Investigation of erosive wear behavior and physical properties of SGF and/or calcite reinforced ABS/PA6 composites

The aim of this study was to investigate the erosive wear behavior of glass fiber, CaCO₃ particle and glass fiber/CaCO₃ hybrid reinforced ABS/PA6 blend based composites. The samples were prepared by using melt mixing and injection molding techniques. The mechanical, thermal, morphological properties and erosive wear behavior were investigated in terms of reinforcing agent type and composition. It was observed that the tensile strength and modulus values of hybrid composites gave a value between tensile strength and modulus values of only fiber reinforced composites and only particle reinforced composites. From DSC analysis it was revealed that T_g and T_m of composites were not significantly affected by reinforcement; however, degree of crystallinity was found to be sensitive to reinforcement type and composition. The impingement angle was found to have a significant effect on the erosive wear behavior. The results indicated that composite materials exhibited maximum erosion rate at impact angle of 30° conforming their ductile erosion behavior. In order to investigate wear mechanisms, eroded surface analysis was done by scanning electron microscopy. Surface analysis showed that repeated impact of hard silica sand particles caused a local removal of the matrix from the fiber surface and led to form craters on the surface of the composite material.     

A comparative study on erosion characteristics of red mud filled bamboo–epoxy and glass–epoxy composites

Bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composites filled with different weight proportions of red mud (a solid waste generated in alumina plants) are fabricated. The mechanical properties of these composites are evaluated and are then compared with those of a similar set of glass–epoxy composites. The solid particle erosion characteristics of the bamboo–epoxy composites have been studied and the experimental results are compared with those for glass–epoxy composites under similar test conditions available in the published literature. For this, an air jet type erosion test rig and Taguchi orthogonal arrays have been used. The methodology based on Taguchi’s experimental design approach is employed to make a parametric analysis of erosion wear process. This systematic experimentation has led to determination of significant process parameters and material variables that predominantly influence the wear rate of the particulate filled composites reinforced with bamboo and glass fiber, respectively. The comparative study indicates that although the bamboo based composites exhibit relatively inferior mechanical properties, their erosion wear performance is better than that of the glass fiber reinforced composites. It further indicates that the incorporation of red mud particulates results in improvement of erosion wear resistance of both the bamboo and glass fiber composites.     

Sliding wear and solid particle erosion response of aluminium reinforced with tungsten carbide nanoparticles and aluminide particles

In the present effort, aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) were produced by the addition of submicron‐sized WC particles of low (up to 2.5 vol%) content into a melt of Al1050. Casting was assisted by the use of K₂TiF₆ as a wetting agent and mechanical stirring in order to limit particle clustering. Particle distribution was reasonably uniform comprising both clusters and isolated particles. Various different reinforcing particles' phases were identified, both in situ (Al‐W, Al‐Ti, and Al‐W‐Ti intermetallic phases) and ex situ (WC particles) of various morphologies shapes and sizes. Increase of the reinforcing particle content led to an increase of the tendency for clustering. The wear properties of the composite were examined by dry sliding wear. The worn surfaces and the produced debris were examined by SEM‐EDX, and an effort to correlate the wear response of the produced materials with the matrix and the reinforcing phase characteristics was attempted. In general, the increase of the reinforcing phase content led to an improvement of the sliding wear response. Solid particle erosion experiments were carried out for impact angles of 30°, 60°, and 90°. Τhe eroded surfaces were examined with SEM‐EDX, and possible erosion mechanisms were proposed based on morphological and other material characteristics. Intensive particle clustering seemed to deteriorate the erosion resistance of the systems. Medium concentrations of the reinforcing particles (1.0‐1.5 vol% WC) are proposed as a recipe for optimum sliding wear and solid particle erosion resistance behavior.     

Effects of fiber orientation angles of fiber-reinforced plastic on sand solid particle erosion behaviors

Solid particle erosion in industrial applications has been a serious problem in many engineering fields. Earlier studies on fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composites were mainly focusing on the erosive wear behavior at several different impact angles. However, the effect of fiber orientation on FRP composites has not been thoroughly investigated. Since fiber orientation is one of the important factors in which causing erosive wear damages to FRP composites, in order to understand the virtue of this problem, it is important to investigate the effect of fiber orientation at different impact angles. In this research, the effect of fiber orientation of unidirectional fiber-reinforced plastic composites on erosive wear behavior was studied. Sandblasting-type erosion tests were conducted on the FRP composites with fiber orientation ranging at three impact angles to clarify the relation between fiber orientation and erosive wear behavior. The Dyneema fiber (ductile material) and the carbon fiber (brittle material) were used for the reinforcement fiber in FRP. From the result, it is confirmed that CFRP composites with higher fiber orientation angle erode faster than the composites with lower fiber orientation angle. But the erosion characteristic of DFRP was almost the same regardless of the fiber orientation angle. The damaged surfaces of the FRP composites were then analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and the possible erosion wear mechanisms were investigated.     

