地层证据——对大别造山带汇聚历史的制约

大别造山带的汇聚演化历史一直存在不同的认识,来自扬子陆块和华北陆块显生宙以来的地层记录以及北淮阳地区的地层记录可能为两个陆块的汇聚模式提供制约。通过对扬子陆块与华北陆块显生宙以来岩相古地理进行比较,其中3个阶段相似, 2个阶段差别很大。以浊积岩发育作为俯冲阶段的标志,磨拉石建造出现作为闭合的标志,显生宙以来,大别造山带曾经历了两次俯冲和两次汇聚,俯冲时间分别是晚奥陶世—早志留世和早三叠世,汇聚的时间分别为中 晚泥盆世和中三叠世,早期的汇聚具有软碰撞特征,以上认知得到了北淮阳地区地层、古生物和沉积记录的支持,同时也与大别山造山带榴辉岩的同位素年龄数据基本吻合。高压 超高压变质岩在晚三叠世处于快速折返阶段,早侏罗世以前到达地表,其平均折返隆升速率为39～66mm/a。     

The Dabie UHP unit, Central China: a Cretaceous extensional allochthon superposed on a Triassic orogen

Petrological, geochronological and structural data show that the eastern Dabie metamorphic complex resulted from two orogenic stages. Precursor rocks of the ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) and high-pressure (HP) units in the present hanging wall tectonic position were buried, penetratively deformed and subsequently exhumed by distributed, ESE-directed shearing during Triassic time. In contrast, rocks of the Dabie orthogneiss domes, now in a footwall tectonic position, were penetratively deformed during temperature-dominated, Early Cretaceous tectonic events, that are likely related to magmatic underplating. The Dabie orthogneiss domes and the UHP/HP units were juxtaposed during Early Cretaceous exhumation of Dabie orthogneiss domes by the formation of an ESE-directed low-angle ductile normal shear zone. Consequently, the UHP/HP units now represent an extensional allochthon in the hanging wall of the younger normal shear zone. The Cretaceous extensional structures are limited by boundary strike-slip faults. Consistent with the South China regional tectonic framework, ESE-directed lateral extrusion is considered to be the driving mechanism for extension and the present-day structure of the Dabie metamorphic complex.     

大别造山带折返剥露历史:来自合肥盆地南缘中生界变质岩碎屑的证据

在合肥盆地南缘广泛分布的中生界内,砾石主要由变质岩碎屑组成。碎屑在地层中分布及垂向上的变化,为重塑造山带折返剥露历史提供了证据。防虎山组和三尖铺组底部砾岩碎屑组合为:石英片岩+云母片岩+石墨片岩+千枚岩+石英岩+脉石英+片麻岩(局部),表明在早侏罗世晚期Pliensbachian期(距今195Ma)之前,佛子岭群和卢镇关群已经折返到地表并遭受剥露。早白垩世凤凰台组、毛坦厂组和周公山组中砾岩碎屑组合为:片岩+石英岩+片麻岩+混合岩+榴辉岩+角闪岩+斜长岩+花岗岩+大理岩等,榴辉岩以及其它基性岩的微量元素特征表明它们可能是一个在早白垩世以前(距今135Ma)折返到地表并遭受完全剥露,而现在已经从造山带消失的超高压构造地层单元。大别造山带出露的超高压变质带(大别杂岩)在北缘中生代地层中目前尚未发现有可靠的沉积记录,推测它们的大规模折返和剥露可能在新生代,并持续到现在。据此认为大别造山带大规模的折返剥露分为3个阶段:早侏罗世之前、晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期和新生代。     

大别-郯庐-苏鲁造山带复合旋转拼贴作用

郯庐断裂带的成生演化与含超高压变质带(UHP)的大别及苏鲁造山带存在较密切的时空关系。郯庐断裂带所在的构造位置应是晚二叠世华北与扬子地块碰撞时的根带。UHP岩石的折返过程可能发生于华北、扬子地块的大角度旋转、拼合过程中。在华北与扬子地块的造山后期或者造山期后的构造变形中所记录的构造形迹经晚中生代以来的中国东部构造变形叠加而逐渐呈现复杂的构造组合,所谓“郯庐断裂带”的走滑平移即其中的一种运动方式。华北与扬子地块碰撞造山作用与陆内变形最终造就了大别—郯庐—苏鲁复合造山带。     

