Neural correlation of item recognition and voice source retrieval

An experiment was conducted using event-related potentials to investigate the old/new effects of the item recognition and the voice source retrieval tasks on drawing. The results indicated that (1) the old/new effect for the voice source retrieval task was much wider than that of the item recognition task; (2) the distributive characteristics of the voice source memory effect were different from those in previous studies; (3) the old/new effects for target and non-target-old drawings were similar. These results demonstrated that the voice source retrieval task is more difficult than the item recognition task for drawing, which supports the dual-process model. The experimental material and the source characteristic regulate the spatial and temporal distributions of the old/new effect for the voice source retrieval task together.     

Material differences of auditory source retrieval: Evidence from event-related potential studies

Two event-related potential experiments were conducted to investigate the temporal and the spatial distributions of the old/new effects for the item recognition task and the auditory source retrieval task using picture and Chinese character as stimuli respectively. Stimuli were presented on the center of the screen with their names read out either by female or by male voice simultaneously during the study phase and then two testa were performed separately. One test task was to differentiate the old items from the new ones, and the other task was to judge the items read out by a certain voice during the study phase as targets and other ones as non-targets. The results showed that the old/new effect of the auditory source retrieval task was more sustained over time than that of the item recognition task in both experiments, and the spatial distribution of the former effect was wider than that of the latter one. Both experiments recorded reliable old/new effect over the prefrontal cortex during the source retrieval task. However, there existed some differences of the old/new effect for the auditory source retrieval task between picture and Chinese character, and LORETA source analysis indicated that the differences might be rooted in the temporal lobe. These findings demonstrate that the relevancy of the old/new effects between the item recognition task and the auditory source retrieval task supports the dual-process model; the spatial and the temporal distributions of the old/new effect elicited by the auditory source retrieval task are regulated by both the feature of the experimental material and the perceptual attribute of the voice.     

Picture encoding and retrieval： An event-related potentials study

A study-test paradigm was used to investigate the Dm (Differential memory) effect and the old/new effect of pictures. The participants were asked to judge whether the pictures were previously studied or not when they were presented with a series of pictures during the test phase. The event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during encoding and retrieval phases. The results showed that (1)during 400-700 ms of encoding, the remembered old pictures elicited more positive waveforms than the forgotten old pictures at frontal and central areas; (2) during 500-600 ms of retrieval, the correctly judged old pictures elicited more positive waveforms than the correctly judged new pictures at medial-midline in both hemispheres; (3) the duration of Dm effect was longer than that of old/new effect for picture. The present results suggest that the Dm effect of pictures is different from that of words and faces in spatial and temporal distributions. The neural mechanisms of picture encoding and picture retrieval are also different, which indicates that retrieval is not the simple recovery of encoding.     

ERP dissociation and connection between implicit and explicit memory

ERP dissociations between implicit and explicit memory have been confirmed by a large amount of evidence in theories of human memory. However, similarities between the two forms of memory have scarcely been studied. A possibility is that while implicit memory and explicit memory have independ- ent components, they might additionally have shared components. To explore this question, an ERP experiment was conducted with a study-to-test paradigm, in which participants performed a "shallow" (color) study task or a "deep" (pleasant) study task, followed by either a lexical decision (implicit) test (Section 1) or a recognition (explicit) test (Section 2). An interference task was performed concurrently with either the encoding or the retrieval phase of the memory task for encoding interference condition or retrieval interference condition. We compared ERP signatures of implicit and explicit memory as a function of depth of processing or interference. Under the action of the same variables, 300―500 ms old/new ERP effects of implicit and explicit memory showed the same trend. These effects maybe all link with a perceptual representational system. 500―700 ms old/new ERP effects of the two memories were dissociated. They may probably reflect voluntary and involuntary recollection respectively. These results suggested that implicit and explicit memories are not completely independent of each other, but have both independent and shared components.     

Orientation to learning context modulates retrieval processing for unrecognized words

Explicit memory errors may occur when individuals fail to retrieve information about items previously studied (item memory) or about the learning context (source memory). We examined electrophysiological measures during recognition failure in order to determine the influence of retrieval orientation for item versus source information. Recognition failure was associated with brain potentials distinct from those associated with success. Furthermore, source-memory failures were associated with earlier-onset brain potentials with a more anterior distribution compared to item-memory failures. Neurocognitive processing was thus modulated by retrieval orientation so as to differentially influence neural correlates of successful versus unsuccessful retrieval.     