Al2O3颗粒增强聚氨酯基复合材料耐磨性研究

本文研究了Al2O3颗粒增强聚氨酯基复合材料在浆料冲蚀下的耐磨性.结果表明,复合材料的耐磨性随着Al2O3颗粒含量的增加先升高,达到一个峰值后,开始下降.在一定Al2O3颗粒含量下,复合材料的耐磨性好于纯聚氨酯弹性体.这是由于复合材料中的Al2O3颗粒硬度高,可以抵抗浆料的冲蚀磨损,保护周围和下层的基体组织.Al2O3颗粒与基体界面的结合强度对复合材料耐磨性有明显的影响.用KH550处理的复合材料的界面结合强度比用KH560处理的好,所以耐磨性更好.     

天然纤维/环氧树脂-混凝土的力学性能及老化规律天然纤维/环氧树脂-混凝土的力学性能及老化规律

环氧树脂-混凝土是由混合树脂、固化剂和砂石骨料等原料固化成型的一种复合材料,因其优异的性能已成为土木与建筑应用中富有潜力的新型工程材料。本文将高性能的天然纤维（剑麻和苎麻）引入环氧树脂-混凝土中,以进一步增强其力学性能。实验结果表明,极少含量的天然纤维便能够提升环氧树脂-混凝土的抗弯拉强度,体积分数为0.36vol%的剑麻纤维和苎麻纤维可以将混凝土的抗弯拉强度分别提高10.5%和8.4%。天然纤维对环氧树脂-混凝土抗弯拉强度的增强效应可以用基于混合率的并联模型描述,模型预测结果与实测结果相比,相对误差低于5.1%。利用紫外光耐气候试验箱模拟华南地区自然环境的日照辐射和湿热条件,研究了天然纤维/环氧树脂-混凝土抗弯拉性能随老化时间的衰减。当等效老化时间为6年时,天然纤维/环氧树脂-混凝土的抗弯拉强度分别下降了14.3%（剑麻纤维）和15.9%（苎麻纤维）。实验观察到的衰减规律可采用复合材料湿热老化的剩余强度模型描述。      

润滑条件下三维编织炭复合材料的摩擦学特性

采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机研究了润滑条件下三维编织炭/环氧复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,探讨了载荷及滑动速度等外界因素的影响;并采用XL30 ESEM电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌,分析了其磨损机理.结果表明,润滑条件下复合材料的摩擦磨损性能远优于干摩擦,且磨合期较短;随着载荷的增加,复合材料的摩擦系数和比磨损率降低,但滑动速度对摩擦磨损性能的影响很小;润滑条件下的磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损.     

玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的粒子冲击磨损研究

本文研究了玻纤/环氧复合材料的粒子冲击磨损问题.结果表明:随粒子冲击速度的增加,材料的磨损率呈指数增加;随粒子冲击角度的增加,材料的磨损率先增加,在90°附近出现最大值,然后下降,在0°～180°内磨损曲线呈对称分布;磨损率还与材料中纤维取向有关,当纤维与磨面平行时,材料的耐磨性最低,当纤维与磨面垂直时,材料的耐磨性最高.      

Erosive wear behaviour of aluminium based composites

Al-MMCs reinforced with short fibres or particles of ceramics such as alumina, titanium diboride and silicon carbide result in composites of high specific strength and stiffness, suitable for advanced engineering applications such as in the aerospace and automotive industries. This paper studies the erosion wear behaviour of Al-based composites reinforced with alumina-fibre and in-situ TiB₂ particles using a water/SiC particles slurry jet. From the results of our experiment, the erosion resistance of reinforced Al-MMCs depends on that of the Al-alloy and the reinforcing ceramics, as well as on the bonding strength between the matrix and ceramic fibres or particles. Some design strategies to enhance the erosion resistance of Al-MMCs reinforced with short fibres and particles have been discussed.     

三维编织复合材料在润滑条件下的摩擦性能

利用树脂传递模塑(RTM)工艺制备了三维编织炭纤维/环氧(C3D/EP)复合材料.采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机研究了该材料润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,探讨了载荷及滑动速度等外界因素的影响;并采用XL30 ESEM电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌,分析了其磨损机理.结果表明,润滑条件下复合材料的摩擦磨损性能远优于干摩擦,且磨合期较短;随着载荷的增加,复合材料的摩擦系数和比磨损率降低,但滑动速度对摩擦磨损性能的影响很小;润滑条件下的磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损.     

