冠状病毒疫苗研究进展

进入21世纪以来,严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV)、中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(Middle East respiratory syndromecoronavirus, MERS-CoV)及最新出现的严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒-2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, SARS-CoV-2)等高致病性冠状病毒先后在人群中暴发流行,成为影响地区、国家乃至全球的重大公共卫生事件,研发特异性疫苗成为防控病毒流行的当务之急。本文综述了SARS-CoV和MERS-CoV疫苗的研究进展,望对SARS-CoV-2疫苗研制提供参考。     

利巴韦林联合IFN治疗冠状病毒感染的研究进展

2019年底以来新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)席卷全球,病毒学分类委员会将新型冠状病毒命名为SARSCoV-2。目前对SARS-CoV-2知之甚少,尚未研发出针对该疾病的特效药物。但其与严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒、中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒同为β属冠状病毒,具有核苷酸同源性。既往严重急性呼吸综合征和中东呼吸综合征相关研究提示利巴韦林(ribavirin, RBV)联合IFN抗病毒治疗有效,为新冠肺炎的治疗提供了新的方向,但联合治疗的效果及安全性有待进一步临床试验证实。本文回顾总结了RBV联合IFN治疗冠状病毒感染的研究进展,以期为新冠肺炎的治疗提供参考。     

SARS MERS及COVID-19的临床特点和器官损伤研究进展

三种β-属冠状病毒感染所致的严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)、中东呼吸综合征(MERS)以及2019新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)在临床发病特点和器官损伤方面既有相似性也存在一定的差异。对各自特点进行总结比较,有助于探索COVID-19的临床诊治及疫情防控思路。及时评估急性肺损伤的进展状况,预防发生急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)以及多器官功能障碍对于COVID-19的防治具有重要的临床意义。     

高致病性冠状病毒及其疫苗的研究进展

2003年的严重急性呼吸综合征、2012年的中东呼吸综合征和2019年的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)均为新发的呼吸道传染病。疫情发生后不仅给人类造成重大的生命和财产损失,还使人类面临巨大挑战。疫苗是控制疫情最有效的措施,而病毒的不断进化又会影响疫苗的效果。因此,本研究从病毒学及其疫苗的角度,阐述严重急性呼吸综合...     

提高对新型冠状病毒感染诊治的认识

新型冠状病毒(novel coronavirus,nCoV)是指此前未在人体中发现的冠状病毒,常有人类以外的哺乳动物作为其储存宿主和中间宿主.目前报道的nCoV包括严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,SARS-CoV)、中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus,MERS-CoV)和新近发现的2019新型冠状病毒(2019 novel coronavirus,2019-nCoV).nCoV可引起严重急性呼吸道感染(severe acute respiratory infection,SARI)、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、感染性休克、肾脏衰竭等危重疾病状态,提高临床医师对nCoV感染诊治的认识是当务之急.提高门诊分诊和早期识别能力、加强医院感染的防控、提高对重症患者的综合救治能力,以及加强临床研究是应对nCoV感染疫情的关键.     

中东呼吸综合征流行特征与应对现状

中东呼吸综合征(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, MERS)是2012年发现的由一种新型冠状病毒感染所致的,具有高病死率的急性重症呼吸道疾病,该冠状病毒为中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(MERS-COV)。目前,该疾病在中东地区蔓延流行,并扩散至其他多个国家,已引起世界各地广泛关注。本文对MERS的流行病学特征、临床救治及全球应对现状等进展做一综述,为今后MERS的有效预防和防控发展提供建议参考。     

中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)的研究进展

中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus, MERS-CoV)是继SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)之后发现的一种能引起人严重急性呼吸道疾病且具有高致死率的新型病毒。目前还没有有效的抗病毒治疗药物或疫苗。现已从主要流行的中东地区逐渐蔓延至多个国家,具有全球流行的潜在趋势,引起了世界各国的极大关注及众多的调查研究。本文主要对MERS-CoV的传播源及途径、致病机理和抗病毒药物及疫苗等的研究进展做一综述,以期对研制特异的抗病毒药物及疫苗和实施切实有效的预防及控制措施提供参考。     

中东呼吸综合征研究进展

中东呼吸综合征由中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒感染所致,可导致感染者并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征,严重者可发展为肾衰竭而死亡。该病自2012年WHO首次报告以来,在沙特阿拉伯等20多个国家时有发生,对全球公共卫生构成重大威胁。本文对中东呼吸综合征研究进展进行综述,以期对该病的发生和流行及早预防和控制。     

2019新型冠状病毒与严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒及中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒相关肺炎研究进展

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)、中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)、2019新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)同属于可感染人类的冠状病毒,并分别造成了20世纪之后人类历史上三次传染病的流行,对公共卫生构成了严重威胁。本文通过对SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV、2019-nCoV的生物学特征,流行病学特征,以及其所引起肺炎的诊断、影像以及治疗等临床特征进行综述,比较异同点,以期对2019-nCoV导致的肺炎的临床诊治提供帮助。     

新冠病毒感染治疗有关激素使用的思考

正严重急性呼吸综合征-冠状病毒-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV)是近20年来继严重急性呼吸综合征-冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV)和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus,MERS-CoV)之后发现的第三种引起人类急性呼     

Narrative review of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: update on genomic characteristics,transmissions and animal model

Two outbreaks of severe respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) caused global pandemics and highlighted the importance of preparedness for respiratory CoVs. Recently, a third highly pathogenic CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China and posed a public health crisis worldwide. Here, we focus on the recent advances of the novel CoV, and discuss its genomic similarity with other CoVs, transmission, animal model and clinical treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) induced by SARS-CoV-2, which help epidemic prevention and control, and guide treatment strategies.     

