镜像综合征21例临床分析

目的探讨镜像综合征的临床特点、治疗和预后。 方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2012年3月深圳市妇幼保健院收治的21例镜像综合征患者的临床资料,包括临床特点、治疗措施和母婴结局。 结果(1)发病原因：21例镜像综合征患者(其中1例为双胎)均存在胎儿-胎盘-母体三联水肿,胎儿水肿原因分别为巴氏水肿胎(15例)、胎儿复杂心脏畸形(2例)、双胎输血综合征(1例)、胎儿微小病毒B19感染(1例),不明原因(2例);(2)临床表现：21例患者均出现不同程度水肿,18例有蛋白尿,10例出现血压升高,1例头痛;(3)实验室检查：20例出现血液稀释,19例发生低蛋白血症,19例血尿酸升高;(4)并发症及治疗：12例产后出血中9例进行输血治疗,8例胎盘粘连均行人工剥离胎盘;(5)预后：21例患者痊愈出院,22例新生儿仅存活2例。 结论胎儿、胎盘和母体三者均出现水肿时可确诊镜像综合征,一旦确诊针对胎儿水肿原因进行治疗,如果病情不可控制,应果断终止妊娠。     

镜像综合征15例临床诊治分析

目的探讨镜像综合征的临床特点、诊断及治疗方法。 方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2015年3月广州医科大学附属第六医院收治的15例镜像综合征患者的临床资料。 结果(1)发病原因：15例镜像综合征患者中14例为Bart′s水肿胎,另一例原因不明;(2)临床表现：15例病例中,5例出现少尿或无尿,3例血压升高、2例上腹痛、1例出现头痛;(3)实验室检查：15例母体均出现不同程度贫血、血液稀释、低蛋白血症及D-二聚体升高,5例肌酐升高、13例尿酸升高、13例酸中毒;(4)超声及病理检查：15例超声检查均提示胎儿水肿,胎盘厚度平均值为(70.87±14.12)mm,胎盘病理检查均提示胎盘绒毛水肿;(5)母体并发症：12例产后出血、6例胎盘粘连、5例急性肾功能衰竭、3例急性心功能衰竭、2例急性肺水肿、1例胎盘早剥、1例羊水栓塞、1例弥散性血管内凝血、1例代谢性脑病。 结论母体水肿伴随胎儿水肿和(或)胎盘水肿即可确诊镜像综合征,除了出现类似子痫前期的临床表现外,还表现血液稀释的显著特点。镜像综合征一经确诊,如病情不可逆,应果断终止妊娠。     

镜像综合征的研究进展

镜像综合征(mirror syndrome)罕见,病因及发病机制尚不明确,临床表现因类似于子痫前期而常被误诊,胎儿预后不良,诊断治疗无规范的临床指南.现对镜像综合征的病因、发病机制、临床表现和诊断标准、治疗及预后评估等研究进展进行综述. 一、病因 镜像综合征的病理基础是各种原因造成的胎儿水肿或胎盘水肿,继而引起母体水肿,导致相应的临床表现.故镜像综合征的发病可分为2个阶段,胎儿或胎盘水肿是该病的第1阶段,母体水肿是第2阶段[1].1982年,Karkowski[2]报道了第1例由于恒源猴同种免疫引起的与胎儿和胎盘免疫相关的母体水肿,故镜像综合征又称为Ballantyne综合征.     

镜像综合征6例诊治分析

目的：探讨镜像综合征的临床特点、诊断和治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析2009—2010年收治的6例镜像综合征患者临床资料（包括临床症状及体征、实验室和超声检查、胎盘大体检查和病理、母婴结局）并复习相关文献。结果：6例均出现母体水肿-胎儿水肿-胎盘水肿三联征,6例均出现贫血和血液稀释［表现为血红蛋白（86.00±10.88） g/L和红细胞压积0.267 7±0.026 7］、低蛋白血症［白蛋白（21.53±3.12） g/L］、尿蛋白阳性和血尿酸［UA（551.50±63.02） μmol/L］增高。另有4例血压升高。结论：伴随胎儿水肿或胎盘水肿出现母体水肿,即可确诊镜像综合征,有些病例可出现类似子痫前期的症状。血液稀释是该病最重要的特点,能将其与子痫前期鉴别开来。确诊镜像综合征后,应纠正水肿的原因或尽早终止妊娠,可使用利尿剂并限制液体的入量。     

