锌影响行为学功能的研究进展

锌与行为的关系是营养生理学研究的热点之一。锌对实验动物如小鼠,大鼠,豚鼠,猴及人类的行为均有影响,其机制可能与其在脑组织内的分布,影响脑组织结构及脑组织内活性物质如矿物元素,酶,神经递质及其受体,神经活性及其受本,核酸合成及基因转录有关。     

中国兽类种群生态学研究进展与展望

兽类种群生态学是现代生态学的核心研究内容。Charles Sutherland Elton在20世纪20年代发现小哺乳动物种群波动现象,标志着现代种群生态学研究的开始。什么因素调节种群波动的问题一直是现代种群生态学领域的研究热点。我国兽类种群生态学研究始于20世纪50年代,迄今,已走过了70年的发展历程,并取得了重要成果。本综述基于20世纪50年代以来我国学者在主流中文期刊及科学引文索引（Science Citation Index,简称SCI）刊物发表的历史文献,分别从种群波动格局、种群统计参数变化、种群内部和外部调节等不同层面评述了我国在鼠类和大型兽类种群生态学的研究历程及现状,同时探讨了未来的研究方向。     

昆虫捕食行为生态学研究进展

行为学和生态学是生命科学中正在蓬勃发展的两个分支学科,而行为生态学则是这两个年轻学科的交叉领域。它主要研究生态学中的行为机制和动物行为的存活值、适合度与进化意义[1]从理论上来讲,开展行为生态学的研究,意味着把生态学、行为学、遗传学、生理学和进化论综合起来,并运用了数学和经济学分析方法,所以很有可能在新理论、新概念和新方法的探索上取得突破性进展,也有可能引起生态学的巨大变革;从应用的角度讲,因为动物之所以能极好地适应它们的环境,主要是依靠先天的本能行为适应和后天的学习行为适应,所以深刻地了解动物行…     

中国兽类多样性监测与研究网络建设:十年回顾与展望

兽类物种多样性高,分布广泛,与人类关系密切,对维持生态系统稳定平衡具有不可替代的作用。我国是世界上生态系统类型和兽类多样性最丰富的国家之一,但多数生态系统的兽类物种资源情况仍未完全掌握,许多区域缺乏调查记录或长期监测资料。面对全球生态环境的急剧变化,我国兽类动物资源保护面临严峻挑战。中国兽类多样性监测与研究网络(以下简称兽类网)于2011年启动建设,结合全球生物多样性保护背景下的国家重大需求,以陆生兽类及其栖息地为研究对象,先后建立了55个监测样区,逐渐形成覆盖全国的监测网络,发表有关论著180余篇(部),其中红外相机工作日累计超156万天,获得图像775余万张;同时,推动建立了我国兽类多样性监测标准化技术体系和公共数据服务平台,对兽类群落组成、种群动态和行为变化以及关键驱动因子开展长期监测研究,为我国重要兽类资源保护、有害生物管控提供先进技术和科学数据支撑。本文回顾了兽类网的发展历程,系统梳理了在监测技术方法、编目发现、行为生理、种群、种间关系、群落和保护管理方面的监测与研究进展。未来需加强技术和学科交叉,聚焦多尺度、多维度、多营养级的综合研究应用,为全面、深刻地理解生物多样性维持机...     

布氏田鼠种群生态及行为生态学研究进展

布氏田鼠种群生态及行为生态学研究进展尹峰房继明（北京师范大学生物学系,１００８７５）ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｉｎＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＢｅｈａｖｉｏｒａｌＥｃｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＢｒａｎｄｔ’ｓＶｏｌｅｓ（Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｓｂｒａｎ...     