中国期刊全文数据库引文检索方法和效果探析

中国期刊全文数据库（简称CJFD）引文检索功能之强大在国内的全文数据库中无以伦比,但也存在一些需要改进的地方：检索项缺少被引机构检索字段,故不能以被引机构进行入口检索或限制检索范围;检索结果缺少统计分析功能,致使引文检索结果不易甄别和统计．建议：（1）引文著录增加引文机构项,以便提供检索点;（2）CJFD检索项增加被引机构检索字段,以使引文检索更加便捷高效;（3）增加引文统计分析功能,节省检索者分析、筛选、甄别信息的时间;（4）完善检索结果显示,检索结果既能反映引用文献信息,又能反映被引文献信息．     

镁对老年小鼠学习和记忆的改善作用

为了探讨镁离子对老年性小鼠年龄相关的学习记忆衰退的影响, 将14月龄实验小鼠随机分为镁处理组和对照组,实验小鼠以10 mg/kg的剂量饮用浓度为4 mmol/L的MgCl₂溶液60 d之后,进行学习记忆能力行为学测试.结果显示,补充镁离子后,实验小鼠的活动量和探索能力没有发生明显改变.但是在新异物体识别实验中,与对照组相比,镁处理组鼠在新物体上探究的时间比例增高,显示了较强的识别记忆能力.此外在明暗箱被动回避实验中,镁处理组鼠逃避潜伏期长于对照组,亦表现出较强的恐惧记忆能力.由此认为,补充镁离子具有改善老年小鼠学习记忆能力的作用.     

应急调水对太湖北部污染物扩散的影响

以太湖为研究对象,采用Delft3D模型建立了太湖湖区的二维水动力模型,利用2007年太湖污水团事件有关数据进行了验证计算.在SE向3 m·s-1风况下,运用此模型,对太湖湖区不同的调水方案进行了模拟,对比分析了各方案对贡湖取水口处污染物扩散的影响.结果表明:在SE向3m.s-1风况下,望虞河枢纽进水流量越大,对污染物的应急去除效果越好,而增加太浦闸出水流量的效果甚微;贡湖水厂新取水口相比旧取水口,在地理位置、补给水源等方面占优.     

多分类器结合的人脸识别

用贝叶斯理论分析了常见的和、积、中值及投票多分类器结合方法,指出它们各自的缺陷,类比真实的选举情形,对原投票法进行了改进：赋予不同分类器不同的“说话份量、被重视程度”,即不同权值,增加“第二候选人”备选,并考虑“第一与第二候选人”的可信度差给予“附加选票”。采用Olivetti和Oracle研究室的人脸图像库,结合本征脸法、协同算法和自联想神经网络法分类器,对比了新方法和常见结合方法。实际结果表明,改进的方法有较好的识别率。     

Effects of encoding and retrieval on the mechanism of item + context binding

To investigate the neural mechanism of semantic representation and color context binding, we used electroencephalograph time frequency and coherence analyses to reveal local and long-range functional coupling in the encoding and retrieval phases of episodic memory. Fifteen undergraduates participated in the experiment and middle-frequency double-character Chinese words were used as stimuli in two types of study-test tasks (context recall and context recognition tests). Significant differences between item+context and item in the encoding phase were observed at the electrodes in the frontal region at 600–800 ms by time frequency analysis. Further differences were observed at 800 ms by independent component analysis: the frontal component and the coherent component of the triangle phase locking structure among the prefrontal, right parietal and left parietal-occipital regions. In the retrieval phase, differences between item+context and item were found on the electrodes at the central parietal and parietal-occipital regions at 400 ms by time frequency analysis, on the parietal-occipital component at 800 ms by independent component analysis and on the coherence component of the anterior right hemisphere and parietal-occipital regions at 1400 ms. In conclusion, the different effects of encoding and retrieval processing on ‘binding’ are reflected by the differing extents that brain regions engaged in cognitive operations. In the retrieval phase in particular, activities of the parietal-occipital region were specifically associated with ‘binding’, and coherence between frontal and temporal-parietal regions is a common brain activity in episodic memory.     