COVID-19 compared to other epidemic coronavirus diseases and the flu

Coronaviruses are among the largest group of known positive - sense RNA viruses with a wide range of animal hosts as reservoir. In the last two decades, newly evolved coronaviruses such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) which caused the infamous 2002 outbreak, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) which caused an outbreak in 2012, and now the SARS-CoV-2 [responsible for the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] have all posed notable threats to global public health. But, how does the current COVID-19 outbreak compare with previous coronaviruses diseases? In this review, we look at the key differences between SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, and examine challenges in determining accurate estimates of the severity of COVID-19. We discuss coronavirus outbreaks in light of key outbreak severity indicators including, disease fatality, pathogen novelty, ease of transmission, geographical range, and outbreak preparedness. Finally, we review clinical trials of emerging treatment modalities and provide recommendations on the control of COVID-19 based on the mode of transmission of the coronaviruses. We also recommend the development and use of a standardized predictive epidemic severity models to inform future epidemic response.     

Structural Analysis of Neutralizing Epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike to Guide Therapy and Vaccine Design Strategies

Coronavirus research has gained tremendous attention because of the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (nCoV or SARS-CoV-2). In this review, we highlight recent studies that provide atomic-resolution structural details important for the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that can be used therapeutically and prophylactically and for vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Structural studies with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing mAbs have revealed a diverse set of binding modes on the spike’s receptor-binding domain and N-terminal domain and highlight alternative targets on the spike. We consider this structural work together with mAb effects in vivo to suggest correlations between structure and clinical applications. We also place mAbs against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 spike to suggest features that may be desirable to design mAbs or vaccines capable of conferring broad protection.     

Environmental perspectives of COVID-19 outbreaks: A review

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the novel virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began in December 2019 in China and has led to a global public health emergency. Previously, it was known as 2019-nCoV and caused disease mainly through respiratory pathways. The COVID-19 outbreak is ranked third globally as the most highly pathogenic disease of the twenty-first century, after the outbreak of SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome in 2002 and 2012, respectively. Clinical, laboratory, and diagnostic methodology have been demonstrated in some observational studies. No systematic reviews on COVID-19 have been published regarding the integration of COVID-19 outbreaks (monitoring, fate and treatment) with environmental and human health perspectives. Accordingly, this review systematically addresses environmental aspects of COVID-19 outbreak such as the origin of SARS-CoV-2, epidemiological characteristics, diagnostic methodology, treatment options and technological advancement for the prevention of COVID-19 outbreaks. Finally, we integrate COVID-19 outbreaks (monitoring, fate and treatment) with environmental and human health perspectives. We believe that this review will help to understand the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak as a multipurpose document, not only for the scientific community but also for global citizens. Countries should adopt emergency preparedness such as prepare human resources, infrastructure and facilities to treat severe COVID-19 as the virus spreads rapidly globally.     

SARS-CoV-2 variants: A continuing threat to global health

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 pandemic ha...     

新型冠病毒肺炎合并心肌损伤机制及处理原则浅析

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)于2019年12月在中国武汉出现,后经确认为新型冠状病毒感染所致,该新型冠状病毒属于β冠状病毒属,与人类SARS冠状病毒及中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒类似,均可感染人类。该肺炎虽主要引起呼吸道症状,但报道称部分患者合并心肌损伤。本综述简要探讨COVID-19合并心肌损伤可能机制,为抗疫一线医师治疗合并心肌损伤的COVID-19患者提供参考。     

Acute upper limb ischemia in a patient with COVID-19

Patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection mainly present with upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms, with complications related to cytokine storm syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome. It has also been described to predispose to venous and arterial thromboembolism; however, limited published data is available regarding thrombosis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here we are presenting a case of arterial thrombosis in a patient with COVID-19 and a systematic review on coagulopathy associated with COVID-19.     

Posicionamiento de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología ante la vacunación frente al SARS-CoV-2

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide over the last year causing more than one million deaths. Several treatments have tried to modify the natural history of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) but only corticosteroids have demonstrated to be effective in moderate or severe affectation. In that situation, the development of vaccines for preventing the SARS-CoV-2 infection has focused the attention of the scientific community. At present, available messenger RNA-based technology vaccines have received the approval of local and international sanitary authorities. In this position statement, the Spanish Society of Nephrology wants to state that patients with chronic kidney disease and healthcare workers are at high-risk for contagion and complications of COVID-19 so they must have priority in the vaccine administration.