利用多代卫星测高数据计算中国近海及邻域重力异常

为提高海洋重力场数据的精度和空间分辨率,联合Jason-1/2、T/P、Envisat、ERS-1/2、Geosat等多代卫星测高数据计算中国近海及邻域(0°~42°N,100°~140°E)2′×2′重力异常。对卫星测高数据分别进行共线处理和自交叉点平差,并以T/P卫星测高数据为基准进行多星数据联合平差,有效削弱了卫星测高数据的时变影响和不协调性;利用逆Vening-Meinesz公式计算重力异常,与船测重力相比,均方根误差为5.4 mgal。结果表明,通过引入高精度的卫星测高数据,结合多项平差处理手段,提高了海洋重力异常的计算精度。     

联合多代卫星测高资料反演中国南海重力异常

联合HY-2A、Geosat、ERS1/2、Envisat、T/P、Jason1/2等多颗测高卫星,通过共线处理和交叉点平差削弱海面时变效应和径向轨道误差等影响,以Jason-1测高卫星作为参考,对多代测高卫星进行基准统一,消除测高数据的不一致性,基于全球EGM2008重力场模型,采用移去恢复技术和逆Vening-Meinesz公式反演中国南海(0°~23°N,103°~120°E)2'×2'重力异常,与船测重力数据比较,均方根误差为4.9m Gal。     

验后平差方法在Geosat/GM卫星测高数据处理中的应用

为了消除多代卫星测高数据之间的不协调性,利用两步处理法对Geosat/GM正常点海面高数据进行自交叉点平差及与T/P卫星测高数据联合平差,发现误差模型的系数计算出现异常,通过分析误差模型及正常点海面高数据的分布特征,找出了出现异常的原因,对计算方法进行改进后,大大提高了计算结果的稳定性和可靠性。     

南海海底地形的卫星测高数据反演

深入讨论了重力异常与海深的关系 ,在考虑地壳均衡补偿效应影响的基础上 ,推导了由重力异常用FFT技术计算海深的模型。最后 ,利用推导的模型联合测高卫星数据和海洋重力资料反演了中国南海 2 5′× 2 5′海底地形     

利用卫星测高资料确定全球海洋重力场

详细描述了卫星测高数据的平滑处理、高斯低通滤波、交叉点剩余垂线偏差计算、网格化方法以及根据逆的威宁·曼尼兹公式利用 1DFFT技术反演海域重力异常的解算过程 ,介绍一种确定正常轨道地面轨迹交叉点位置的简便方法 ,导出了海面地形对垂线偏差影响的改正公式以及剩余网格垂线偏差模型值的计算公式。所确定的全球 82°S～ 82°N ,0°～ 36 0°海域 30′× 30′网格平均重力异常与船测平均重力异常比较表明 ,精度达到± 4 .1～± 4 .7毫伽。     

西太平洋海域卫星测高重力异常反演与精度评估

联合T/P、ERS1/GM、ERS1/ERM、ERS2/ERM、GEOSAT/ERM、GEOSAT/GM等多源卫星测高数据,基于逆Vening-Meinesz公式和EGM2008模型,采用移去-恢复方法和快速傅里叶变换算法构建了中国西太平洋海域(0°~40°N,105°E~145°E)1'×1'重力异常模型,选取两个不同特征区域航线,将构建的重力异常模型、EGM2008重力异常模型、美国Scripps海洋研究所重力异常与船测重力数据进行比较分析。结果表明,构建的重力异常模型与船测重力总体趋势变化较为一致、与船测重力比较均方根差为4.16m Gal,总体精度与EGM2008模型重力异常、美国Scripps海洋研究所重力异常相当,反演精度和分辨率达到国际领先水平。     

多代同任务测高卫星数据的系统误差分析

利用T/P卫星、Jason-1卫星以及Jason-2卫星同步段的Corssh数据,研究了黄海海域同步段不同测高卫星的测高系统差,得到了T/P卫星与Jason-1卫星间升轨与降轨系统差为0.074m与0.075m,Jason-1卫星与Jason-2卫星间升轨与降轨系统差为0.066m与0.076m。通过计算多代卫星数据的系统误差,提高了融合数据成果的可靠性。     

卫星测高反演重力场在西太平洋海域的应用

利用高精度卫星测高数据反演重力是获取海洋重力异常的重要方法。本文介绍了自2008年以来新一代高精度测高卫星的相关信息。在此基础上,联合多颗新型卫星,进行交叉点平差,通过中心差分代替常规Sandwell方法计算垂线偏差,利用改进的逆Vening-Meinesz法和Stokes数值反解法对西太平洋某区域进行了重力场反演。反演结果与NGDC提供的船测重力值比较表明,逆Vening-Meinesz法计算误差小于Stokes数值反解法。通过添加随机噪声数值实验,进一步证明逆Vening-Meinesz法对于测高数据误差的抗差能力更强,在研究区的重力异常计算结果可信度较高。     

HY-2A测高数据对重力异常反演精度的影响分析

通过联合HY-2A、TP、Envisat卫星的高度计数据,分析HY-2A测高数据对中国南海重力异常影响。首先,将HY-2A和TP、Envisat数据进行对比,通过共线处理和交叉点平差前后的不符值RMS统计分析表明,HY-2A数据精度优于TP变轨后及Envisat数据精度;利用逆Venning-Meinesz公式分别计算中国南海海域(0°~23°N,103°E~120°E)15'×15'的重力异常,将反演结果与船测结果对比,HY-2A数据加入反演得到的重力异常精度在±6.13m Gal,其精度要优于没有HY-2A反演得到的结果,并分析反演重力异常与船测重力差值分布规律。结果表明,HY-2A数据对于提高海洋重力异常计算精度具有一定意义。     

基于T/P 和Jason-1 高度计数据的渤黄东海潮汐信息提取

对19 a 的TOPEX/POSEIDON(以下称T/P)和Jason-1 卫星高度计测高数据进行调和分析, 得到渤黄东海海域的8 个主要分潮(M2、S2、N2、K2、K1、O1、P1 和Q1)。提出一种将两类卫星高度计数据统一的方法, 消除了因两类卫星高度计校正算法等不同所导致的相互之间的偏差。变轨后的T/P与Jason-1 卫星加密了高度计对潮汐观测的空间分布。通过对交叉点处升轨与降轨的潮汐调和分析结果进行比较, 检验调和分析方法及高度计数据的可靠性; 将基于高度计数据的调和分析结果与验潮站资料进行比较, 以检验其正确性。4 个主要分潮(M2、S2、K1、O1)振幅之差的均方根介于1.0~1.8 cm, 迟角之差的均方根介于4.1°~7.8°。与已有研究结果相比, 调和分析结果的精确性有所提高。在此基础上, 综合变轨前后两类高度计测高数据的调和分析结果, 给出并分析了渤黄东海4 个主要分潮的同潮图。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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