知觉负荷对恐惧和中性分心面孔记忆的调节

采用视觉搜索任务,意外记忆再认任务调查编码阶段的知觉负荷对恐惧和中性分心面孔记忆的调节作用。结果发现:在视觉搜索任务中,高知觉负荷条件下的正确率显著低于低知觉负荷,反应时显著长于低知觉负荷条件;在意外记忆再认任务中,由于被试对新恐惧面孔的虚报率较高,造成中性分心面孔的记忆成绩显著高于恐惧面孔。可见,人们对恐惧面孔具有一定的反应偏向。     

Gender difference in the effect of daytime sleep on declarative memory for pictures

Objective: To investigate gender difference in the effects of daytime sleep on item and source memories, which are dissociable elements of declarative memory, and the effects of sleep on recollection and familiarity, which are two processes underlying recognition. Methods: Participants saw a series of pictures with either blue or red background, and were then given a pretest for item and source memories. Then males and females respectively were randomly assigned either to a wake or a sleep condition. In the wake condition, participants remained awake until the posttest; in the sleep condition, participants slept for 1 h until awakened and asked to remain awake until the posttest. Results: Daytime sleep contributed to retention of source memory rather than item memory in females, whereas males undergoing daytime sleep had a trend towards increased familiarity. For females, however, neither recollection nor familiarity appeared to be influenced by daytime sleep. Conclusion: The mechanism underlying gender difference may be linked with different memory traces resulting from different encoding strategies, as well as with different electrophysiological changes during daytime sleep.     

CHMM语音识别初值选择方法的研究

针对隐马尔科夫模型用于语音识别时传统的参数初始化方法(随机分布之值、K均值算法)可能导致模型参数收敛于局部最优而非全局最优的问题,提出了先按最大距离选择初值中心,再按最小距离将原始数据分割成小类后去除类内干扰点,使类内相似性更强的K均值方法.实验结果表明,改进后的方法与传统方法相比,更好地平滑逼近语音特征,提高语音的识别率.     

以记忆项目自身信息作为提示线索的指向遗忘

与标准的指向遗忘研究不同,当实验设计学习项目自身具有的某种特征作为提示记住或遗忘的线索时,结果同样观察到指向遗忘效应。数据分析显示,知觉特征为线索时,自由回忆和再认测试都反映出指向遗忘效应;而语义特征为线索时,只有自由回忆测试反映出指向遗忘效应。另外,知觉线索条件产生的指向遗忘效应显著高于语义线索条件。结果支持强调编码过程的指向遗忘理论解释。     

What can false memory tell us about memory impairments in Alzheimer’s disease?

The range of memory impairments associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been a focus for psychological and clinical re-searchers for many years. In addition to investigations of AD patients’ veridical memory using traditional recognition memory tasks, a number of recent studies have focused on false memories to reveal the underlying causes of memory impairment in AD. Studies comparing illusory memories between AD patients and healthy older people have revealed various differences in memory deficits between the development of AD and the typical aging processes. Here, we review 3 types of memory illusions tested in AD patients: associative memory illusions, fluency-based false memories and source memory errors. By comparing AD patients with healthy older adults, we sought to analyze the mechanisms underlying AD-related memory impairments at different stages of memory processing, including encoding, retrieval and monitoring. This comparison revealed that AD patients exhibit an impaired ability to establish and utilize gist representations at the encoding stage and impairments in processing on the basis of familiarity and recollection at the retrieval stage. Consequently, patients with AD have access to less information when making memory judgments. As a result, they become more susceptible to the effects of item fluency, which can be manipulated during the retrieval stage. Furthermore, with impaired source memory monitoring abilities, the capacity of AD patients to suppress memory illusions is compromised. Based on these findings, we propose that the study of false memories constitute a critical tool for elucidating the memory impairments involved in AD. Further explorations of these memory impairments will have practical significance for the diagnosis and treatment of AD in the future.     

以记忆项目自身信息作为提示线索的指向遗忘

与标准的指向遗忘研究不同,当实验设计学习项目自身具有的某种特征作为提示记住或遗忘的线索时,结果同样观察到指向遗忘效应。数据分析显示,知觉特征为线索时,自由回忆和再认测试都反映出指向遗忘效应;而语义特征为线索时,只有自由回忆测试反映出指向遗忘效应。另外,知觉线索条件产生的指向遗忘效应显著高于语义线索条件。结果支持强调编码过程的指向遗忘理论解释。     

一种工程图检索方法在匹配优化问题中的应用

以二维工程图检索系统的设计与开发为背景,提出一种基于非精确图匹配的二维工程图检索方法.该方法首先将二维工程图转化为一种基于图元的属性化邻接图;然后计算目标模型与被检索模型的属性化邻接图之间顶点相容程度矩阵与边相容程度矩阵,并由此建立顶点匹配矩阵M的目标优化函数;最后运用Sinkhorn行列交替规范化方法求解匹配优化问题.在匹配过程中,充分利用属性邻接图的顶点与边属性信息动态裁剪搜索空间,实现快速匹配.实验结果表明,该方法能够检索到不同相似程度的二维工程图,并且检索效率也能满足实际要求.     

