Challenges in pediatric endothelial keratoplasty

We performed endothelial keratoplasty (EK) in three eyes of two siblings (2.5 years, male and 3.5 years, female) with congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) and report the intraoperative and postoperative difficulties. Repeated iris prolapse, apprehension of crystalline lens touch due to positive vitreous pressure, and need for frequent air injections to attach the graft were intraoperative challenges in all three eyes. These were addressed by use of Sheet''s glide instead of Busin''s glide during graft insertion and suturing of main and side ports before air injection. One eye had graft dislocation on second postoperative day due to eye rubbing by the child. Graft was repositioned with air and a venting incision was created. Postoperative examination required repeated general anesthesia. Corneal edema resolved completely in all three eyes. Present case series highlights the possible intraoperative and postoperative challenges and their solutions in pediatric EK for CHED.     

儿童穿透角膜移植50例临床研究

目的:探讨儿童穿透角膜移植的治疗及如何提高治愈率的问题.方法:对50例因各种原因所致角膜混浊儿童的54眼进行穿透角膜移植,术后随访6～18 mo.结果:移植片透明率为80%(43/54).术后38例患者裸眼视力有不同程度的提高.结论:在提高视力,预防弱视和完善视觉发育方面,儿童穿透角膜移植有重要意义.尽管儿童术后效果较成人差,但有重要的临床及社会意义.     

Outcomes of keratoplasty in a cohort of Indian patients with xeroderma pigmentosum

Purpose:To evaluate the outcomes of keratoplasty for xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) performed at a tertiary eye care center.Methods:A retrospective review of medical records of those patients who were clinically diagnosed to have XP (54 eyes of 36 patients) and underwent keratoplasty; either deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK, four eyes), endothelial keratoplasty (EK, eight eyes), or penetrating keratoplasty (PK, 42 eyes) from 1994 to 2018.Results:The median age at surgery was 20.6 years (interquartile range [IQR], 14.6–27.6 years) and 20 (55.6%) were males. Graft failure occurred in 15 eyes (35.7%) in the PK group and two eyes (50%) in the DALK group; none failed in the EK group. The probability of graft survival in the PK group was 97.2% ± 2.7% at 1 year, 74.0% ± 8.0% at 2 years, and 54.8% ± 11.7% at 5 years. In the PK group, 13 eyes needed antiglaucoma medications, 11 eyes developed graft infiltrate, and 13 eyes needed secondary interventions (cataract surgery, excision biopsy, and tarsorrhaphy). In the EK group, three eyes needed secondary interventions (excision biopsy). Median postoperative endothelial cell density at the last follow-up in the PK group was 1214 cells/mm² (IQR, 623–2277 cells/mm²).Conclusion:Despite the complexities of the ocular surface and adnexal issues in XP, keratoplasty had reasonably good outcomes. More than half of the PK grafts survived 5 years with no failures in the EK group. Regular follow-up and timely management of suture-related infections raised intraocular pressure, and suspicious ocular surface lesions, in addition to solar protection, are important for the success of keratoplasty in these eyes.     

深板层角膜移植及穿透角膜移植治疗圆锥角膜的对比研究

目的:观察圆锥角膜患者行深板层角膜移植和穿透角膜移植术后视力、角膜曲率及角膜内皮细胞的变化。方法:将2003-01/2009-07在我院行手术治疗的42例47眼圆锥角膜患者分为两组,一组接受深板层角膜移植(27眼),另一组接受穿透角膜移植(20眼)。观察两组患者术后3,6,12,18mo的裸眼视力、最佳矫正视力、角膜地形图改变和角膜内皮细胞状态。结果:深板层角膜移植组术后裸眼视力平均提高4行,最佳矫正视力平均提高7行,无排斥反应发生。穿透角膜移植术后裸眼视力平均提高5行,最佳矫正视力平均提高8行,有5例发生排斥反应。两种术式相比,术后散光程度无明显差异,深板层角膜移植组角膜内皮细胞丢失速率低于穿透角膜移植组。结论:对于非急性期圆锥角膜患者深板层角膜移植术优于穿透角膜移植术。     

Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty in pediatric age group

PurposeTo report the outcomes of DSAEK surgery performed in pediatric patients.DesignNoncomparative interventional case series.Subjects and methodsAll pediatric patients (age up to 16 years) undergoing Descemet automated stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) at our Institution since January 2008 have been enrolled in a prospective study. A standard DSAEK, involving delivery of an 8.5–9.5 mm graft by Busin glide, was performed under general anesthesia in 19 eyes of 11 pediatric patients (congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy n = 13; congenital glaucoma n = 2; posterior polymorphous dystrophy n = 2, and failed penetrating keratoplasty n = 2). Slit-lamp examination, refraction and visual acuity as well as endothelial cell density were evaluated preoperatively as well as 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months postoperatively.ResultsAll surgical procedures were uneventful. Graft detachment occurred in 4 cases and was managed successfully with repeat air injection. All corneas cleared within a week from surgery. Follow-up was 3–18 months. At last follow-up examination, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was better than 20/40 in 8 of the 13 cases of patients old enough to assess vision. A graft rejection episode was seen in 1 case within 3 months from surgery but was reverted with steroidal treatment. No graft failures were observed.ConclusionsDSAEK is an appropriate surgical intervention for children with corneal endothelial failure. In contrast to penetrating keratoplasty (PK), DSAEK is performed under “closed system” conditions, thus minimizing intraoperative risks. Finally, healing is much faster than with PK and all sutures can be removed within 2–4 weeks from surgery, thus allowing fast visual recovery and prompt starting of amblyopia treatment.     

角膜内皮移植治疗穿透性角膜移植术后植片失代偿的长期疗效观察

目的 观察角膜内皮移植手术（EK）治疗穿透性角膜移植术（PKP）后植片失代偿的长期临床效果。设计 回顾性病例系列。 研究对象 选取2008至2010年爱尔眼科医院收治的接受PKP术后植片内皮失代偿的患者6例（6眼）。 方法 对上述患者实施EK手术,对患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。记录并分析患者术后视力、眼压、内皮细胞密度、排斥反应及并发症等。平均随访时间为（36.17±10.11）个月。主要指标  视力、眼压、内皮细胞密度、排斥反应及并发症。结果 术后所有患者植片均恢复透明,视力较前有不同程度提高,症状缓解。末次随访时,1例患者角膜失代偿,其余5例内皮细胞密度从986~1914个/mm2。随访期内,1例术后1天发生植片半脱位,经再次前房注气后贴附良好;1例术后5个月发生免疫排斥反应,经药物治疗植片保持透明;另1例患者未规律随诊,内皮移植术后26个月时发生排斥反应,导致失代偿。结论 对于反复发生免疫排斥反应导致植片混浊的高危患者,角膜内皮移植手术是可供选择的治疗方法。     

儿童穿透性角膜移植术

目的　评价儿童穿透性角膜移植术的意义及讨论如何提高手术成功率。方法　采用穿透性角膜移植术对不同病因所致的儿童角膜浑浊11例(11眼)进行治疗,术后随访12～2 4月。结果　植片透明率63 . 64 %,9例术后裸眼视力有不同程度提高。结论　儿童穿透性角膜移植术效果较成人差,但有重要的临床意义和社会意义。     

Indications for penetrating keratoplasty and anterior lamellar keratoplasty during 2010-2017

AIM: To review the indications of penetrating keratoplasty (PK) and anterior lamellar keratoplasty (ALK) at Qingdao Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Qingdao, China, from 2010 to 2017. METHODS: The data of all patients undergoing PK or ALK from January 2010 to December 2017 was retrospectively reviewed, with the indications during 2010-2013 and 2014-2017 compared. RESULTS: A total of 1869 eyes were included, among which 1405 eyes (75.2%) had PK and 464 eyes (24.8%) had ALK. The leading indications were suppurative keratitis (36.8%), keratoconus (15.5%), herpes keratitis (13.1%), and regraft (10.5%). In eyes undergoing PK, the top four indications were suppurative keratitis (38.7%), herpes keratitis (15.3%), keratoconus (12.6%), and regraft (12.5%) during 2014-2017, with the proportion of suppurative keratitis and herpes keratitis decreased while regraft and keratoconus increased compared with 2010-2013. In eyes with ALK, suppurative keratitis (30.8%), keratoconus (24.1%), corneal dystrophies and degenerations (10.6%), and corneal dermoid tumor (9.7%) were the top four indications, and there was no significant difference for the proportion of each indication between 2010-2013 and 2014-2017. CONCLUSION: Suppurative keratitis is the most common indication for PK and ALK at Qingdao Eye Hospital during 2010-2017, followed by keratoconus, herpes keratitis, and regraft. In eyes treated with PK, the proportion of suppurative keratitis and herpes keratitis decrease while regraft and keratoconus increase during 2014-2017 compared with 2010-2013.     