Sm-Nd Isotope Tracer Study of UHP Metamorphic Rocks: Implications for Continental Subduction and Collisional Tectonics

Sm-Nd isotope tracer techniques are powerful tools in identification of the protolith nature of UHP and HP rocks and can be used to constrain modeling of tectonic processes of continental collision. UHP rocks may have diverse origins, and not all of them carry the same significance for subduction of continental blocks. In this paper, Sm-Nd isotopic data are compiled for UHP and HP rocks, mostly represented by eclogites and garnet peridotites, from the Alpine, Hercynian (Variscan), and Caledonian belts of western Europe; the Pan-African belts of northern Africa; and the Ross belt of Antarctica. These data then are compared with the isotopic characteristics of the UHP rocks from the Dabie orogen of central China. Except for the coesite-bearing quartzitic metasediments of Dora-Maira (Western Alps), which are clearly of continental origin, all HP and UHP rocks (eclogites and ultramafic rocks) from the Alpine, Hercynian, and Pan-African belts have oceanic affinities with the characteristic positive ε_Nd(T) values (= metamorphic initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios). They represent segments of oceanic lithosphere that were subducted, underwent eclogite-facies metamorphism, and later were tectonically transported into orogenic zones during continental collisions. By contrast, the majority of UHP rocks from the European Caledonide and the Dabie orogen have negative ε_ND(T) values, indicating continental affinity. This suggests that these mafic and ultramafic rocks have had a long crustal residence time and that their UHP metamorphism is indicative of subduction of ancient and cold continental blocks, as represented by some Precambrian gneiss terranes containing mafic components including greenschists, amphibolites, or basic granulites.

In the Dabie orogen, none of the UHP eclogites analyzed thus far have shown oceanic affinity; thus they do not represent subducted Tethys Ocean crust. The preservation of ultrahigh ε_ND(0) values (+170 to +260) in eclogites of very low Nd concentrations (average 0.5 ppm) from the Weihai region and of the extraordinarily low δ¹⁸O in many eclogites and gneisses, the general absence of syntectonic granites in the Dabie Shan, and the available age data obtained by different techniques all point to a rapid rate of exhumation and the absence of a pervasive aqueous fluid phase during the entire process of subduction and exhumation of the Dabie UHP terrane.     

大陆俯冲隧道中的应变不均一分布：来自大别山超高压变质岩的记录

俯冲隧道是俯冲板片与上覆板块之间的剪切带,也是高压—超高压变质岩折返和深部流/熔体活动的通道。大别山超高压变质岩分布广泛,变形程度差异很大,是研究大陆俯冲隧道中岩石变质- 变形过程的理想地区。本文系统总结了前人对中大别双河地区超高压变质岩的岩石学和年代学研究成果,在双河地区开展了地质填图、应变分析和三维构造重建。通过将超高压变质岩的变形特征与P- T- t轨迹结合,识别出超高压变质岩折返过程中的三期韧性变形。在双河北部发现了一个上盘向NW剪切的千米尺度的榴辉岩相鞘褶皱,枢纽向SE倾伏,倾伏角约20°,与榴辉岩、片岩和长英质片麻岩的拉伸线理平行,表明超高压变质岩初始折返阶段的流体活动使榴辉岩的强度显著降低,榴辉岩与围岩一起发生韧性变形。该期变形被角闪岩相退变质阶段上盘向NW的剪切叠加,此时应变集中于片麻岩、片岩、大理岩等非能干层,强度较高的榴辉岩成为构造透镜体。而绿片岩相变质阶段上盘向SE方向的剪切与早白垩世北大别花岗片麻岩穹隆的形成有关。对双河南部弱变形花岗片麻岩的锆石U- Pb定年揭示了757±14 Ma的原岩年龄和 240~216 Ma的变质年龄,与双河北部含柯石英强变形花岗片麻岩类似,暗示其也经历了三叠纪超高压变质作用及随后的角闪岩相退变质作用。通过计算长英质片麻岩的有效黏度,发现无水碱长花岗片麻岩的有效黏度高于黑云斜长片麻岩,折返阶段的流体活动使超高压变质岩的强度显著降低,当局部的流体活动不足以弱化碱长花岗岩体时,应变集中于黑云斜长片麻岩。因此,大陆俯冲隧道中的应变分布受矿物组成、流体活动和岩体规模的共同影响。     

