氮碳合金化自保护硬面药芯焊丝堆焊层的组织与性能

研制出了氮碳合金化自保护硬面药芯焊丝,探讨了回火温度对氮碳合金化自保护硬面药芯焊丝堆焊层硬度和耐磨性能的影响.结果表明:其堆焊层硬度为36.5～45.5 HRC,显微组织为板条马氏体和铬、钛、钒、铌的氮碳化物的复合物,堆焊层中的氮碳化物质点不易分解,有良好的稳定性和抗高温回火性能;回火温度为550 ℃时,堆焊层硬度达到最大值,回火温度高于550 ℃,硬度值基本保持不变;氮碳合金化自保护硬面药芯焊丝堆焊层金属的磨损机理为磨粒切削后塑性磨痕和氮碳化物的块状剥离,堆焊层具有良好耐磨性能的最佳回火温度为480～520 ℃.     

HYDCrMo埋弧硬面堆焊药芯焊丝的研制

开发了马氏体不锈钢型HYDCrMo埋弧硬面堆焊药芯焊丝 ,其堆焊层的显微组织为马氏体 +少量残余奥氏体 ,在马氏体基体上弥散分布着细小的碳化物质点。堆焊层结合强度测定表明 ,其堆焊层的结合强度高。该焊丝配HJ2 6 0焊剂 ,焊接工艺性能良好。焊后进行回火热处理 ,堆焊层的硬度为 5 1～ 5 3HRC ,堆焊层硬度不均匀性为± 1.5HRC。     

Cr5系堆焊合金碳、铬过渡形式对高温磨损性能影响的研究

在轧辊堆焊复合制造中,为节约贵重碳化物及提高堆焊材料的性价比,在堆焊熔敷金属成分基本保持不变的条件下,利用埋弧堆焊研究药芯焊丝碳、铬不同加入方式对堆焊合金微观组织与性能的影响。通过磨损试样前后硬度、高温拉伸、常温韧性与高温磨损量的量化,结合磨损前后金相组织、扫描电镜等辅助手段分析微观组织、加入方式与耐磨性之间的关系;结果表明:堆焊金属600℃的高温耐磨性能与合金高温强度及硬度呈正比,并随合金韧性的增加耐磨性能提高;直接加石墨和铬粉的药芯焊丝堆焊熔敷金属的耐磨性能优于在焊丝中直接加碳化铬的堆焊熔敷金属。高温磨损是合金氧化、切削、疲劳开裂与剥离等多种因素作用的结果,理想的高温耐磨堆焊材料不仅与采用的堆焊合金系有关,还与堆焊金属的显微组织、抗氧化性能及高温强韧性等因素有关。同时得出改变合金的加入方式是不添加变质剂及外加激振法外,能够促使组织均匀及强化熔敷金属的另一种方式。     

铁-碳-铬-钒-钛系药芯焊丝堆焊层的显微组织及耐磨性能

采用新型铁-碳-铬-钒-钛系药芯焊丝和埋弧焊方法制备出含有初生M7C3相的堆焊层,借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪等研究了堆焊层的显微组织及碳化物的分布、形貌,并对其进行了磨粒磨损试验。结果表明:堆焊层的显微组织由马氏体+铁素体+残余奥氏体+M7C3+M3C+VC等组成,当碳含量为1.45%和2.05%时,尺寸为10～25μm的初生M7C3相数量较多;初生M7C3相的数量和尺寸对堆焊层耐磨性能影响显著,其磨损机制以磨粒的显微切削为主。     

K360耐磨钢PK—Y25堆焊层的摩擦磨损特性的研究

利用药芯焊丝对已磨损的K360耐磨钢进行CO2气体保护堆焊修复,并采用不同硬度的23MnNiMoCr54高强钢与堆焊层配副进行对磨试验。结果表明,随着对磨材料硬度的提高,摩擦副的摩擦系数变化较小,磨损量逐渐变小,磨损面较光滑,其磨损机理主要为显微切削。由于堆焊层对不同硬度的对磨材料都造成了较严重的磨损,因此其不适合作为K360耐磨钢的堆焊修复材料。     

K360耐磨钢堆焊合金层的组织与性能

利用药芯焊丝对已磨损的K360耐磨钢进行CO2气体保护堆焊修复,并对堆焊层进行了显微组织、X射线衍射、硬度、冲击韧度及抗磨料磨损性能试验.结果表明:堆焊层的组织为细小板条马氏体 少量弥散分布碳化物,硬度不高,产生冷裂纹倾向小,韧性与塑性较高;同时堆焊层组织细小,弥散分布的碳化物对焊层基体有强化作用,使堆焊层的耐磨性达到了基体的水平.     