动物贮食行为及其生态意义

动物贮存食物,以调节食物的时空分布,度过食物缺乏期。贮食行为是一种特化的采食行为。现已发现上百种鸟类和哺乳类动物贮存食物。植食动物贮藏植物繁殖体,促进了植物的扩散。于是,植物与贮食动物形成了一种协同进化关系。这种关系是自然界互惠关系（ｍｕｔｕａｌｉｓｍ）的一种类型。     

中国林蛙生态学研究进展

中国林蛙具有重要的药用价值与经济价值,因此其受到人们的重视。对不同发育阶段中国林蛙生态学的研究现状进行了综述,为中国林蛙的人工养殖提供生态学的理论基础。     

中国产业生态学发展的回顾与展望

作为一门探讨产业发展与生态环境之间相互关系的学科,产业生态学需要对我国生态化转型重大战略选择做出贡献。本文回顾与评述了产业生态学在我国的发展,指出产业生态学在我国的起源具有多源性,既有着中国传统哲学的传承,也有着多种工程学科的经验升华,还有着前苏联经验的烙印。在进入新世纪后,我国产业生态学的发展开始深受西方学术的影响,逐渐建立起较为系统的教育、研究和组织体系。这些成果体现在课程开设、学科建设、机构成立和研究发表等方面。本专栏评述了其中的代表性领域并收录了相关成果,例如生命周期评价和产业共生等。在探讨产业生态学学科发展的现实性、理论性及政治性基础上,提出了需要进一步观察、总结和提炼过去的发展实践,需要关注中国根本性和战略性的核心问题,需要建构产业生态学的中国学派,需要加速建设产业生态学的教育和学科发展体系,并接受生态文明转型这一历史使命的挑战,为中国乃至世界产业生态学发展以及产业生态化做出贡献。     

Ethology and the origins of behavioral endocrinology

The neurosciences embrace many disciplines, some long established, others of more recent origin. Behavioral endocrinology has only recently been fully acknowledged as a branch of neuroscience, distinctive for the determination of some of its exponents to remain integrative in the face of the many pressures towards reductionism that so dominate modern biology. One of its most characteristic features is a commitment to research at the whole-animal level on the physiological basis of complex behaviors, with a particular but by no means exclusive focus on reproductive behavior in all its aspects. The search for rigorously defined principles of behavioral organization that apply across species and the hormonal and neural mechanisms that sustain them underlies much of the research. Their aims are much like those put forth in the classical ethology of Lorenz and Tinbergen, one of the roots from which behavioral endocrinology has sprung. But there are others that can be traced back a century or more. Antecedents can be found in the work of such pioneers as Jakob von Uexküll, Jacques Loeb, Herbert Spencer Jennings, and particularly Charles Otis Whitman who launched a tradition that culminated in the classical contributions of Robert Hinde and Daniel Lehrman. William C. Young was another pioneer. His studies revolutionized thinking about the physiological mechanisms by which hormones influence behavior. An earlier potent influence was Karl Lashley who helped to shape the career of Frank Ambrose Beach who, more than anyone, has played a leading role in launching this new field.     