Conditional automaticity in retrieving multiplication facts: Evidence from Chinese

Adults automatically retrieve multiplication facts in a number matching task, in which participants judge whether the target number is one of the two cue digits presented previously. They are slower in rejecting the number which is the sum or the product of cues than a neutral number. The present study explored, with Chinese adult participants, whether such automaticity in retrieving multiplication facts can be affected by experiential and experimental factors such as learning experience and task set. We classified cue digits into two categories: small number first (the ascending order) and large number first (the descending order), according to whether the smaller or larger digit was presented on the left of the other. Experiment 1 found that product numbers were more difficult to reject than non-product numbers. Moreover, the order of cues played a role in modulating the magnitude of the interference effect, with ascending order conditions having larger interference than descending order conditions. Experiment 2 added a task-irrelevant addition or subtraction sign between the two cues and replicated the pattern of effects in Experiment 1, although the interference effects were significantly reduced. Experiment 3 instructed participants to judge whether the target number was the sum of the two cue digits. No interference effect was found for the target that was the product of cues. These findings suggest that the retrieval of multiplication facts, albeit automatic, can be influenced by learning experience (cue order effects in Experiments 1 & 2), the compatibility of the cuing context with the stored template information (reduced interference effects across Experiments 1 & 2), and task set (elimination of interference effects in Experiment 3). Retrieving multiplication facts is therefore conditionally automatic.     

Conditional automaticity in retrieving multiplication facts: Evidence from Chinese

Adults automatically retrieve multiplication facts in a number matching task, in which participants judge whether the target number is one of the two cue digits presented previously. They are slower in rejecting the number which is the sum or the product of cues than a neutral number. The present study explored, with Chinese adult participants, whether such automaticity in retrieving multiplication facts can be affected by experiential and experimental factors such as learning experience and task set. We classified cue digits into two categories: small number first (the ascending order) and large number first (the descending order), according to whether the smaller or larger digit was presented on the left of the other. Experiment 1 found that product numbers were more difficult to reject than non-product numbers. Moreover, the order of cues played a role in modulating the magnitude of the interference effect, with ascending order conditions having larger interference than descending order conditions. Experiment 2 added a task-irrelevant addition or subtraction sign between the two cues and replicated the pattern of effects in Experiment 1, although the interference effects were significantly reduced. Experiment 3 instructed participants to judge whether the target number was the sum of the two cue digits. No interference effect was found for the target that was the product of cues. These findings suggest that the retrieval of multiplication facts, albeit automatic, can be influenced by learning experience (cue order effects in Experiments 1 & 2), the compatibility of the cuing context with the stored template information (reduced interference effects across Experiments 1 & 2), and task set (elimination of interference effects in Experiment 3). Retrieving multiplication facts is therefore conditionally automatic.     

内隐还是外显记忆: 对女性面孔吸引力记忆偏好的ERP研究

运用事件相关电位(ERPs)技术, 采用学习-再认的实验范式, 考察38名大学生(21名男生和17名女生)对女性面孔吸引力再认记忆的认知神经机制。结果发现大学生对女性面孔吸引力的记忆偏好存在性别差异, 再认任务中有吸引力的女性面孔诱发了男性更负的早期ERP成分(N90, N220和N300), 而对女性的效应并不显著。这可能与两性在遗传基因、性激素、大脑结构与功能上的不同有关。进一步对男性的记忆特点进行分析发现, 内隐记忆效应在N80和LPC(300~600 ms)上表现显著, 其最强效应出现在中央区和顶区; 外显记忆效应在P170和LPC(400~600 ms)上表现显著, 其最强效应出现在前额区和额区。表明男性对有吸引力女性面孔的记忆偏好效应更大, 且内隐和外显记忆的脑机制在单一的再认任务中产生了分离。