苎麻纤维复合材料医用夹板的开发及智能化

以脱胶苎麻精干麻为增强材料,以环氧树脂和聚丙烯(PP)为树脂基体,分别制备出纤维含量不同的复合材料板。经测试分析发现,纤维含量的变化导致两种基体复合材料的压缩、弯曲以及剪切强度呈现不同的变化趋势。在纤维含量相同时,苎麻/PP较苎麻/环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能总体偏差,强度增量较低,纤维抽拔效果明显,断面破坏程度大,最终确定纤维含量在20%(体积分数,下同)时的苎麻/环氧树脂复合材料最适于制作医用夹板。在苎麻/环氧复合材料板上安装粘贴柱状硬块的传感器,实验证明测试结果可以达到理想的目的和要求。     

三维编织超高分子量聚乙烯纤维-碳纤维混杂增强环氧树脂复合材料摩擦磨损性能

以超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)-碳纤维(CF)三维混杂编织体为增强体,环氧树脂(ER)为基体,通过树脂传递模塑(RTM)工艺制备了三维编织混杂复合材料,研究了其摩擦磨损性能了,并采用混合正压力模型对摩擦系数进行了预测。结果表明,在纤维总体积含量一定的情况下,随着CF体积含量的增加,复合材料的摩擦系数增大,而其比磨损率降低。UH_3D/ER复合材料的磨损机制以粘着磨损为主,CF_3D/ER复合材料则以磨粒磨损为主,混杂复合材料的磨损机制主要取决于CF与UHMWPE纤维的相对含量 ,通过调节UHMWPE纤维和CF的体积比例可实现对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的有效调控。采用的计算模型可较好地预测UH_3D/ER的摩擦系数。     

Improving the specific wear rate and coefficient of friction of polyamide 6 polymer and its composite by adding wax under self-operation conditions

Polyamide polymers are widely used in tribological areas in a wide range of industries. The purpose of this study is to extend the tribological life of this material. For this purpose, composite materials were produced by adding solid lubricants such as graphite and wax to the polyamide 6 (PA6) matrix at different rates, and the synergistic effect of these composites on tribological behavior was investigated. Tribological experiments were carried out under dry sliding conditions and on themselves. The polyamide 6/graphite/wax composites were first produced in the form of granules in a twin-screw extruder, and then test samples were molded using the injection molding technique. Wear tests were performed using a pin-on-disc wear device. Tribological tests were carried out at a sliding speed of 0.5 m s⁻¹ and under loads ranging from 10 N to 250 N. Following the experiments, the friction coefficient, specific wear rate, and surface wear were determined under the condition of the materials working on each other. The results showed that the lowest specific wear rate and friction coefficient were obtained for the polyamide 6 composites containing 6 % wax and 15 % glass fiber working on each other.     

Microstructure,mechanical and erosion wear analysis of post heat treated iron alloy based coating with varying chromium

The present work focuses on the effect of annealing heat treatment on the microstructure, mechanical and erosion properties of iron alloy based coatings with varying chromium content. High velocity oxygen fuel coating method was used to deposit the coating over the substrate material 316 L stainless steel. The study was done in terms of microstructural analysis using x-ray diffractometer, surface and cross-sectional morphology using field emission scanning electron microscope, mechanical and erosion wear analysis. It was found that x-ray diffractometer indicated presence of less amount of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) after heat treatment. However, the peaks of hardened phase of diironylidenetitanium (Fe₂Ti) and iron-chromium (Fe−Cr) was increased. Addition of chromium up to 10 wt. % improved the hardness and adhesion pull of strength by 16 % and 62 % respectively. On the other side heat treatment of iron alloy based coating having 10 wt. % chromium increased the hardness and adhesion pull off strength by 17.3 % and 35 % respectively. The erosion wear rate was also decreased with the annealing process. The study shows that the annealing process increases hardness and adhesion pull off strength but decreases porosity and erosion wear rate.     

Mechanical and abrasive wear characterization of bidirectional and chopped E-glass fiber reinforced composite materials

Bi-directional and chopped E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites are fabricated in five different (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35) wt% in an epoxy resin matrix. The mechanical characterization of these composites is performed. The three body abrasive wear behavior of fabricated composites has been assessed under different operating conditions. Abrasive wear characteristics of these composites are successfully analysed using Taguchi’s experimental design scheme and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results obtained from these experiments are also validated against existing microscopic models of Ratner-Lancaster and Wang. It is observed that quite good linear relationships is held between specific wear rate and reciprocal of ultimate strength and strain at tensile fracture of these composites which is an indicative that the experimental results are in fair agreement with these existing models. Out of all composites fabricated it is found that tensile strength of bi-directional E-glass fiber reinforced composites increases because of interface strength enhancement. Chopped glass fiber reinforced composites are observed to perform better than bi-directional glass fiber reinforced composites under abrasive wear situations. The morphology of worn composite specimens has been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand about dominant wear mechanisms.     