大别山造山带高压-超高压变质岩的折返过程

高压-超高压变质岩的形成与折返是地球动力学过程,虽人眼不能见及,但在岩石中留下种种记录。本文以大别山为例对高压-超高压变质岩的折返过程进行了探讨。文中(1)综合构造地质学和地球物理学观测资料,剖析了大别山造山带的结构构造,指出了作为高压-超高压变质岩折返通道的莫霍面断口和折返形成的挤压穹隆地壳结构;(2)综合变质岩石学P-T-t轨迹研究资料,追踪高压-超高压变质岩在地下的运动轨迹,揭示了其在俯冲-折返过程不同时段经过的深度和运动速率,并指出其向南的折返极性;(3)结合沉积岩石学研究资料,利用合肥盆地中砾岩成分和碎屑白云母Si含量记录,限定了高压-超高压变质岩折返至地表的时间为中侏罗世前。基于上述资料,本文重建了大别山高压-超高压变质岩的三阶段折返过程,指出大别山包含三个岩片,于230Ma左右分别从不同深度快速折返,折返速率为3～10km/Ma,于210Ma左右进入中地壳,并于180Ma左右快速折返(折返速率为3km/Ma左右)至上地壳,白垩纪折返速率极慢(0.1km/Ma左右)。     

Uplift-denudation history of the Qinling orogen: Constrained from the detrital-zircon U–Pb geochronology

This paper presents a great number of detrital zircon U–Pb ages from the Middle Triassic to the Middle Jurassic sediments in the Jiyuan basin, southern North China. The results represent age spectra from 2.9 Ga to 216 Ma, with five peaks at 2.5 Ga, 1.9 Ga, 840 Ma, 440 Ma, and 270 Ma and two grains of ∼220 Ma. The ages of 2.5 Ga and 1.9 Ga are mainly derived from the Precambrian basement of the North China Block, whereas the others are typical characteristics of the Qinling orogenic belt. An important observation is that the Qinling-sourced detrital zircons become older as the strata get younger. Samples from the Middle Triassic to early Late Triassic strata are characterized by the age peak at 270 Ma, whereas the Late Late Triassic to Early Middle Jurassic samples are dominated by age peaks at 840 Ma and 440 Ma and minor grains within 800–650 Ma. Two grains of ∼220 Ma are preserved in the Late Middle Jurassic sample, which may be contributed by the Carnian deep plutons. These signatures indicate that the unroofing pattern of the Qinling orogenic belt developed by the denudation of materials from young covers to old basements and the Carnian deep plutons. Integrated with the data reported from the Hefei Basin, it is well-established that the intensity of unroofing increased from the Qinling to the Dabie orogen in the Early Jurassic, and the denudation timing of the ultra-high pressure (UHP) and high pressure (HP) rocks or Carnian plutons changed successively from the Early Jurassic in the Dabie to the Late Middle Jurassic in the Qinling orogen.     

大别高压—超高压变质岩剥露历史在合肥盆地的记录

位于大别造山带北部的合肥盆地,其中的沉积是造山带剥露历史的重要记录。自生伊利石K—Ar测年,证实了合肥盆地中部安参1井自上而下钻遇了下白垩统,上、中、下侏罗统,下二叠统和上石炭统地层,下伏为奥陶系。中生界砂岩碎屑组分分析,表明其源区为大别造山带。安参1井内下二叠统砂岩不含造山带来源的碎屑多硅白云母。自下侏罗统至下白垩统,钻遇的砂岩中连续出现了丰富的碎屑多硅白云母(Si>3．3)。这不但指示大别造山带是合肥盆地的主要物源区,也限定了大别高压—超高压变质岩在早侏罗世早期就已经剥露地表．继而连续出露。     