镜像综合征——胎儿水肿引申的诊断

<正>镜像综合征(mirror syndrome)是指伴随着胎儿和胎盘水肿出现母体水肿的一类疾病,其病因及发病机制目前尚不清楚。临床表现与子痫前期相似,但将二者完全鉴别尚有一定的难度,胎儿或胎盘及母体水肿、胎盘/胎儿质量比值的升高、母体的血液稀释以及病情发展的不均衡是其显著的临床特点。提高临床医生对此种疾病的认识,进一步寻找胎儿水肿的病因,判断是否有宫内治疗的价值和机会是关系母儿预后的关键步骤。     

与Hb Bart’s水肿胎相关镜像综合征母体并发症的病例对照研究

目的:评价Hb Bart’s水肿胎(即α-地中海贫血1纯合子)是否并发镜像综合征和分娩孕周对母体并发症的影响。方法:回顾性分析Hb Bart’s水肿胎并发镜像综合征13例(A组)、Hb Bart’s水肿胎未并发镜像综合征61例(B组)和排除Bart’s水肿胎和血红蛋白H病(HbH)、无产科合并症的孕妇74例(C组)临床资料,对3组的实验室检查结果和母体并发症情况进行比较。另外,将74例Hb Bart’s水肿胎按照分娩孕周是否大于28周分成两个亚组,比较两亚组母体的发病情况。结果:①A组血细胞比容、血红蛋白、血小板和血清白蛋白均明显低于B、C组(P<0.05),尿酸明显高于B、C组(P<0.05);而B组和C组以上指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。②A组母体严重并发症(包括弥漫性凝血功能障碍、心力衰竭、急性肺水肿、急性肾功能衰竭和HELLP综合征)、胎盘早剥、产后出血、肝肾功能损害和胎盘粘连的发生率均明显高于B组和C组(P<0.0167)。B组与C组比较,上述并发症发生率除产后出血和胎盘粘连外,其余均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。③74例Hb Bart’s水肿胎患者中,≥孕28周者,其有镜像综合征、母体有严重并发症、胎盘早剥、产后出血、肝肾功能损害和胎盘粘连的发生率均明显高于<孕28周组(P<0.05)。结论:Hb Bart’s水肿胎增加母体并发症的发生,其对母体的危害程度除了与是否并发镜像综合征有关,分娩孕周也是重要因素,临床上应重视Hb Bart’s水肿胎的早期产前诊断,一旦确诊应尽早终止妊娠,尽可能降低母体风险。     

双胎输血综合征合并镜像综合征引产一例

镜像综合征又称巴兰坦综合征,主要表现为胎儿、胎盘水肿和继发性母体不同程度的水肿及血液稀释的临床特点。镜像综合征发病率极低,病情进展快,国内外报道例数较少,目前其病因大多与诱发胎儿水肿的因素相关,其中双胎输血综合征是胎儿非免疫性水肿病因之一。回顾南京医科大学附属第一医院2019年2月收治的双胎输血综合征合并镜像综合征的病例,分析患者的一般情况,并予以合理治疗干预,分析预后情况。该患者在入院保守治疗的情况下病情加重,最终选择终止妊娠,妊娠终止后病情较前明显好转,予以出院门诊随访。现对其诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗方式进行讨论。     

血管前置的产前超声诊断

目的探讨血管前置的高危因素和产前超声诊断的价值。 方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2014年6月就诊于广东省妇幼保健院行产前超声检查和(或)临床诊断为妊娠合并血管前置患者的超声声像图资料,并追踪妊娠结局。 结果产前超声共检出血管前置18例,其中1例脐带先露误诊为血管前置;漏诊1例。确诊为血管前置病例共计18例,其中16例(88.9%,16/18)为单胎妊娠,2例(11.1%,2/18)为三胎妊娠;合并低置胎盘9例(50.0%,9/18),帆状胎盘8例(44.4%,8/18),副胎盘2例(11.1%,2/18),球拍状胎盘2例(11.1%,2/18),单脐动脉3例(16.8%,3/18)。18例胎儿中,早产9例(50.0%,9/18),足月产8例(44.4%,8/18),1例(5.6%,1/18)因胎儿结构异常引产。产前超声检查漏诊的1例患者,足月妊娠经阴道分娩时大出血,胎儿死亡。 结论胎盘异常是血管前置的高危因素,需重视产前超声检查,及时诊断和处理,可有效避免不良妊娠结局的发生。     