Flexible search tactics and efficient foraging in saltatory searching animals

Summary Foraging is one of the most important endeavors undertaken by animals, and it has been studied intensively from both mechanistic-empirical and optimal foraging perspectives. Planktivorous fish make excellent study organisms for foraging studies because they feed frequently and in a relatively simple environment. Most optimal foraging studies of planktivorous fish have focused, either on diet choice or habitat selection and have assumed that these animals used a cruise search foraging strategy. We have recently recognized that white crappie do not use a cruise search strategy (swimming continuously and searching constantly) while foraging on zooplankton but move in a stop and go pattern, searching only while paused. We have termed thissaltatory search. Many other animals move in a stop and go pattern while foraging, but none have been shown to search only while paused. Not only do white crappie search in a saltatory manner but the components of the search cycle change when feeding on prey of different size. When feeding on large prey these fish move further and faster after an unsuccessful search than when feeding on small prey. The fish also pause for a shorter period to search when feeding on large prey. To evaluate the efficiency of these alterations in the search cycle, a net energy gain simulation model was developed. The model computes the likelihood of locating 1 or 2 different size classes of zooplankton prey as a function of the volume of water scanned. The volume of new water searched is dependent upon the dimensions of the search volume and the length of the run. Energy costs for each component of the search cycle, and energy gained from the different sized prey, were assessed. The model predicts that short runs produce maximum net energy gains when crappie feed on small prey but predicts net energy gains will be maximized with longer runs when crappie feed on large prey or a mixed assemblage of large and small prey. There is an optimal run length due to high energy costs of unsuccessful search when runs are short and reveal little new water, and high energy costs of long runs when runs are lengthy. The model predicts that if the greater search times observed when crappie feed on small prey are assessed when they feed on a mixed diet of small and large prey, net energy gained is less than if small prey are deleted from the diet. We believe the model has considerable generality. Many animals are observed to move in a saltatory manner while foraging and some are thought to search only while stationary. Some birds and lizards are, known to modify the search cycle in a manner similar to white crappie.Components of the search cycle and dimensions of the location space SST (sec) Successful search time — the average time stationary prior to a pursuit - USST (sec) Unsuccessful search time — the average time stationary prior to a run - PT (sec) Pursuit time-PL/SS — the time to pursue prey at a given distance away. It is calculated by dividing the pursuit distance by swim speed - RT (sec) Run time-RL/SS — the time to complete a run of a given length. It is calculated by dividing the run length, by swim speed - PL (cm) Pursuit length-distance moved to attack prey - RL (cm) Run length-distance moved between consecutive searches - SS (cm/sec) Swim speed — the speed of movement during a pursuit or run - LS (l) Location space — the area or volume within which prey are located. In the case of white crappie the search space is shaped like a pie wedge with the fish positioned at the apex of the wedge - LA (^o) Location angle—the angle of the wedge-shaped search space - LH (cm) Location height—the height of the wedge-shaped search space - LD (cm) Location distance—the length of long axis of the wedge-shaped search space. Components of the location probability model RND Random number-random number generated through BASICA - SV (l) Search volume—the volume of water actually searched after one run of given length - SV_MAX (l) Maximum search volume—the greatest search volume that can be based upon LA, LH, LD and unaffected by the previous search - SV_R (l) Search volume researched—that volume of SV_MAX that is researched where RLo Search volume unsearched—that volume of SV_MAX not previously searched - AD (#/1) Absolute density—the density of zooplankton prey in numbers per liter - VD (#) Visual density—the number of zooplankton prey in the search volume - LP (%) Location probability—the probability that one or more prey are in the search volume Components of the net energy gain model NEG (cal/sec) Net energy gain-total calories ingested, less total calories used, divided by total time. - E _e (cal) Energy expended on the search cycle - E _i (cal) Energy intake - e _p (cal) Energy content of a given individual prey - P _i Total number of prey ingested - e _r (cal) Energy expended while searching - e _s (cal) Energy expended while swimming - T _t (sec) Total time-time expended to eat a given number of prey     

A forceful upper jaw facilitates picking-based prey capture: biomechanics of feeding in a butterflyfish,Chaetodon trichrous

Biomechanical models of feeding mechanisms elucidate how animals capture food in the wild, which, in turn, expands our understanding of their fundamental trophic niche. However, little attention has been given to modeling the protrusible upper jaw apparatus that characterizes many teleost species. We expanded existing biomechanical models to include upper jaw forces using a generalist butterflyfish, Chaetodon trichrous (Chaetodontidae) that produces substantial upper jaw protrusion when feeding on midwater and benthic prey. Laboratory feeding trials for C. trichrous were recorded using high-speed digital imaging; from these sequences we quantified feeding performance parameters to use as inputs for the biomechanical model. According to the model outputs, the upper jaw makes a substantial contribution to the overall forces produced during mouth closing in C. trichrous. Thus, biomechanical models that only consider lower jaw closing forces will underestimate total bite force for this and likely other teleost species. We also quantified and subsequently modeled feeding events for C. trichrous consuming prey from the water column versus picking attached prey from the substrate to investigate whether there is a functional trade-off between prey capture modes. We found that individuals of C. trichrous alter their feeding behavior when consuming different prey types by changing the timing and magnitude of upper and lower jaw movements and that this behavioral modification will affect the forces produced by the jaws during prey capture by dynamically altering the lever mechanics of the jaws. In fact, the slower, lower magnitude movements produced during picking-based prey capture should produce a more forceful bite, which will facilitate feeding on benthic attached prey items, such as corals. Similarities between butterflyfishes and other teleost lineages that also employ picking-based prey capture suggest that a suite of key behavioral and morphological innovations enhances feeding success for benthic attached prey items.     