基于钴基合金覆层的多层金属热锻模原型制备与性能

基于功能梯度材料(FGM)的思想制备多层金属热锻模是提高模具寿命的有效方法。采用焊条电弧堆焊制备了多层金属热锻模的原型试样,试样经焊后热处理后,进行了金相组织分析、显微硬度测试、磨损实验和冲击韧性测试等实验。实验结果表明:钴基合金堆焊层与W6Mo5Cr4V2堆焊层界面冶金结合情况良好;截面显微硬度呈梯度分布,表面钴基合金硬度达到492HV;制备的多层金属试样耐磨性是H13钢耐磨性的2.5倍,冲击韧性处于合理范围。     

铈含量对高速钢堆焊层组织及性能的影响

采用钨极氩弧焊在低碳钢板上堆焊了含不同质量分数(0~0.4%)铈的高速钢堆焊层,研究了堆焊层的显微组织、物相组成、硬度和耐磨性能。结果表明:当铈质量分数在0~0.4%时,堆焊层的显微组织均由马氏体、残余奥氏体和VC、WC、Cr_(23)C_6等碳化物组成;随着铈含量的增加,堆焊层的表面硬度和耐磨性能均先增后降;当铈质量分数为0.1%时,堆焊层的表面硬度最高,为61.6HRC,磨损量最小,为87.75×10~2 g·m~(-2),磨损形成的沟槽最浅,耐磨性能最好。     

火焰喷焊和等离子堆焊制备Ni60及Ni60-WC涂层的组织与性能

采用火焰喷焊与等离子堆焊工艺分别制备了Ni60与Ni60-WC涂层,对比研究了两种涂层的显微组织、物相组成、硬度和耐磨性能。结果表明:Ni60与Ni60-WC喷焊层比相应堆焊层的内部缺陷多、孔隙率高;喷焊层硬度曲线波动大,堆焊层硬度分布均匀;喷焊层磨损表面粗糙,划痕较多,而堆焊层磨损表面平滑;WC颗粒的添加提高了喷焊层与堆焊层的硬度和耐磨性;火焰喷焊工艺下,WC颗粒的添加使得涂层孔隙率增大,WC颗粒发生一定的脱碳,而等离子堆焊工艺下WC颗粒的添加对涂层孔隙率影响不大,WC颗粒能较完整地保存在涂层内。     

低温高韧性药芯焊丝性能试验研究

对国产药芯焊丝YJS07和YJS02进行了焊接工艺试验，观察了药芯焊丝熔敷金属的显微组织，分析了药芯焊丝的熔敷金属化学成分。进行了药芯焊丝所焊焊接接头的低温冲击试验及焊接接头的常温拉伸试验。结果表明，国产药芯焊丝YJS07和YJS02具有良好的焊接工艺性能，其熔敷金属扩散氢含量较低；YJ507药芯焊丝的熔敷金属中含有一定量的镍，细化了先共析铁素体，提高了其低温韧性；YJS02药芯焊丝的熔敷金属含有一定量的钛和硼，易于形成针状铁素体，从而提高其低温韧性。     

The effects of welding processes on abrasive wear resistance for hardfacing deposits

In this research, four kinds of welding deposits were evaluated, applied through two different welding processes: flux cored arc welding (FCAW) and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). The other variable of the tests was the deposited layers. The hardfacing deposits were evaluated using the dry sand-rubber wheel machine according to procedure A of the ASTM G65 standard. Optical and scanning electron microscopy was used for the characterization of the microstructure and worn surface of deposits. FCAW welds presented higher abrasive wear resistance than the SMAW deposits. The hardfacing deposit formed by uniformly distributed carbides rich in titanium presented the highest abrasive wear resistance. Abrasive wear resistance was higher when three layers were applied, except for SMAW-D deposit. It was not possible to get a clear relation between hardness and the abrasive wear resistance of the deposits. The results showed that the most important variable to improve abrasion resistance is the microstructure of hardfacing deposits, where the carbides act as barriers to abrasive particle cutting.     

Ti-V-MO系高硬度耐磨堆焊焊条

焊条药皮中采用石墨、钛铁、钒铁、钼铁等组分，通过电弧冶金反应生成具有高硬度的TiC、VC、MoC等碳化物颗粒，研制出具有硬度高、耐磨性好的耐磨堆焊焊条。探讨了焊条药皮中石墨、钛铁、钒铁、钼铁等组分含量对焊条工艺性及堆焊层硬度的影响。利用X射线衍射、光学显微镜（OM）和电子探针（EMPA）对堆焊层显微组织和碳化物形成进行了分析。研究结果表明，碳化物颗粒为TiC-VC-MoC复合碳化物颗粒，并且碳化物颗粒弥散分布在基体上。焊前不预热，焊后不缓冷连续堆焊不产生裂纹。堆焊层硬度达到HRC59以上，具有高的耐磨性，相对耐磨性优于D317焊条。     

Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Fe-Cr-C Hardfacing Alloy Reinforced by Titanium Carbonitride

In order to improve the wear resistance of Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloy, titanium carbonitride was introduced in situ and a TiC-Ti_x(C,N)_y coating was deposited on the surface of ASTM G3101 steel by a gas metal arc welding process. The microstructure and wear resistance of the hardfacing layer were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), macroscopic hardness meter, spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the hardfacing layers mainly consist of (Cr,Fe)₇C₃, TiC carbides, Ti_x(C,N)_y carbonitrides, and α-Fe (C_0.14Fe_1.86 and C_0.12Fe_1.88 martensite) (BCT) in addition to a low content of retained CFe_15.1 austenite (FCC). The titanium carbonitride–reinforced coating has high hardness and excellent wear resistance under dry sliding wear test conditions.     

