超高强耐磨钢NM500多层多道对接接头残余应力的研究

基于SYSWELD软件平台,以新型NM500钢的多层多道对接接头为研究对象,开发一种考虑固态相变的“热-冶金-力学”耦合计算方法来模拟对接接头的温度场、组织体积百分数以及焊接残余应力。同时,采用光学显微镜观察对接接头的显微组织,采用显微硬度计测量接头硬度分布,以及采用小孔法测量对接接头表面残余应力。数值模拟结果与试验测量结果的比较表明：使用实际焊接热输入模拟得到的对接接头超过冶金熔点以上的温度区域与实际焊接接头熔化区吻合较好;纵向残余应力峰值位于紧邻热影响区的母材上,其值约为1 600 MPa,与母材的常温屈服极限相当;横向残余应力在焊缝厚度方向呈现“拉-压-拉”的分布形态。总体而言,数值模拟得到纵向及横向残余应力的大小及分布与试验测量结果吻合较好,验证了“热-冶金-力学”耦合计算方法的有效性。基于数值模拟结果,探讨了NM500钢多层多道对接接头焊接残余应力的形成机理。     

P92钢锅炉管道焊接组织分析与残余应力模拟

对P92钢管道进行了多层多道焊接试验,采用X射线衍射法测量焊接残余应力,并对焊接接头进行金相组织分析和硬度测试。基于SYSWELD软件开发并优化了P92钢相变耦合焊接模型,并考虑马氏体相变的Satoh试验和P92钢管道多层多道焊接模拟。焊接试验结果表明,焊缝为淬火马氏体组织、硬度较高,母材为回火马氏体组织、硬度较低,热影响区为混合组织、硬度呈下降趋势。有限元模拟结果表明,模拟所得残余应力分布与实测值吻合,证明了焊接模型的准确性。残余应力的分布与演变过程表明,马氏体相变引起的体积应变与塑性应变对残余应力的形成过程和分布影响显著,且马氏体相变效应在当前焊道作用最为明显,前道焊道的压应力会被后续的热源载荷消除。     

基于相变与收缩耦合的1Cr12焊缝冷却动态力学行为

建立了相变体积应变与混合相力学性能的固态相变模型,同时考虑随动硬化与相变塑性的影响,研究了各因素对1Cr12钢焊缝冷却动态力学行为的影响规律。在此基础上,开展了焊接试验件纵向残余应力的验证试验,试验结果与模拟结果吻合良好。研究结果表明：马氏体相变的体积膨胀、力学性能变化以及塑性机制均对焊缝收缩的动态力学行为有一定的影响,且各因素共同作用下焊缝纵向应力由收缩拉伸状态转为受压状态。     

斜Y型坡口焊接裂纹试验的数值模拟

以低合金钢16MnR的斜Y型坡口焊接裂纹试验为例，利用有限元计算软件ANSYS对几种不同预热温度及不同厚度的试件进行了焊接过程热循环与动态热应力场的数值模拟。首先计算出试件的动态焊接温度场，之后利用温度场的计算结果进行热力耦合分析，得出．试件上动态热应力及最终残余应力的分布。通过对各试样计算结果的对比，分析了预热温度与试件厚度改变对试件焊接热影响区冷却速度与残余应力场分布规律的影响。     

盲孔法测LY12铝合金焊接残余应力时应变释放系数的标定及塑性修正

采用有限元模拟与试验验证相结合的方法,对盲孔法测LY12铝合金薄板焊接残余应力时的应变释放系数A,B进行标定及修正;引入塑性附加应变,得到应变释放系数随形状改变比能参量变化的塑性修正公式,最后利用修正后的应变释放系数采用盲孔法测试了LY12铝合金对焊接接头的焊接残余应力,并和模拟结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:给出的塑性修正公式将焊接残余应力的测试误差由57.457%缩小到3.208%以内,修正效果良好。     

还原炉挠性夹套的焊接残余应力有限元模拟

夹套是广泛运用在化工、医药等行业设备上的加热冷却装置,夹套焊缝是常常发生开裂泄漏的失效部位,焊接残余应力是导致开裂泄漏的重要因素之一。利用有限元技术对一种新型多晶硅还原炉挠性冷却夹套的焊接过程的温度场、残余应力和塑性应变场进行了数值模拟。借助ANSYS的APDL编程和单元生死技术,采用热-结构直接耦合法,传热分析采用含高斯热源的瞬态过程、应力分析为稳态,材料本构为随温度变化的双线性随动强化弹塑性模型。通过模拟获得焊缝区域残余应力和塑性应变的分布规律,为同类夹套的焊接强度评定提供了有效方法。     