镜像综合征8例临床分析

目的 探讨镜像综合征的临床特征及治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析2007年8月至2012年5月于中山大学附属第一医院收治的8例镜像综合征患者临床资料,包括母体一般情况、实验室检查指标及超声检查、产后大体检查、胎盘病理及母儿围产结局。结果 镜像综合征的临床表现以母体水肿、高血压、蛋白尿、稀释性贫血、低蛋白血症、胎儿水肿及胎盘水肿为特征。严重者出现胸水、腹水、肺水肿和心衰。此类患者产后出血、输血、转重症监护病房比例高。本组8例分娩前血红蛋白（HB）、红细胞压积（HCT）及血白蛋白（ALB）均降低,分别为（77.38±9.10）g/L、0.246±0.029及（24.86±3.10）g/L;终止妊娠后HB、HCT及ALB明显改善,分别为（99.27±15.27）g/L、0.308±0.046及（29.59±3.13）g/L,分娩后与分娩前相比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。8例患者终止妊娠后母体症状迅速改善并全部痊愈出院。结论 镜像综合征与子痫前期诊断易混淆,其中稀释性贫血是鉴别诊断要点。确诊镜像综合征后,可予纠正低蛋白血症和合理使用利尿剂,严格限制液体入量,尽早终止妊娠,预防产后出血等处理。终止妊娠是治疗镜像综合征的根本方法。     

胎盘转移瘤

作者讨论了在1866年至1975年间50多例母体癌肿累及胎盘及/或胎儿的资料,并按组织学标准重新编组。一、病例整理分类根据胎盘巨检和镜检及病因学和胎儿预后,分为真正的胎盘转移瘤(侵犯绒毛)和绒毛间癌栓子(局限于绒毛间室)两类。又根据母体的原发性肿瘤而分转移为:母体实质瘤,恶性网状淋巴组织病和白血病的胎盘及/或胎儿三种。此外尚有极罕见的来源于胎儿肿瘤转移到胎盘的几例。 (一)实质性瘤转移到胎盘及/或胎儿:32例。 1.真正的胎盘转移瘤:12例(表一) 此组病例的主要病因是恶性黑色素瘤(58％),     

A role of the anti-angiogenic factor sVEGFR-1 in the 'mirror syndrome' (Ballantyne's syndrome).

BACKGROUND: 'Mirror syndrome' (Ballantyne's syndrome) refers to the association of fetal hydrops with placentomegaly and severe maternal edema. Preeclampsia occurs in approximately 50% of these cases. Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1), an anti-angiogenic factor, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia (PE). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine if the maternal plasma concentration of sVEGFR-1 is elevated in patients with mirror syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: This case-control study included patients with uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 40) and those with mirror syndrome (n = 4) matched for gestational age. Mirror syndrome was defined as fetal hydrops and severe maternal edema. Maternal plasma sVEGFR-1 concentrations were determined using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Immunohistochemistry of sVEGFR-1 on villous trophoblasts was also performed in samples from one patient with mirror syndrome and compared with those from a patient with spontaneous preterm delivery matched for gestational age. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis (p < 0.05). RESULTS: (1) The median maternal plasma concentration of sVEGFR-1 was significantly higher in patients with mirror syndrome than in the control group (median: 3974 pg/mL, range: 3083-10 780 vs. median: 824 pg/mL, range: 260-4712, respectively; p < 0.001). (2) All patients with mirror syndrome had sVEGFR-1 concentrations above the 95th percentile for gestational age. Syncytiotrophoblast, especially syncytial knots, showed strong staining with antibodies against sVEGFR-1 in placental samples from the patient with mirror syndrome, but not in those from the patient with spontaneous preterm delivery. CONCLUSION: High maternal plasma concentrations of sVEGFR-1 were observed in mirror syndrome. We propose that this anti-angiogenic factor may participate in the pathophysiology of this syndrome. Thus, maternal plasma determination of sVEGFR-1 may help to identify the hydropic fetus that places the mother at risk for preeclampsia.     

Mirror syndrome associated with sacrococcygeal teratoma: a case report

BACKGROUND: Mirror syndrome is associated with both nonimmune and immune hydrops fetalis. The clinical manifestations are quite varied, and the pathophysiology is poorly understood. We describe a case of mirror syndrome associated with afetus that had a rapidly growing sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) without overt hydrops. CASE: At 30 weeks' gestational age a fetus with SCT began to show early sonographic evidence of right heart failure, placentomegaly and polyhydramnios without overt fetal hydrops. Shortly after these findings were noted, the mother began to develop hypertension, epigastric pain, proteinuria and thrombocytopenia. These findings were all reversed after delivery of the fetus. Subsequent surgery on the infant was successful. CONCLUSION: Mirror syndrome has been linked with SCT and is usually associated with severe fetal hydropic changes. In our case the development of mirror syndrome preceded the manifestations of overt hydrops. Identification of early signs of fetal compromise or hydrops may help to predict patients who will develop mirror syndrome and improve outcomes with earlier intervention.     