CENOZOIC MAMMAL AGES OF CHINA

Up to now about 1500 forms of mammals have been recognized in the Cenozoic deposits of different ages, ranging from Paleocene to Holocene. Studies of in taxonomy,phylogeny, biogeography, and other aspects regarding these mammals are carred on actively in this country. This contribution aims to briefly summarise and update the mammal ages for the Chinese Cenozoic records.     

Behavioral plasticity,behavioral syndromes and animal personality in crustacean decapods: An imperfect map is better than no map

Despite their key role as model organisms in many behavioral studies,crustacean decapods have been only slightly touched upon by the recent surge of scientific interest in animal personality.Only seven articles investigated the issue in a handful of species among hermit crabs,crabs,and crayfish.Obviously,a limited number of publications does not mean that personality is rare in decapods.On the contrary,few studies might be the result of a form of reluctance by behavioral ecologists to deal with such a phenomenon in these and other invertebrates.This reluctance contrasts with the enthusiasm shown in tackling the behavioral plasticity issue.Here we discuss the possible theoretical and methodological difficulties raised by applying the animal personality perspective to decapods and analyze implications of personality studies for their ecology,conservation,and welfare.By highlighting gaps in knowledge and directions of future research,our intention is to increase scientific emphasis on the issue.     

中国中生代哺乳类化石

本文对迄今所知的中国中生代哺乳类的化石地点、层位、时代、化石材料和系统分类位置作了总结和讨论。     

分子生物学技术在动物行为生态学中的应用

分子生物学技术在动物行为生态学研究中的应用目前主要集中于繁殖行为、亲缘选择、社会分工、空间定位和聚群行为等几个方面。其中在繁殖行为中的应用最为广泛和深入,包括探讨动物优势等级与繁殖成功度之间的关系、配偶外性行为、种内巢寄生以及交配对策。     

Spitting cobras adjust their venom distribution to target distance

If threatened by a human, spitting cobras defend themselves by ejecting their venom toward the face of the antagonist. Circulating head movements of the cobra ensure that the venom is distributed over the face. To assure an optimal distribution of the venom, the amplitudes of head movements should decrease with increasing target distance. To find out whether cobras (Naja pallida and N. nigricollis) adjust their spitting behavior according to target distance we induced spitting from different distances and analyzed their spitting patterns. Our results show that the spray pattern of spiting cobras is not fixed. Instead the snake matches its venom distribution to the size of the target independent of target distance.     

Quantifying personality in the terrestrial hermit crab: Different measures, different inferences

There is much interest in studying animal personalities but considerable debate as to how to define and evaluate them. We assessed the utility of one proposed framework while studying personality in terrestrial hermit crabs (Coenobita clypeatus). We recorded the latency of individuals to emerge from their shells over multiple trials in four unique manipulations. We used the specific testing situations within these manipulations to define two temperament categories (shyness-boldness and exploration-avoidance). Our results identified individual behavioral consistency (i.e., personality) across repeated trials of the same situations, within both categories. Additionally, we found correlations between behaviors across contexts (traits) that suggested that the crabs had behavioral syndromes. While we found some correlations between behaviors that are supposed to measure the same temperament trait, these correlations were not inevitable. Furthermore, a principal component analysis (PCA) of our data revealed new relationships between behaviors and provided the foundation for an alternate interpretation: measured behaviors may be situation-specific, and may not reflect general personality traits at all. These results suggest that more attention must be placed on how we infer personalities from standardized methods, and that we must be careful to not force our data to fit our frameworks.