P92钢多层多道焊接接头残余应力的有限元模拟

采用考虑固态相变的热-冶金-力学耦合有限元模拟方法,使用SYSWELD软件研究了P92钢多层多道焊接接头的温度场及残余应力场;观察了接头截面形貌,采用盲孔法测试了残余应力,并对模拟结果进行了验证;采用该有限元模拟方法分析了焊接过程中残余应力的变化。结果表明:模拟得到的接头截面峰值温度分布形状与试验得到的接头截面形貌相吻合,说明有限元模拟可以较好地还原实际焊接过程中的热输入情况;模拟得到的接头残余应力沿焊缝中心呈对称分布,与试验结果吻合较好,说明该有限元模拟方法可以准确地预测P92钢多层多道焊接接头的残余应力;在多层多道焊接过程中焊缝及热影响区的部分金属在经历后续热循环时发生软化,导致残余应力消失,并在冷却阶段发生残余应力的重新分配。     

NiTiNb记忆合金热力学性能的试验及其唯象本构模型

现有形状记忆合金(Shape memory alloy, SMA)管接头数值分析中没有考虑塑性变形及其影响,基于不可逆热力学框架,考虑塑性变形对逆向马氏体相变的影响,构建相变和塑性耦合的NiTiNb SMA唯象学本构模型,基于有限元软件ABAQUS二次开发功能,编译用户自定义子程序,对SMA热机耦合作用过程进行数值模拟,并与NiTiNb合金低温下的拉伸和约束升温性能试验研究结果对比。结果表明,数值分析结果能够很好地描述试验所得的应力应变曲线和升温过程的应力温度曲线特征,能够描述材料预变形提高逆向马氏体相变温度的规律,得到低温变形及升温恢复过程中材料内部Mises应力、等效相变应变和等效塑性应变的演化规律。结果表明数值仿真与试验取得了较好的一致性,为进一步的SMA管接头装配性能模拟及设计优化奠定基础。     

高强钢T形接头焊接残余应力的数值模拟

焊接过程中不均匀的温度场及局部塑性应变导致了残余应力的产生,从而影响焊接结构的疲劳强度及承载能力.应用ABAQUS的焊接子程序DFLUX,结合单元“生死”技术对高强钢焊接流程进行数值分析.获得了焊接温度场和应力场的动态变化过程,计算出焊接温度场及残余应力的分布,绘制出焊接残余应力分布曲线,为优化焊接工艺,控制焊接残余应力提供理论依据.     

外部拘束条件下Q345钢单道堆焊接头面外变形机理的探讨

采用数值模拟和试验手段相结合的方法研究外部拘束对低合金高强钢Q345单道堆焊接头面外变形影响的机理。基于有限元软件ABAQUS平台,开发同时考虑材料非线性、几何非线性与接触非线性的热-弹-塑性有限元算法来模拟板厚为2 mm和4 mm的低合金高强钢薄板单道堆焊的温度场、残余应力和焊接变形。同时,采用试验方法测量了薄板接头的面外变形。通过比较试验结果和模拟结果,验证了所开发的有限元计算方法的有效性。分析自由状态和外加约束条件下接头的面外变形模式;比较中央截面平均压应力和其临界失稳应力的数值;研究不同拘束位置对纵向塑性应变和横向塑性应变分布的影响。结果表明,在薄板发生失稳变形时,外加拘束对面外变形的控制作用不明显;而在薄板未发生失稳变形时,外部拘束能够明显减小面外变形。     

焊接顺序对横向止挡焊接残余应力及变形的影响

采用数值模拟及试验手段相结合的方式研究焊接顺序对横向焊接止挡焊接残余应力及焊接变形情况的影响。基于Sysweld软件平台,对横向止挡焊接温度场及应力应变情况进行计算,并设置两种定位焊顺序及两种组焊顺序,通过排列组合方式得出四种焊接方案。通过数值模拟及试验对比发现,对于应力情况,定位焊接顺序对焊接残余应力的分布影响很小,而组焊接的焊接顺序对横向止挡最大残余应力的影响起主要作用。从变形情况来看,横向止挡X、Z方向的变形量最大,变形量1.2 mm左右,横向止挡Y方向的变形最小,变形量0.5 mm左右。采用方案四的焊接方法能够有效控制焊接残余应力及焊接变形。     

考虑相变塑性影响的渗碳淬火齿轮的残余应力

分析了渗碳淬火齿轮残余应力的形成,建立了一种含相变塑性的热弹性本构关系.利用有限元方法对一个渗碳淬火齿轮的残余应力进行了计算.并与实验结果进行了比较,讨论了引入相变塑性的效果.     

A mesomodel for the numerical simulation of the multiphasic behavior of materials under anisothermal loading (application to two low-carbon steels)

The determination of residual stresses induced by welding or heat treatment operations requires the use of complex models taking into account thermal, metallurgical and mechanical phenomena. In this paper, we propose a mechanical model in which each phase can follow its own constitutive law. This model also takes into account phase transformation plasticity, which is treated independently of the behavior of each phase. This model has been implemented into the French FEM code Castem 2000. The interest of the proposed method is that it allows one to mix any type of nonlinear behavior using Taylor homogenization hypothesis. There is no need to develop a theory to get the equations of the homogenized material law. Two numerical examples demonstrate the efficiency and the flexibility of this approach. The results obtained are compared to experimental values for a typical welding situation and a high-temperature response. This comparison seems to indicate that viscous effects in the materials have a significative influence on the residual stresses produced by welding.     