大别山东南麓中新生代碎屑岩地球化学特征及其对物源的制约

位于大别山东南麓的安庆-潜山地区中新生代碎屑岩比较发育,主元素分析表明,砂岩主要为杂砂岩,其次是岩屑砂岩和长石砂岩。根据主元素、微量元素和稀土元素特征值分析结果,中、上三叠统和下、中侏罗统的源岩来源广泛,属于大陆岛弧、活动大陆边缘和被动大陆边缘构造背景,可能反映了前陆盆地物源的二元特征。古近系源岩主要为活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧构造环境,说明物源仅来自大别山造山带。稀土元素比值及相关系数分析揭示,中晚三叠世黄马青群的源岩主要为宿松群的长英质片岩、浅粒岩以及大别杂岩,侏罗纪磨山组大致类似于大别群的花岗片麻岩,罗岭组与大别群比较类似。显示大别山造山带在中晚三叠世已经隆升并遭受剥露。     

Late-Stage Ductile Deformation in Xiongdian-Suhe HP Metamorphic Unit, North-Western Dabie Shan, Central China

New structural and petrological data unveil a very complicated ductile deformation history of the Xiongdian-Suhe HP metamorphic unit, north-western Dabie Shun, central China. The finegrained symplectic amphibolite-facies assemblage and coronal structure enveloping eclogite-facies garnet,omphacite and phengite etc., representing strain-free decompression and retrogressive metamorphism,are considered as the main criteria to distinguish between the early-stage deformation under HP metamorphic conditions related to the continental deep subduction and collision, and the late-stage deformation under amphibolite to greenschist-facies conditions occurred in the post-eclogite exhumation processes.Two late-stages of widely developed, sequential ductile deformations D3 and D4, are recognized on the basis of penetrative fabrics and mineral aggregates in the Xiongdian-Suhe HP metamorphic unit, which shows clear, regionally, consistent overprinting relationships. D3 fabrics are best preserved in the Suhe tract of low post-D3 deformation intensity and characterized by steeply dipping layered mylonitic amphibolites associated with doubly vergent folds. They are attributed to a phase of tectonism linked to the initial exhumation of the HP rocks and involved crustal shortening with the development of upright structures and the widespread emplacement of garnet-bearing granites and felsic dikes. D4 structures are attributed to the main episode of ductile extension (D^24) with a gently dipping foliation to the north and common intrafolial, recumbent folds in the Xiongdian tract, followed by normal sense top-to-the northductile shearing (D^24) along an important tectonic boundary, the so-called Majiawa-Hexiwan fault (MHF), the westward continuation of the Balifan-Mozitan-Xiaotian fault (BMXF) of the northern Dabie Shan. It is indicated that the two stages of ductile deformation observed in the Xiongdian-Suhe HP metamorphic unit, reflecting the post-eclogite compressional or extrusion wedge formation, the subhorizontal ductile extension and crustal thinning as well as the top-to-the north shearing along the high-angle ductile shear zones responsible for exhumation of the HP unit as a coherent slab, are consistent with those recognized in the Dabie-Sulu UHP and HP metamorphic belts, suggesting that they were closely associated in time and space. The Xiongdian-Suhe HP metamorphic unit thus forms part of the Triassic(250-230 Ma) collision orogenic belt, and can not connect with the South Altun-North Qaidam-North Qinline UHP metamorphic belt formed durin~ the Early Paleozoic (500-400Ma).     

Eclogites preserved as pebbles in Jurassic conglomerate, Dabie Mountains, China

Two types of eclogite pebbles were discovered in Middle to Upper Jurassic conglomerates from the Hefei Basin north of the Dabie ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terrain, China. Type A eclogite pebbles are characterized by idioblastic garnet with well preserved chemical zonation. Si content in phengite is lower than 3.5 per formula unit (pfu). The maximum metamorphic pressure is lower than 2.5 GPa, and the temperature is below 600 °C. Type B eclogite pebbles contain coesite pseudomorphs in xenoblastic garnet. Si content in phengite is higher than 3.5 pfu. The maximum metamorphic pressure is 2.8–4.0 GPa at 700 °C indicating UHP metamorphism.

