率及甲烷产量和总产气量均没有产生显著影响(P0.05)。由此可知,饲粮中添加甘露寡糖在人工瘤胃试验中不会影响瘤胃发酵模式。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.