喷淋式脱硫塔脱硫特性的试验研究

采用两种细度石灰石作为脱硫剂,对喷淋式脱硫塔的脱硫特性进行了试验研究,试验结果表明在一定烟气流速下,脱硫效率随液气比的增大而增大;在高烟气流速下,脱硫效率随液气比的增大而增加的趋势更加显著.脱硫效率随着提高浆液的pH值而提高,随入口烟气SO,浓度增加而下降;石灰石粒径越小,其溶解性好,有利于提高脱硫效率.结合吸收段阻力...     

湿法烟气脱硫筛板式喷淋塔阻力特性的试验研究

采用水-空气作为介质对湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)筛板式喷淋塔阻力特性进行了试验研究,分析了筛板孔径、开孔率、厚度、安装位置以及液相喷淋量等因素对筛板喷淋塔内阻力特性的影响.结果表明:在WFGD系统筛板式喷淋塔中必须保证足够大的孔径与塔径比,以适合高速烟气条件;在烟气流速较低条件下,筛板孔径越小,压降越大,而烟气流速较高时则相反;筛板厚度对于压降影响较小;提高开孔率和筛板安装高度以及减少喷淋量均能降低塔内阻力.     

钠法与钙法焦炉烟气旋转喷雾脱硫特性对比

在旋转喷雾脱硫(Spray Drying Absorber,SDA)实验台上对低含湿量、高烟温的模拟焦炉烟气进行了脱硫实验,研究高入口烟气温度、高绝热饱和温差条件下,Na_2CO_3和Ca(OH)_22种脱硫剂的脱硫特性.讨论了化学计量比、脱硫塔入口烟温、绝热饱和温差和脱硫塔内烟气温降对脱硫效率的影响.结果表明:随化学计量比的增大,Na_2CO_3脱硫效率增长速率比Ca(OH)_2脱硫效率增长速率更快,当2种脱硫剂与SO_2的化学计量比分别达到1.1和1.5时,脱硫效率趋于平缓;脱硫效率随绝热饱和温差的增大呈指数形式下降;在保持出口烟气温度不变条件下,提高入口烟气温度有利于提高脱硫效率;脱硫塔内烟气温降增大也有利于提高脱硫效率.     

降膜式脱硫反应器内烟气流动及脱硫特性的模拟研究

利用FLUENT计算流体力学软件,模拟烟气在不同的流速下,通过降膜式脱硫管簇时其周围的流场和污染浓度变化的情况,得到流场中速度和流场内SO2的浓度分布图,从而得出不同烟气流速情况下错列管簇的脱硫效率。计算结果表明：入口烟气流速越高,脱硫管簇中烟气压力、烟气中SO2浓度变化幅度越高,脱硫管簇的阻力系数逐渐增大。同时,入口烟气流速越大,脱硫管簇的脱硫效率就越高。     

循环流化床烟气脱硫技术实验研究

提出一种干式烟气脱硫技术方案,并在４００￣８００℃的温度下进行了实验研究。为了提高脱硫效率和脱硫剂的利用率,还对在床内循环的脱硫剂进行了蒸汽处理。研究了烟气温度、Ｃａ／Ｓ、床内气流速度、床内固体物料浓度等参数对脱硫效率的影响,以及各参数之间的关系。研究发现温度对脱硫效率有明显的影响,近６００℃时最高。增加Ｃａ／Ｓ可以大幅度提高脱硫效率。此外,适当降低床内气体流速使床内的总物料量增加,可以提高脱硫效率。研究表明,蒸汽处理对脱硫效率的提高有明显效果,在本实验条件下,处理后的脱硫效率提高４２．１％。     

湿法脱硫协同蒸汽相变脱除燃煤PM_(2.5)的试验研究

对燃煤细颗粒在湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统中的脱除效果进行了试验研究.通过向塔内添加蒸汽以促进细颗粒的凝结长大,实现脱硫过程协同脱除燃煤细颗粒,并分析了不同操作参数对细颗粒和SO2脱除效率的影响.结果表明:在常规湿法烟气脱硫过程中,PM10的质量浓度脱除效率较高,约为55%,而PM2.5质量和数量浓度脱除效率很低;通过在洗涤塔内添加蒸汽,可以有效提高PM10和PM2.5的脱除效率,脱除效率随液气比的增大而提高,特别是数量浓度的脱除效率;燃煤细颗粒的脱除效率随塔内烟气过饱和度的增大而提高,而脱硫效率几乎不受塔内过饱和度的影响,均能稳定在75%左右;随脱硫塔入口烟气温度的升高,细颗粒的脱除效率降低.     