小孔法测量残余应力时孔边塑性应变的有限元分析及修正

小孔法测量高残余应力时,小孔周围材料接近于屈服状态,由于产生塑性变形而引入塑性附加应变,使得测量结果产生很大的误差。研究了应变释放系数与主应力之间的双轴比、主应力方向与应变花方向夹角以及应力水平之间的关系,通过有限元数值试验的方法对应变释放系数进行标定,使其包含有塑性附加应变的影响,并利用标定后的应变释放系数对焊接残余应力测量结果进行了修正,得到了较好的结果。     

焊接残余应力对桥壳疲劳寿命的影响研究

桥壳作为驱动桥的核心零部件,其疲劳寿命对驱动桥乃至整车安全性有决定性的影响,对于制造过程中使用焊接工艺的桥壳,焊接残余应力的影响不容忽略。以某商用车驱动桥桥壳为研究对象,在获得其焊接残余应力分布的基础上,分析焊接残余应力对桥壳在静态载荷和动态循环载荷工况下应力应变响应的影响。使用应变-寿命分析方法对桥壳在弯曲疲劳试验工况下的寿命进行预测,并与台架试验结果进行对比,结果表明考虑焊接残余应力时,疲劳寿命次数和破坏位置的预测结果与试验结果吻合较好,验证桥壳疲劳寿命预测模型的准确性。与不考虑焊接残余应力的模型相比,焊接残余应力导致桥壳疲劳寿命次数降低,且失效位置不同,说明了疲劳寿命预测时考虑焊接残余应力的必要性。本文方法可推广应用于含有焊接残余应力的结构疲劳寿命预测,为结构优化设计提供指导。     

The effect of plasticity on the ability of the deep hole drilling technique to measure axisymmetric residual stress

Mechanical strain relief covers a class of techniques for measuring residual stress in engineering components. These techniques work by measuring strains or displacements when part of the component is machined away. The assumption is that such strain or displacement changes result from elastic unloading; however, in components containing high magnitudes of residual stress elastic–plastic unloading may well occur. Such elastic–plastic unloading introduces errors into the measurement of the residual stresses and these errors may be large. This paper addresses the performance of the deep hole drilling technique, a mechanical strain relief technique particularly suitable for large section components. First a plane strain analysis is presented that quantifies the errors associated with plasticity for different magnitudes of residual stress. A three dimensional finite element analysis is then carried out that shows larger errors may be obtained than those suggested by the plane strain analysis. A method for reducing the magnitude of the error is investigated. Finally, the results of an experimental measurement of residual stress are presented where substantial plasticity occurs. The work demonstrates the potential vulnerability of mechanical strain relief methods to plasticity and introduces methods for quantifying the resulting errors. It also provides further evidence that modifications to the standard DHD technique can be made to make the technique less susceptible to error when plasticity occurs.     

Analysis of transient temperature and residual thermal stresses in friction stir welding of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 via numerical simulation

Residual stress is lower in friction stir welding (FSW) compared with other melting weldment processes. This is due to being solid-state process in its nature. There are several advantages in utilizing stir welding process. Lower fluctuation and shrinkage in weldment metal-enhanced mechanical characteristics, less defects, and ability to weld certain metals otherwise impractical by other welding processes are to name just a few of these advantages. These have caused an ever increasing attention by the concerned to the process of FSW. In this investigation, three-dimensional numerical simulation of friction stir welding was concerned to study the impact of tool moving speed in relation with heat distribution as well as residual stress. Simulation was composed of two stages. Firstly, thermal behavior of the piece while undergoing the welding process was studied. Heat is generated due to the friction between tool and the piece being welded. In the second stage, attained thermal behavior of the piece from previous stage is considered as inlet heat of an elasto-plastic, thermo-mechanical model for the prediction of residual stress. Also, in the second stage, tool is eliminated and residual stress distribution is found after complete cooling of the piece and disassembly of the clamp. Material characteristic are introduced into the proposed model as temperature-dependent parameters. Obtained residual indicate that heat distribution along thickness varies and is asymmetrical enormously. Moreover, longitudinal residual stress in the weld which increases as speed of process and tool movement ascends. In the prediction of results of residual stress, only heat impact was studied. This was recognized as the main element causing minor difference in results obtained for simulation in comparison with that of actual experiment.     

相变对管道环焊缝残余应力的影响

利用ADINA程序计算了管道环焊缝接头未考虑相变和考虑相变两种情况下的残余应力,有限元分析中考虑了材料热物理性能参数和力学性能参数的温度相关性.结果表明,考虑相变应力比未考虑相变应力,其外表面的轴向压应力值增加,内表面的拉应力值降低;外表面的环向应力出现压应力,内表面的拉应力值降低,最大拉应力的峰值区偏向近缝区.这说明相变应力对管道接头焊缝和近缝区有较大的影响.计算结果与实测结果基本一致,对焊接接头的金相组织分析也验证了计算结果.