飞秒激光在角膜移植中的应用进展

飞秒激光有高精度的切削特点,使其在角膜移植方面有着巨大的应用潜力,它可以替代机械角膜刀,根据临床需要制作不同形状的角膜植片和植床,适用于穿透性角膜移植、板层角膜移植和角膜内皮细胞移植等手术。飞秒激光的出现为改进和优化各种角膜移植手术方式提供了新的途径,本文将就飞秒激光在角膜移植方面的应用进展做一综述。     

Infectious keratitis after lamellar keratoplasty

Infectious keratitis after lamellar keratoplasty is a potentially devastating complication that may severely limit the visual and anatomical outcomes. The deep-seated location of the infiltrates, sequestration of the pathogenic microorganisms and limited penetration of the currently available antimicrobial agents often results in delayed diagnosis that may jeopardize the management in these cases. Fungal keratitis is more common as compared with bacterial or viral keratitis and classically presents as white interface infiltrates that may not be associated with significant inflammation. Confocal microscopy may help to establish a rapid diagnosis in such cases, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography may be used to determine the extent of infection and monitor its progression. Conservative measures such as topical antimicrobials and interface irrigation with antimicrobial agents may be done. Surgical intervention in the form of partial excision/removal of the graft in endothelial keratoplasty or a full-thickness keratoplasty is often required for the effective management of deep-seated infections. Timely diagnosis and intervention may result in complete resolution of infection in both anterior lamellar and endothelial keratoplasty. Infections after anterior lamellar keratoplasty have a fair prognosis, and a clear graft with functional visual acuity may be achieved in most cases. By contrast, infections after endothelial keratoplasty have a guarded prognosis, and the presence of concomitant endophthalmitis may further complicate the graft survival and visual outcomes.     

Comparison of penetrating and endothelial keratoplasty in patients with iridocorneal endothelial syndrome: A registry study

Background

To compare graft survival of endothelial keratoplasty (EK) versus penetrating keratoplasty (PK) in patients with iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome and identify ocular features associated with graft survival.

Methods

Observational, prospective, cohort study. A total of 30 806 first grafts performed between 1985 and 2020 were identified through the Australian Corneal Graft Registry and included in this observational, prospective cohort study. A total of 196 eyes underwent a primary corneal graft for ICE syndrome. Kaplan–Meier graft survival plots and Chi-squared tests were performed to identify graft survival rates for EK and PK. A history of raised intraocular pressure (IOP) was also recorded and analysed. Graft survival of eyes with ICE syndrome were compared to that of other indications.

Results

Grafts performed for ICE syndrome increased to 0.8% of all cases during the 2005 to 2020 period compared with 0.5% between 1985 to 2004 (χ²=9.35, p = 0.002). From 2010, EK surpassed PK as the preferred graft type. Survival of primary grafts in eyes with ICE syndrome was lower than for other indications (log-rank = 56.62, p < 0.001). Graft survival was higher following PK than Descemet stripping (automated) endothelial keratoplasty (DS(A)EK) (log-rank = 10.56, p = 0.001). Graft survival was higher in eyes without a history of raised IOP compared to those with a reported history of raised IOP (log-rank = 13.06, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

ICE syndrome carries a poor prognosis for graft survival. DS(A)EK had a poorer prognosis than PK. A history of raised IOP is associated with higher risk of graft failure.     