新型铝基铜干法烟气脱硫反应器的性能仿真研究

铝基铜(CuO/γ-Al2O3)干法烟气脱硫以其脱硫效率高、脱硫剂可再生重复使用、硫可回收利用、脱硫的同时还可以脱硝、成本较低等,成为国内外研究的热点.提出一种新型铝基铜干法脱硫反应器,对该反应器内脱硫和还原进行了性能仿真研究.并对其进行了数值模拟,主要模拟了不同反应器尺寸及不同工况对反应器性能的影响.分析出随着反应器管径的减小,脱硫效果有明显的改善,然而过小的管径容易堵塞;随着管长的增加脱硫率也随着增大.在实际应用中应该选用合适的管长与管径.提出一种新型脱硫流程系统.     

石灰浆液荷电雾化脱硫的化学反应动力学研究

运用烟气分析仪和PH计进行化学反应动力学试验,得到石灰浆液荷电雾化吸收SO2的反应级数、速率常数和反应速率方程,进而计算出在不同Ca/S摩尔比、SO2浓度以及荷电电压下的反应速率,并与石灰浆液荷电雾化脱硫的试验脱硫效率进行比较.结果表明:随着Ca/S摩尔比和充电电压的增大,反应速率增大,脱硫效率提高,且反应速率增大和脱硫效率提高的趋势基本一致;从微观的化学机制角度分析,雾滴荷电后确实可以增大化学反应速率,提高石灰浆液的脱硫效率,同时认为荷电对反应速率产生增益作用的原因主要是增大了单位容积内活化分子的百分数、单位接触面积上活化分子的有效碰撞次数和雾滴与烟气的接触几率.     

惰性粒子流化床烟气脱硫的试验研究

对惰性粒子流化床的烟气脱硫过程进行了试验,分析和研究了Ca/S、入口SO2浓度、静止床高、惰性粒子粒径、近绝热饱和温度和床层温度对脱硫效率的影响.结果表明:近绝热饱和温度和Ca/S对脱硫效率影响较大,惰性粒子粒径和静止床高对脱硫效率也有一定影响;近绝热饱和温度越低、Ca/S越大、流化床床层温度越低、烟气表观速度越小、惰性粒子粒径越小以及静止床层越高,则烟气脱硫效率越高;当烟气入口SO2浓度小于7×10-4时,随着入口SO2浓度的增大,脱硫效率相应提高;当烟气入口SO2浓度增加到7×10-4以上时,随着入口SO2浓度的增大,脱硫效率反而降低;在基本试验工况下,惰性粒子流化床的烟气脱硫效率达到85%以上.     

石灰浆液高压静电雾化脱硫试验及机理研究

将高压静电雾化技术引入湿钙法烟气脱硫中,通过不同方案和不同工况下的脱硫试验比较,得到雾滴与烟气接触方式、烟气中SO2质量浓度、荷电电压以及钙与硫的物质的量比（nca／ns）等对烟气脱硫的影响,综合分析了高压静电引起脱硫增益的机理．结果表明：石灰浆液荷电能够使雾滴细化、均匀化,增加传质面积和接触机会,同时改变雾滴表面特性,增大传质速率,使脱硫率得到不同程度的提高,且脱硫率随荷电电压的增加而提高;脱硫效果与气液接触方式有关,在试验设定的nca／ns范围内,浆液流量较大时同向并流的脱硫率增幅明显高于逆向流动时,而浆液流量较低时采用逆向流动荷电脱硫更有利．     

Analyses of gas flows in micro- and nanochannels

Micro- and nanoscale gas flows are analyzed theoretically and numerically. The analyses of gas flow similarity show that the gas flows at different scales can be similar only when the gas is treated as a prefect gas. If the gas density is so high that the density effect cannot be ignored, the three dimensionless parameters, Re, Ma, and Kn, which characterize the micro gas flow, are independent of each other and cannot be equal for flows at different scales, so the similarity breaks down. The critical density for the similarity failure can be analytically determined for each kind of gas. The analytical results were validated by numerical simulations. High density, high Knudsen number gas flows were modeled using a generalized Monte Carlo method based on the Enskog theory which considers both the density effect on the collision rate and the molecular repulsive and attractive interactions for a Lennard–Jones gas. The predicted transport coefficients agree better with experimental data than previous predictions. The simulation results show that when the gas density is higher than the critical density, the denseness effect alters the flow velocity and temperature fields from the direct simulation Monte Carlo results. Higher densities lead to greater deviation.     