Types A and B eclogite pebbles are comparable with eclogites occurring in the southern portion of the Dabie UHP terrain. Based on the petrologic similarities and northeastwards directed paleocurrents, we infer that the eclogite pebbles were eroded from the Dabie UHP terrain. Sandstones containing detrital phengite with Si content higher than 3.5 pfu are also derived from UHP rocks. These petrologic and stratigraphic data place time constraints on exhumation and erosion history of the Dabie UHP terrain.     

北大别的多阶段高温变质作用与部分熔融及其地球动力学过程和大地构造意义

北大别经历了三叠纪高温超高压变质作用和多阶段折返历史,因而榴辉岩中广泛发育多期减压结构,极少保留早期的超高压变质记录,这为它们不同变质阶段的温度条件估算带来了巨大困难。然而,目前流行的微量元素温度计为北大别榴辉岩的峰期及之后的退变质阶段温度的确定提供了可能性。根据锆石中Ti和金红石中Zr温度计,结合传统矿物对温度计的计算数据,获得了北大别榴辉岩中多阶段高温（>900 ℃）条件的数据,证明研究区经历了从超高压榴辉岩相→石英榴辉岩相→高压麻粒岩相阶段的高温变质过程。并且,北大别经历了折返初期（207±4 Ma）的减压熔融和碰撞后燕山期（约130 Ma）的加热熔融作用。长时间的高温变质作用与多期部分熔融也许正是北大别长期难以发现柯石英和有关超高压变质证据等的重要原因。因此,这些成果有助于甄别北大别的岩石成因和演化过程以及大别山多岩片差异折返模型的建立和完善。     

Structural and geochronological constraints on the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the North Dabashan zone,South Qinling,central China

Structural and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar data from the mylonitic rocks of the North Dabashan zone (NDZ) document kinematic and tectonothermal characteristics of the Mesozoic collisional and intra-continental orogenesis in the southern part of the Qinling orogenic belt. The NDZ underwent two deformational phases during the Mesozoic period. The earlier one is characterized by top-to-the-SW thrust ductile shearing along a NW-trending shear zone (DSZ-1), while the later one is featured by dextral strike-slip ductile shearing along another NNW-trending shear zone (DSZ-2). The timing of the two deformation events have been constrained to be 245–189 Ma and 178–143 Ma respectively, by using mica ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology. It is proposed that the earlier deformation event was associated with the Middle Triassic–Early Jurassic collision between the North and South China Blocks, which generated the initial framework of the NDZ; and the later one was related to the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous intra-continental orogeny in East Asia, which caused a significant eastward extrusion of the South Qinling and led to the formation of the SW-convex Dabashan foreland orocline. The distinguishing between these two deformation events sheds a new insight into the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogenic belt.     

Is the HP–UHP Hong’an–Dabie–Sulu orogen a piercing point for offset on the Tan–Lu fault?

The Tan–Lu fault is a major strike-slip fault in eastern China that appears to offset the high-grade rocks of the Hong’an–Dabie–Sulu orogen left-laterally ∼540 km. We evaluate models for the collision between the South and North China blocks, published radiometric dates recording HP–UHP metamorphism and exhumation in the Hong’an–Dabie and Sulu terranes, and the timing of sinistral motion on the Tan–Lu fault to evaluate whether UHP rocks provide a piercing point for offset on the Tan–Lu fault. UHP metamorphism in Hong’an–Dabie was concurrent with Sulu based on U–Pb dating of coesite-bearing domains of zircon at 244 ± 5–226 ± 2 Ma for Hong’an–Dabie and 243 ± 4–225 ± 2 Ma for Sulu. Retrograde metamorphism began c. 220 Ma for both Hong’an–Dabie and Sulu, but retrograde zircon growth ended c. 214 Ma in Hong’an–Dabie and continued until c. 202 Ma in Sulu based on U–Pb dating of zircon domains external to coesite-bearing domains. Structures in Sulu are rotated 25° counter-clockwise from, but are broadly similar to, Hong’an–Dabie suggesting the two areas have a common Triassic orogenic history that pre-dates motion on the Tan–Lu fault, and that is consistent with paleomagnetic studies. We constructed a pre-Cretaceous restoration of the Hong’an–Dabie–Sulu belt that moves the Sulu terrane south, aligning the suture and the eclogite-facies isograd, and rotates Sulu c. 25° clockwise to re-align structures with Hong’an–Dabie. Our restoration is supported by published data and shows that the Hong’an–Dabie–Sulu orogen is a piercing point for post-collisional offset on the Tan–Lu fault and that these regions shared a common subduction–exhumation history. The Tan–Lu fault did not play a significant role in the Hong’an–Dabie–Sulu collision and likely developed later, in the Early Cretaceous.     