Comparison of visual and topographic outcomes of deep-anterior lamellar keratoplasty and penetrating keratoplasty in keratoconus

AIM: To compare visual, surgical and topographic outcomes of deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) and penetrating keratoplasty (PK) for keratoconus (KC). METHODS: In this multicenter, prospective, randomized clinical trial 76 eyes of 71 KC patients operated between January 2011 and July 2014 in 2 tertiary referral hospitals were included. Consecutive patients were alternately selected to receive one of the two surgical methods. Thirty eight eyes underwent DALK with the big-bubble technique and 38 eyes underwent PK. RESULTS: Mean best spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) at the first postoperative week (P=0.012) and the first postoperative month (P＜0.001) was statistically significantly higher in DALK group. The mean BSCVA at 12mo was not significantly different for DALK (0.30±1.99 logMAR) versus PK (0.40±0.33 logMAR) (P=0.104). The 76.3% of the eyes had a BSCVA over 0.5 in DALK and 47.4% in PK group (P=0.009). The 7.9% of the eyes had a BSCVA of 1.0 in DALK and 5.3% in PK group (P=0.644). Mean spherical equivalent was -2.94 D in DALK and -3.09 D in PK group. Mean topographic astigmatism was 4.62 D and 4.18 D respectively. Regular topographic patterns were observed in 31 (81.6%) of DALK and 29 (76.3%) of PK (P=0.574). The most frequent topographic pattern was oblate asymmetric bow tie, seen in 39.5% in DALK and 23.7% in PK. CONCLUSION: Big bubble DALK provides an earlier visual improvement compare to PK. However, visual and topographic outcomes are similar to those in PK at 1y. Postoperative complications including rejection and intraocular pressure elevation are more frequent in PK. DALK is a safer alternative to PK for KC. However, intraoperative perforation of the Descemet’s membrane is a significant complication.     

Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty in the management of keratoconus

Advanced cases of keratoconus often require surgical intervention to restore corneal anatomy and improve eyesight. Penetrating keratoplasty (PK) although commonly performed has potential risk of immunological rejection and is now no longer automatically the first choice of surgery. DALK procedures have evolved, which allows surgical replacement of recipient''s corneal stroma, leaving behind healthy descemet membrane (DM) and endothelium. This reduces the risk of allograft endothelial rejection and late graft failure. In recent times, DALK techniques have led to significant improvements in visual outcome and current results are comparable to PK. Big bubble technique of DALK has become the most popular among the various surgical techniques described. Manual near DM DALK also gives good outcome although the visual recovery is often delayed. Future integration of femtosecond laser technology along with diagnostic imaging technology is likely to further improve outcomes of DALK in keratoconus.     

自动板层刀辅助的后弹力层前膜角膜内皮移植术

角膜内皮移植已成为治疗角膜内皮病变的首选方法.作为目前主流的2种角膜内皮移植手术——后弹力层剥除自动板层刀制备的角膜内皮移植术和后弹力层角膜内皮移植术,前者手术操作易于掌握,但角膜植片仍带有部分基质;后者术后视觉质量好,但手术操作较难掌握,二次手术率较前者高.大气泡和自动板层刀辅助的后弹力层前膜角膜内皮移植术在自动板层刀制备角膜内皮植片的基础上,用大气泡法暴露中央6.5 mm直径的后弹力层前膜,本术式既有后弹力层角膜内皮移植术后的视觉效果,手术操作又易于掌握,值得推广.     

Changes in endothelial cell density following penetrating keratoplasty and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty

AIM: To compare the corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) of clear grafts after penetrating keratoplasty (PK) and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK). METHODS: The study included 44 and 54 patients treated with PK and DALK, respectively, between March 2006 and April 2010. Corneal ECD was examined using specular microscopy at postoperative 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months, and the values were compared. RESULTS: Corneal ECD reduction in the PK group was 7.4%, 15.2%, 23.5%, and 28.9% at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months respectively after surgery, compared with 4.2 % in the first month (P<0.01). These figures were 3.0%, 6.7%, 7.2%, and 7.7% at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months respectively, compared with 2.2 % in the first month in the DALK group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Compared with DALK,PK significantly reduced ECD of the clear grafts. These results suggest that survival of endothelial cells in grafts is better after DALK than after PK.     