陶瓷过滤器脉冲清灰系统的性能测定与分析

在由3根滤管组成的高温陶瓷过滤器实验装置上,测定了不同过滤气体温度下滤管脉冲反吹系统的循环性能．比较不同直径的喷嘴在不同脉冲宽度和反吹温度下的气体耗量,利用加尘实验得出各操作参数对过滤循环稳定性和清灰性能的影响规律．实验结果表明,喷嘴每次反吹的气体消耗量与脉冲宽度近似呈线性关系；适当增大喷嘴直径能提高清灰效果,延长反吹周期,但气体消耗量也随之增加．利用已建立的脉冲反吹系统动态模型,对脉冲反吹系统进行了模拟计算,得出了脉冲反吹系统的储气罐容积、管线直径对反吹气体流量和气体消耗量的影响规律．这些结果可用于高温陶瓷过滤器的工程设计和脉冲反吹系统的优化．     

Laminar burning characteristics of premixed methane-dissociated methanol-diluent mixtures

The influence of dissociated methanol (DM) and diluent (CO₂ and N₂) addition on methane was investigated in a constant volume chamber under initial conditions of 3 bar and 343 K. CO was also added in separate proportions instead of DM under the same conditions to assess its effect. The laminar burning velocity, Markstein length and flame instability were analyzed systematically under various equivalence ratios (0.8–1.4), dissociated methanol gas ratios (40 and 80%), CO ratios (40 and 80%) and dilution ratios (0–15%). Furthermore, the flame speed of the fuel mixture and the production rate of key reactants were analyzed based on the calculation results of the Aramco Mech 2.0 mechanism to determine the influence principles of dilution. The results show that dissociated methanol gas increases the flame speed of the mixtures and promotes instability of the flame, and H₂ is the dominant component in enhancing the combustion process. Within the dilution ratio range of this study, the diluents decrease the laminar burning velocity of the mixtures since the addition of diluent gas decreases the concentration of key reactants, such as H and OH. The addition of diluent gas can inhibit the flame instability, but the effect is not clear. Compared with N₂, the effect of CO₂ is more significant.     

移动床中热气体渗流传热对煤粒热解反应过程的影响

针对移动床内热气体对煤颗粒预热处理工艺,分析了颗粒料层中热气体渗流传热对煤热解反应过程的影响,建立了多孔介质渗流传热与煤热解反应相互作用的物理数学模型。研究了不同情况下移动床内气固温度和压力分布以及煤热解反应规律,计算结果表明,高温热气对移动床煤颗粒料层的热量渗透主要发生在渗透入口端区域,热解反应发生在热渗流作用区域,煤的热解反应对应酬内温度场分布有较大的影响,改变运行参数可以调整热渗透作用区域推移速度和物料温度水平,从而控制煤热解反应过程,在热解反应区域,孔隙率对流场,压损和煤热解过程有很大的影响。图9参11     

Second law analysis of a natural gas‐fired gas turbine cogeneration system

The influence of operating conditions such as reheat, intercooling, ambient temperature and pressure ratio are analyzed from a second law perspective on the performance of a natural gas‐fired gas turbine cogeneration system. The effect of these operating parameters on carbon dioxide emissions is also discussed. The second law efficiency of gas turbine cogeneration system increases markedly with reheat option. Higher pressure ratios lead to decreased second law cogeneration efficiency but this effect can be reduced with a higher level of reheat option. The effect of intercooling on second law efficiency is strongly related to pressure ratio with higher pressure ratios significantly decreasing efficiency. The second law efficiency is not so sensitive to the environment temperature for levels of reheat or intercooling greater than 50%. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑气体压缩性的液力透平内气液两相流场分析