北大别超高压榴辉岩的快速折返与缓慢冷却过程

岩石学研究表明,北大别超高压榴辉岩经过了超高压和高压榴辉岩相变质作用以及麻粒岩相叠加和角闪岩相退变质作用.其中,高压麻粒岩相和角闪岩相变质阶段形成的后成合晶以及石榴子石和单斜辉石等矿物中成分分带的存在,证明该区榴辉岩经历了一个快速折返过程;而不同变质阶段的温度、压力和形成时代,却反映该区榴辉岩在峰期超高压变质作用之后又经历了一个缓慢冷却过程.超高压岩石折返期间的缓慢冷却过程也许正是北大别长期难以发现柯石英和有关超高压证据的重要原因.因此,本文为大别山不同超高压岩片的差异折返模型的建立提供了新的证据.     

大别-苏鲁区超高压(UHP)变质岩的多阶段构造折返过程

追溯和重塑超高压变质岩由100多千米地幔深度折返至上地壳及地表的过程,对理解会聚板块边缘及大陆碰撞带的运动学和动力学是极为重要的.主要依据构造学、岩石学、地球化学和可利用的地质年代学资料,结合区域多期变形分析,大别-苏鲁区超高压变质岩的折返过程至少可分解出4个大的阶段.块状榴辉岩记录了三叠纪(约250~230 Ma)大陆壳岩石的深俯冲/碰撞作用.超高压变质岩早期迅速折返发生于超高压峰期变质作用(P＞3.1~4.0 GPa,T≈800±50 ℃)之后,处于地幔深度和柯石英稳定域,相当于区域D₂变形期阶段.分别与区域变形期D₃、D₄和D₅对应的折返过程,以及后成合晶、冠状体等卸载不平衡结构发育和减压部分熔融作用2个中间性构造热事件,均发生在地壳层次. 网络状剪切带在折返过程的不同阶段和不同层次均有发育,标志着在超高压变质带内的变质和变形分解作用曾重复进行.着重指出,超高压变质岩的折返,主要是由大陆壳的深俯冲/碰撞和伸展作用控制的构造过程,且受到俯冲带内、带外诸多因素的约束,其中水流体就起关键作用.      

Triassic Collisional Structures and Post—Collisional Deformation of Bixiling UHP Rock Stack： Insights for Tectonic Evolution of UHP Metamorphic Belt in Dabie Massif, Central China

Detailed three-dimensional structural studies indicate that the Bixiling area,Dabie massif,central Chian shows the deepest exposed levels of the orogenic wedge formed during the Triassic Yangtze0Sino-Korean continental collision.New1:10000 scale structural mapping,combined with detailed petrological analysis in this area,has enabled us to accurately distinguish structures related to the Trias-sic continental collision from those related to post-collisional deformation in the ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphic unit.The collisional or compressional structures include the massive eclogite with a weak foliation,foliated eclogite or UHP ductile shear zones,as well as upper amphibolite facies shear zones,whereas the post-collisional deformation is characterized by a regionally,flat-lying foliation con-taining stretching lineations and common reclined folds .The former is present exclusively in the eclogite lenses and their margins,representing orogenic thickening or syn-collisional events,while the latter was best occurred on variable scales under amphibolite facies conditions,showing sub-vertical,extreme short-ening and ductile thinning of the metamorphic rock stack.The eclogite facies tectonites that have a marked fabric discordance to the penetrative amphibolite facies extension flow fabric are common.It is emphasized that an extensional tectonic setting following the collision-orogenic thickening stage was,at least partly,responsible for exhumation of the UHP metamorphic rocks in the Dabie massif.A new tec-tionic evolution model is proposed for the UHP metamorphic belt on the scale of the Dabie massif.The Bixiling area thus provides a window,from which the dynamic processes concerning the formation and exhumation of the UHP rocks can be observed.Regional studies in the Dabie Mountains have confirmed this interpretation.     