深板层与穿透性角膜移植术后角膜内皮细胞密度的比较研究

目的研究穿透性角膜移植术(Penetrating keratoplasty,PKP)和深板层角膜移植术(Deeplamellar keratoplasty,DLKP)术后不同时间角膜内皮细胞密度(Endothelial cell density,ECD)的变化情况,以明确这两种术式对移植术后角膜内皮细胞变化的影响。方法采用非接触角膜内皮显微镜(Specular microscopy)及细胞图像分析系统(I MAGEnet2000)连续采集分析17例穿透性角膜移植及13例板层角膜移植术角膜内皮细胞情况,观察术后患者1、3、6、12及24个月时的角膜内皮细胞变化情况。并对结果进行统计学分析。结果17例(眼)PKP术前供体的角膜内皮细胞平均密度为(3390.4±259.5)个/mm2,术后1个月为(3073.7±392.1)个/mm2,术后3个月为(2834.0±456.1)个/mm2,术后6个月为(2591.2±366.7)个/mm2,术后12个月为(2180.6±250.8)个/mm2,术后24个月为(1820.5±198.2)个/mm2。13例(眼)DLKP术前患者健眼的内皮细胞平均密度为(3442.7±178.7)个/mm2,术后1个月为(3224.3±315.4)个/mm2,术后3个月为(3062.2±277.2)个/mm2,术后6个月为(2978.3±287.3)个/mm2,术后12个月为(2968.3±312.9)个/mm2,术后24个月为(2888.5±296.7)个/mm2。结论深板层角膜移植内皮细胞丢失速率较穿透性角膜移植小,术后细胞存活数目较穿透性角膜移植多。     

Outcomes of Descemet’s stripping endothelial keratoplasty in eyes with failed therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty

Purpose: To report the results of Descemet’s stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) for failed therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Methods: Twenty‐seven eyes of 27 patients undergoing DSEK for failed therapeutic PK were analysed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 36 ± 13.9 years (range: 14–70 years). The median size of the therapeutic graft was 10 mm (inter‐quartile range; IQR 9.5–11 mm). Descemet’s membrane stripping was performed in all eyes. Graft clarity was achieved in 20/27 eyes. Six eyes had primary graft failure, and one had interface keratitis in the early postoperative period. In all eyes with primary graft failure, there was progressive stromal vascularization, which led to haziness in the graft. Late postoperative complications were rejection in four eyes, infection in two eyes, secondary graft failure in one eye and vortex keratopathy in one eye. Graft size was found to be a significant risk factor for graft rejection in this series. At the last follow‐up visit, the best‐corrected visual acuity was ≥20/40 in 5/27 eyes (18.5%), 20/60–20/40 in 12/27 eyes (44.4%), 20/100–20/60 in 3/27 eyes (1.5%) and ≤20/200 in 7/27 eyes (25.9%). Conclusions: Considering the limited success of repeat PK in failed large therapeutic keratoplasty, DSEK is a viable option for visual rehabilitation in these eyes, however; visual acuity may be limited due to sub‐epithelial/stromal or interface scarring.     

角膜后弹力膜内皮移植术研究进展

角膜后弹力膜内皮移植术由于具有相对较低的移植排斥率以及较好的视力预后等优势,目前已成为部分发达国家治疗角膜内皮失代偿的主流手术方式,但限于手术难度较高,学习曲线较长,中国人前房偏浅,加之国内角膜内皮病变往往合并有其他较复杂的眼部疾病,目前国内尚未普遍开展这一手术。本文就角膜后弹力膜内皮移植术的手术适应证、供体植片制备(...     

深板层角膜移植与穿透性角膜移植治疗基质性角膜营养不良

目的：比较深板层角膜移植(DALK)与穿透性角膜移植(PK)治疗基质性角膜营养不良的有效性和安全性。

方法：系统回顾性Meta分析。对比较视力\〖最佳矫正视力(BCVA)(LogMAR)\〗和角膜内皮细胞计数(ECC)以及DALK和PK手术的安全性结果,包括移植物相关结果和术中术后并发症。直到2019-06,使用Embase、PubMed和Google Scholar搜索符合条件的研究。

结果：最终纳入了350例黄斑点状CD患者(男性59.71%)的五项对比研究。两种手术后的平均BCVA无明显差异。然而,经过DALK手术,术后两年角膜ECC明显升高(WMD=401.62 cell/mm², 95% CI： 285.39-517.85, P<0.001),与接受PK手术的患者相比,移植物和内皮细胞排斥反应率显著降低(RR=0.30, 95% CI： 0.14-0.64, P=0.002; RR=0.09, 95% CI： 0.02-0.46, P=0.004)。但是,DALK手术增加了术中后弹力膜穿孔和术后双前房的风险(P<0.001)。

结论：对于间质性CDs患者,DALK治疗在随访期间相对更有效,更安全,减少排斥反应,提高视觉效果。