为研究在气液两相条件下液力透平内部的流动规律,选择比转速为55.7的单级单吸离心泵反转作液力透平(Pumps as Turbines,PAT),在考虑气体可压缩的基础上对该模型在不同流量、不同含气率下进行数值计算。分析含气率对液力透平外特性和液力透平各过流部件内流场的影响规律,总结不同工况下液力透平内气液两相流动规律。研究发现:随着含气率的增大,液力透平的效率和功率逐渐减小、扬程逐渐增加,气体的存在对液力透平效率影响较大;液力透平叶片进口有明显的旋涡,随着流量和含气率的增大,混合介质的相对速度均增加;含气率从液力透平进口到出口逐渐增大,叶片背面的含气率要比工作面大,过流部件内的气体分布不对称,随着含气率的变大,气体分布的均匀性变差。     

Towards a high fuel utilization and low degradation of micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells

This work evaluates the relevance of the carrier gas in the performance of micro-tubular SOFCs and describes its role in improving the fuel cell efficiency of these systems. Initial dual operation mode analyses revealed a strong influence of the carrier gas flow on the fuel cell degradation rate, showing a higher degradation rate when low fuel utilization (FU) conditions were employed under low total flow conditions. These experiments evidenced that a suitable fuel-to-carrier gas ratio must be satisfied in order to avoid mass transport limitations. A decrease of this relation, accomplished in this case by an increase in the amount of gas carrier flow (high total flow conditions), allowed to reduce the degradation rate even at high fuel utilization conditions (80%), breaking the limitations traditionally observed for this technology. This approach improves system efficiency –in terms of fuel consumption– while decreases the degradation rate.     

Correlation of turbulent burning velocities of ethanol–air, measured in a fan-stirred bomb up to 1.2 MPa

The turbulent burning velocity is defined by the mass rate of burning and this also requires that the associated flame surface area should be defined. Previous measurements of the radial distribution of the mean reaction progress variable in turbulent explosion flames provide a basis for definitions of such surface areas for turbulent burning velocities. These inter-relationships. in general, are different from those for burner flames. Burning velocities are presented for a spherical flame surface, at which the mass of unburned gas inside it is equal to the mass of burned gas outside it. These can readily be transformed to burning velocities based on other surfaces.The measurements of the turbulent burning velocities presented are the mean from five different explosions, all under the same conditions. These cover a wide range of equivalence ratios, pressures and rms turbulent velocities for ethanol–air mixtures. Two techniques are employed, one based on measurements of high speed schlieren images, the other on pressure transducer measurements. There is good agreement between turbulent burning velocities measured by the two techniques. All the measurement are generalised in plots of burning velocity normalised by the effective unburned gas rms velocity as a function of the Karlovitz stretch factor for different strain rate Markstein numbers. For a given value of this stretch factor a decrease in Markstein number increases the normalised burning velocity. Comparisons are made with the findings of other workers.     

Syngas production from oxidative methane reforming and CO cleaning with water gas shift reaction

Fuel cell based heat and power cogeneration is considered to be well qualified for a distributed energy system for residential and small business applications. A fuel processing unit including an oxidative steam methane reformer, a high temperature shift reactor and a low temperature shift reactor is under development in South China University of Technology. Performance of the unit is experimentally investigated in a bench-scale experimental setup. Processor performance under typical operating conditions is tested. The influence of reaction temperature, methane space velocity in the oxidative steam methane reformer, and air to carbon molar ratio on unit performances is experimentally studied. It is found that under the typical operating conditions, the total energy efficiency reaches 88.3%. The efficiency can further be improved by utilizing the sensible heat of the reformate gas. The current study has been focused on the chemical performances such as methane conversion of the reformer and CO concentration in the synthesis gas downstream water gas shift reactors. Heat integration of the unit will be further implemented in future to improve energy efficiency.     

Measurement of laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths of diluted hydrogen-enriched natural gas

The laminar flame characteristics of natural gas–hydrogen–air–diluent gas (nitrogen/CO₂) mixtures were studied in a constant volume combustion bomb at various diluent ratios, hydrogen fractions and equivalence ratios. Both unstretched laminar burning velocity and Markstein length were obtained. The results showed that hydrogen fraction, diluent ratio and equivalence ratio have combined influence on laminar burning velocity and flame instability. The unstretched laminar burning velocity is reduced at a rate that is increased with the increase of the diluent ratio. The reduction effect of CO₂ diluent gas is stronger than that of nitrogen diluent gas. Hydrogen-enriched natural gas with high hydrogen fraction can tolerate more diluent gas than that with low hydrogen fraction. Markstein length can either increase or decrease with the increase of the diluent ratio, depending on the hydrogen fraction of the fuel.