从源到汇:大别造山带物源区与合肥盆地南缘中生代沉积耦合关系——来自碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄证据

形成于印支期的大别造山带和周缘中生代盆地构成了一级源汇系统,其中位于造山带北缘的合肥盆地中生代地层发育,且以盆地南缘出露最好,这为盆山源汇系统研究提供了理想的沉积记录。笔者从合肥盆地南缘采集了10个砂岩样品和1个砾岩样品,进行锆石U/Pb (LA-ICP-MS)定年分析,获得了742个有效年龄(置信度不小于85%),范围为113±3. 6-2983 Ma。这些碎屑锆石年龄谱可以被分为5个年龄段:113-137 Ma,峰值131 Ma; 184-273 Ma,峰值226 Ma; 274-517. 3 Ma,具有2个峰值280 Ma和474 Ma; 532-856. 6 Ma,具有3个峰值572 Ma、649 Ma和772 Ma; 1786-2600 Ma,具有2个峰值2035 Ma和2506 Ma。同时,总结了物源区大别造山带不同单元锆石U-Pb年龄特征。根据锆石U/Pb年龄和Th/U值,发现这5个年龄段比较准确地记录了物源区地质体,分别是早白垩世的岩浆岩、大别山高压—超高压变质岩、北淮阳的浅变质岩、北大别的正片麻岩和卢镇关群变质岩。根据锆石最小年龄,修正了合肥盆地南缘中生代地层格架,为源汇系统研究确立了时间框架。合肥盆地南缘中生代沉积可以分为4个演化阶段:晚三叠世瑞替期—早侏罗世辛涅缪斯期、中—晚侏罗世、早白垩世早期和早白垩世晚期,并据此确定了每个阶段主要物源区特征及其时空变化。碎屑锆石U/Pb年龄和Th/U值限定了大别造山带仅存在三叠纪的超高压变质作用,且超高压变质岩折返到地表的最早时间是晚三叠世瑞替期,大别造山带大陆岛弧发育的时间是新元古代。上述研究结果不仅为恢复大别造山带构造古地理做出了新的贡献,而且更为盆山源汇系统研究提供了一个实例。     

Exhumation of UHP Terranes: A Case Study from the Dabie Mountains,Eastern China

Two processes are suggested to explain how UHP rocks are exhumed from mantle depths. One is removal of the overburden either by erosion or by extension, whereas the other involves the uplifting of the UHP rocks through the overburden. Application of either of these mechanisms to the Dabie Mountains, however, is fraught with difficulty. When combined with previously published data, new studies on metamorphic P-T paths, regional structures, and deep upper-mantle architecture revealed by seismic tomography lend support to a multi-stage exhumation process that operated in the Dabie Mountains.

The first stage (230 to 200 Ma) is characterized by ductile deformation, produced during eclogite-facies recrystallization under a geothermal gradient as low as 10°C/km, implying a synsubduction exhumation. Some of the UHP rocks evidently were exhumed to a depth of ~60 km, as indicated by petrological study of the Shuanghe eclogite. The second stage (200 to 170 Ma) attended ductile deformation and amphibolite-facies retrograde metamorphism. Subduction of the Yangtze block was halted by slab breakoff at a depth of ～200 km. The resultant geothermal gradient recovered to ～20″C/km. Slab breakoff permitted buoyancy-driven ascent of the UHP low-density melange to shallow crustal levels in a diapir structure. When the UHP portion of the mountain root rose, the shallow portion was heated to a temperature higher than that of the peak metamorphic pressure. The third stage (170 to 120 Ma) is characterized by extension and thermal uplift, as well as erosion. Sedimentary basins and volcanic rocks developed on both sides of the Dabie Mountains. Gab-bro-pyroxenite intruded the hanging wall of the UHP terrane, and granite, as well as migmatite, developed in that stage.

Exhumation mechanisms might include corner flow for the first stage, buoyancy-driven squeezing-up for the second stage, and crustal extension, as well as erosion, for the third. Rupture and loss of the subducted lithospheric plate generated the gravity instability that resulted in exhumation of the subducted UHP section.