Sialon陶瓷的冲蚀磨损及磨粒磨损行为

以ＳｉＣ作为磨粒较全面地研究了Ｓｉａｌｏｎ陶瓷的磨损性能：冲蚀磨损和磨粒磨损性能．Ｓｉａｌｏｎ陶瓷在冲蚀磨损实验中表现出了脆性冲蚀的特征,在高角冲蚀下,冲蚀磨损率随着冲蚀角度的增大而迅速增加,并在冲蚀角为９０°附近达到最大．ＳＥＭ分析表明Ｓｉａｌｏｎ陶瓷的冲蚀磨损机理主要是显微切削和表面颗粒拔出脱落．在Ｓｉａｌｏｎ陶瓷的磨粒磨损实验中,较高载荷作用下,磨损量与时间之间有指数变化关系;较低载荷作用下,磨损初期有一个短暂的磨损量基本不变的孕育阶段,随后进入快磨损阶段,本文对该孕育现象进行了探讨．对磨损表面的ＳＥＭ分析发现;Ｓｉａｌｏｎ陶瓷的磨粒磨损机理主要是犁耕和表面断裂脱落．     

快速固化碳纳米管/苎麻纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层板的制备与性能

针对植物纤维/树脂基复合材料高性能化问题,本研究以羟基化碳纳米管/无水乙醇分散液预先浸渍苎麻纤维织物,得到了碳纳米管分散均匀的碳纳米管/苎麻纤维多尺度复合织物,并进一步以快速固化环氧树脂为基体,采用真空辅助树脂灌注成型工艺(VARI)制备了碳纳米管改性的苎麻纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料层板(PRFC)。研究结果表明,相比未采用碳纳米管改性的苎麻纤维/环氧树脂复合材料(RFC),PRFC的弯曲强度提高14.7%,冲击强度提高20.9%。相比碳纳米管预先分散于环氧树脂基体中制备的碳纳米管改性苎麻纤维/环氧树脂复合材料(MRFC),PRFC的力学性能提高更显著。同时,PRFC的吸湿性能比MRFC和RFC的明显降低。     

铜钛硅碳石墨合金材料摩擦磨损性能研究

为研究铜钛硅碳石墨合金材料摩擦磨损性能,通过常规的粉末冶金方法制备了铜钛硅碳石墨材料。对样品硬度等性能的测试,选择出87%Cu的最优配方。再用无流磨损和载流磨损实验测试其摩擦磨损性能,进而通过扫描电镜对磨损表面进行观察,探讨摩擦磨损机理。结果表明,无流磨损过程中,磨损量呈线性增长,磨损的主要形式为梨削;载流磨损过程中,磨损量呈非线性增长,随着行程的增加,磨损率降低,磨损的主要形式有梨削和电弧烧损,磨损率降低可能是杂质Al相弥散强化铜基体所致,其微观机理是一个复杂的各种机理的组合。     

Influence of graphite filler on two-body abrasive wear behaviour of carbon fabric reinforced epoxy composites

The influence of graphite filler additions on two-body abrasive wear behaviour of compression moulded carbon–epoxy (C–E) composites have been evaluated using reciprocating wear unit and pin-on-disc wear unit under single pass and multi-pass conditions respectively. The carbon fabric used in the present study is a plain one; each warp fiber pass alternately under and over each weft fiber. The fabric is symmetrical, with good stability and reasonable porosity. Abrasive wear studies were carried out under different loads/abrading distance using different grades of SiC abrasive paper (150 and 320 grit size). Graphite filler in C–E reduced the specific wear rate. Further, the wear volume loss drops significantly with increase in graphite content. Comparative wear performance of all the composites showed higher specific wear rate in two-body wear (single-pass conditions) compared to multi-pass conditions. Further, the tribo-performance of C–E indicated that the graphite filler inclusion resulted in enhancement of wear behaviour significantly. Wear mechanisms were suggested and strongly supported by worn surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy.     

ZrO_2－Al_2O_3－SiC系复相陶瓷材料的冲蚀磨损

本文对ＺｒＯ２增韧１０％ＳｉＣ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３基复合材料和ＳｉＣ颗粒弥散强化５％Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＺｒＯ２基复合材料的冲蚀磨损的研究，实验表明：相交增初有助于断裂韧性的改善，从而缓和了材料的高角冲蚀率；高弹模量的ＳｉＣ二相粒子引入后基体材料的硬度增加，提高了材料的抗低角磨损能力．显微结构（ＳＥＭ）分析表明，不同的冲蚀角度条件下材料表面的损伤行为和磨损微观机制也不相同，通过ＰＵＤ计算，定量表征材料的抗切向磨损能力．