地震前兆的象限性特征及其理论分析

在总结华北北部地区唐山、大同地震前地电阻率和形变前兆的象限性特征的基础上，分析并发现张北地震前的形变和地电阻率前兆也具有一定的象限性特征．说明前兆象限性的存在并非偶然，是与孕震体的存在有关．通过岩石实验与理论分析认为，在孕震过程中，前兆异常确实存在象限性特征．象限性的空间分布范围并不是固定不变，而是具有逐渐变大——最大——变小的过程．并且象限性的上升区与下降区（或压缩区与膨胀区）在近源区与远源区不同．如果基于对前兆象限性的认识，指导分析前兆异常不同形态异常的空间分布，对地震的可能发震地区预测将具有参考意义．      

江苏常熟——太仓5.1级地震的破裂特征及其可能的前兆机制

这次地震前震中附近地区的地震活动随时间呈波浪式起伏，形成了小震条带，出现了小震群；地下水（水位、水湿）异常非常强烈；地形变和地磁异常也观测到了。分析发现：前兆不是沿断裂带分析，而主要是位于近震中（≤50km）的破裂面法线方向；震中附近的断裂没有穿过震中。这闪地震看来不是沿原有断裂的错动，而是块体内产生新的错动，属于块断型地震，似可用IPE模式解释一些前兆现象。     

试论中强震发生地点与中短期前兆空间分布的关系

通过分析１９８０年以来发生在新疆境内的地震，发现大多数，Ｍｓ≥５．０地震发生在前兆异常密集区（专家系统高信度区和各类前兆异常叠合集中区）的边缘和外围邻区，而不是发生在通常认为的前兆空间分布密集区的中心及附近地区，为了缩小强震地点预报的尺度，必须考虑上述事实，用材料合成模式和板内复杂地震断裂裂带模式可以探讨其机理。     

江苏常熟—太仓5.1级地震的前兆异常及可能的前兆机制

这次地震前震中附近地区的地震活动随时间呈波浪式起伏，形成了小震条带，出现了小震群；地下水异常非常强烈；地形变异常也观测到了。分析发现：前兆不是沿断裂带分布，而主要是于近震中的破裂面法线方向；可用ＩＰＥ模式解释一前兆现象。     

海城7.3级地震前地下水异常时间的韵律性

通过海城7.3级地震前地下水异常资料的统计分析,发现震前异常时问有呈递减等差级数的变化趋势.对震源区的地下水前兆异常时间用怀特卡姆,奴尔理论公式计算.求得异常时间与前者相仿,因此可认为受同一震源体控制的地震前兆,不管生成过程怎样.其震源区与外围区前兆在时间上有统一性,这一认识为今后研究地震前地下水异常定量指标—异常时间(T)提供理论根据     

强震远场前兆异常在地震预报中的应用

强震不仅有近场前兆异常，而且也有远场前兆异常，后者在地震预报中可以起到三个方面的作用：（１）远场前兆异常多在震前的短临阶段准同步地出现，为短临预报提供了较丰富的信息，有助于作出短临预报；（２）远场前兆异常一般具有双重或多重前兆的性质，它们是比较可靠的前兆异常，可为预报地震提供依据；（３）远场前兆异常显示明显的地区，是应力积累较高的地区，往往是后继地震发生地方，即指出了地震可能发生的地域。因此，对远     

1990年4月26日共和7．0级地震前兆异常特征研究

在１９９０年４月２６日青海共和７．０级地震前，共和震中周围及附近地区出现了大量的地震活动性和前兆异常，其中地震频次、条带、空区、地下水（水流量和氡值）异常十分显著。在分析这些典型异常时空分布特征的基础上，初步研究了孕震的阶段性与前兆阶段性的关系，同时对地震震源机制和可能的孕震模式进行了初步的探讨。     

1990年景泰6．2级地震前后甘肃东南部地区的区域异常──地震前兆与后效区分

在分析地震活动性、地壳形变和其它前兆资料基础上指出，１９９０年景泰６．２级地震前后甘肃东南部地区的区域异常具有变化速率小，起始时间不同步，异常反映的力学性质不一致等特征，其中以异常变化速率小最为显著。该特征与地壳形变及地震活动性异常变化有较好的一致性。通过分析，认为景泰６．２级地震前甘肃东南部地区出现的群体异常是共和７．０级地震和景泰６．２级地震的区域性前兆，震后该区持续的异常变化反映了强震后大范围内的应力调整过程。甘肃东南部地区构造环境特殊，该地区可能是南北地震带第５、第６强震组的共同调整区之一。     

2001年10月27日云南永胜6.0级地震的前兆异常特征

系统研究了水胜地层前云南地区的各种前兆异常，发现：震前2个月水胜地区的断层面总面积、多分维、蠕变、地层活动频度熵、地层活动强度熵呈明显异常；层前1年滇西北为低温异常区和高雨量异常区；展前3年滇西北地区GPS测量存在明显的奇异水平运动异常和最大剪切应变异常；震前2．5年至数十天云南地区出现大量的定点前兆异常成团分布，尤以滇西北最为集中。经分析后认为，水胜6．0级地层的各种前兆异常是明显的，普通存在的；水胜6.0级地层的孕育时间为2．5年；目前云南地区仍存在3个孕震区(滇西北、小滇西、滇东南)，未来3年甚至更短时间内云南地区的6级地震可能发生在第3个孕展区——滇东南地区。     

1976年唐山7.8级地震前各类地震前兆异常信息熵的场,源兆特征

利用“专家系统”的思想对每一地震前兆异常事件进行了综合评估，以每一异常的最可能发震时间计算发震概率，利用各类地震前兆异常群体信息熵研究了系统熵值与地震场，源兆的关系，分析了１９７６年唐山７．８级地震前各类地震前兆异常的时空分布特征，然后以唐山为中心在空间上划分三个区，近区，中间区和远区，分别计算了三个区各类地震前兆异常信息熵的时间演化值，分析了震前这种信息熵的场，源兆特征，震中近区的信息熵值要比中     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.