The Influence of the Matrix Microstructure on Abrasive Wear Resistance of Heat-Treated Fe–32Cr–4.5C wt% Hardfacing Alloy

The abrasion wear resistance of Fe–32Cr–4.5C wt% hardfacing alloy was investigated as a function of matrix microstructure. In this study, the alloy was deposited on ASTM A36 carbon steel plates by the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process and the as-welded matrix microstructure was changed into ferrite, martensite, and tempered martensite by heat treatment processes. The Pin-on-disk test results show that under low (5 N) and high (20 N) load conditions, the wear resistance behavior of the as-welded matrix sample is 20 and 15% higher, respectively, than the martensitic matrix sample, although the bulk hardness of the as-welded matrix is 5% lower. The ferritic matrix sample has the poorest wear resistance behavior which is less than half of that of the as-welded matrix one. Micro-ploughing, micro-cutting, and micro-cracking are recognized as the micro-mechanisms in the material removal in which the proportion of micro-ploughing mechanism increased by increasing matrix toughness.     

基于TiC-VC的抗磨粒磨损堆焊焊条

用钛铁、钒铁、石墨、人造金红石等组成焊条药皮，通过高温电弧，台金反应生成TiC-VC，研制了硬度高、抗裂性好的耐磨粒磨损堆焊焊条。通过扫描电镜、工艺性能试验、磨粒磨损试验等，系统地研究了焊条药皮组分对堆焊层硬度、工艺性能、耐磨性及显微组织的影响。结果表明：随着药皮中钛铁、钒铁、石墨组分增加，堆焊层硬度提高，但焊接工艺性能恶化。堆焊层显微组织为低碳马氏体和碳化物。堆焊抗裂性优于D618、D667焊条，相对耐磨性可达D667焊条的8倍。     

Microstructural and abrasive characteristics of high carbon Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloy

A series of high carbon Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloys were produced by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Chromium and graphite alloy fillers were used to deposit hardfacing alloys on ASTM A36 steel substrates. Depending on the four different graphite additions in these alloy fillers, this research produced hypereutectic microstructures of Fe–Cr phase and (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides on hard-facing alloys. The microstructural results indicated that primary (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides and eutectic colonies of [Cr–Fe+(Cr,Fe)₇C₃] existed in hardfacing alloys. With increasing the C contents of the hardfacing alloys, the fraction of primary (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides increased and their size decreased. The hardness of hardfacing alloys increased with fraction of primary (Cr.Fe)₇C₃ carbides. Regarding the abrasive characteristics, the wear resistance of hardfacing alloys were related to the fraction of primary (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides. The wear mechanism was also dominated by the fraction of primary (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides. Fewer primary carbides resulted in continuous scratches worn on the surface of hardfacing alloy. In addition, the formation of craters resulted from the fracture of carbides. However, the scratches became discontinuous with increasing fraction of the carbides. More primary carbides can effectively prevent the eutectic colonies from the damage of abrasive particles.     

TiC-VC颗粒增强Fe基熔敷层组织与耐磨性能

以H08A为焊芯，以钛铁、钒铁和石墨等为药皮组分，利用焊接电弧高温冶金反应，在Q235基体上制备TiC-VC复合超硬颗粒增强Fe基熔敷层。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、透射电镜、能谱分析仪及磨损试验，研究了熔敷层的组织、性能及组分加入量对熔敷层性能的影响。研究结果表明：冶金反应形成的TiC-VC颗粒尺寸细小，且弥散分布在基体上；熔敷层硬度在HRC55以上，具有很高的耐磨性和良好的抗裂性；钛铁、钒铁及石墨加入量（质量分数）分别为15％～18％、12％～14％和8％～10%时，熔敷层具有良好的耐磨性能和抗裂性能。     

含钒高铬铸铁自保护金属芯堆焊焊丝的研制

研制了一种自保护金属芯堆焊药芯焊丝。堆焊过程飞溅小，焊缝成型美观。堆焊层组织为马氏体＋残余奥氏体＋碳化物硬质相。堆焊层硬度为HRC60，相对耐磨性为Q235钢的21倍。焊丝的熔滴过渡方式为典型的短路过渡。研究焊丝粉芯成分对焊丝的性能发现，石墨可以有效的降低飞溅，当粉芯中的石墨含量为3％时，堆焊过程中的飞溅率最低，此外增加粉芯中钒的含量，堆焊层的硬度和耐磨性上升。     

Influence of Secondary Precipitations in Fe-Based MMCs on High Temperature Wear Behaviour

Reinforcing a temperature resistant matrix with carbides (MMC, metal matrix composite) is expected to improve the abrasion resistance at high temperatures. Experiments show that carbides brought in during a plasma transferred arc (PTA) welding process get partly dissolved in the martensitic matrix and secondary carbide structures precipitate. Further analyses with nano-indentation and XRD show that these secondary precipitations strongly influence the properties of the originally homogeneous ductile martensitic matrix. Although hot hardness is increased, wear resistance is diminished due to changed nano-microstructural material properties.