Manifestation of mirror syndrome after fetoscopic laser photocoagulation in severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome

Mirror syndrome is a preeclampsia-like disease first described in a case of severe hydrops fetalis caused by rhesus isoimmunization, later reported in some cases of nonimmunological fetal hydrops. Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a severe complication associated with monochorionic pregnancies, in particular, severe TTTS with one hydropic fetus leading to a poor prognosis. We report here a case of mirror syndrome that occurred after selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation in severe TTTS at 24 weeks' gestation.     

Mirror综合征还是子(癎)前期?

目的　研究水肿胎与Mirror综合征及子(癎)前期(preeclampsia,PE)之间的关系. 方法　分析13例水肿胎(均为妊娠28周后)的临床资料及相关文献. 结果 13例水肿胎中有8例诊断为PE,5例为Mirror综合征.水肿胎无论是并发Mirror综合征还是PE均发生严重的母体并发症. 结论 胎儿、胎盘水肿与母体临床症状之间存在着紧密联系,临床医生必须认识到水肿胎与Mirror综合征及PE之间的关系,及时发现Mirror综合征,防止病情发展为PE.Mirror综合征的病理机制目前还不清楚.关注水肿胎的同时要重视监护母体情况.     

A role of the anti-angiogenic factor sVEGFR-1 in the ‘mirror syndrome’ (Ballantyne's syndrome)

Background.?‘Mirror syndrome’ (Ballantyne's syndrome) refers to the association of fetal hydrops with placentomegaly and severe maternal edema. Preeclampsia occurs in approximately 50% of these cases. Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1), an anti-angiogenic factor, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia (PE).

Objective.?The objective of this study was to determine if the maternal plasma concentration of sVEGFR-1 is elevated in patients with mirror syndrome.

Study design.?This case-control study included patients with uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 40) and those with mirror syndrome (n = 4) matched for gestational age. Mirror syndrome was defined as fetal hydrops and severe maternal edema. Maternal plasma sVEGFR-1 concentrations were determined using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Immunohistochemistry of sVEGFR-1 on villous trophoblasts was also performed in samples from one patient with mirror syndrome and compared with those from a patient with spontaneous preterm delivery matched for gestational age. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis (p < 0.05).

Results.?(1) The median maternal plasma concentration of sVEGFR-1 was significantly higher in patients with mirror syndrome than in the control group (median: 3974 pg/mL, range: 3083–10 780 vs. median: 824 pg/mL, range: 260–4712, respectively; p < 0.001). (2) All patients with mirror syndrome had sVEGFR-1 concentrations above the 95^th percentile for gestational age. Syncytiotrophoblast, especially syncytial knots, showed strong staining with antibodies against sVEGFR-1 in placental samples from the patient with mirror syndrome, but not in those from the patient with spontaneous preterm delivery.

Conclusion.?High maternal plasma concentrations of sVEGFR-1 were observed in mirror syndrome. We propose that this anti-angiogenic factor may participate in the pathophysiology of this syndrome. Thus, maternal plasma determination of sVEGFR-1 may help to identify the hydropic fetus that places the mother at risk for preeclampsia.     

Mirror syndrome resulting from metastatic congenital neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma is a tumor of the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla that rarely metastasizes to the placenta. A 21-year-old gravida 3, para 1 at 28 weeks' gestation had an incidental finding of a 3.8-cm fetal renal mass on prenatal ultrasound. Within 1 week, the fetus developed hydrops and was delivered for nonreassuring fetal assessment. The mother developed mirror syndrome as manifested by hypertension, oliguria, and edema. The hydropic infant developed pulmonary hypertension, sepsis, and renal failure. On day of life 4, life support was discontinued. Pathological examination of the placenta revealed disseminated small round blue cells consistent with neuroblastoma. Metastasis of congenital neuroblastoma to the placenta is exceedingly rare, and cases discovered prenatally have resulted in significant maternal morbidity and 100% neonatal mortality.