胆总管下段结石嵌顿79例诊疗体会

目的 探讨胆总管下段结石嵌顿的治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2011年1月我院收治的79例胆总管下段结石嵌顿患者的病例资料.结果 61例用取石钳取出,9例经胆道镜引导下用碎石仪碎石后取出,4例以胆道镜将结石推送入肠道后排出,此74例患者均未出现并发症;5例切开十二指肠前外侧壁,行Oddi括约肌切开成形及取石,该5例患者中,1例出现十二指肠漏,经通畅引流、抗感染及支持治疗后痊愈.结论 胆总管下段嵌顿结石多数可用取石钳取出,正确的取石方法是取石成功的关键.结石嵌顿紧密者宜在胆道镜引导下以碎石仪碎石后取出,不提倡以胆道镜推送结石入肠道.十二指肠切开取石有并发十二指肠漏的风险,不宜轻易采用.     

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胆总管下段嵌顿结石的处理因其解剖特殊性而较为困难,术前准确判断及评估决定了其治疗方式。胆总管下段结石嵌顿并急性化脓性胆管炎,遵照损伤控制外科理念治疗的重点应是胆道引流迅速缓解胆道梗阻优于结石的处理。胆总管下段结石嵌顿的治疗包括腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)结合内镜括约肌切开术(EST)以及腹腔镜胆囊切除胆总管切开取石(LCBDE)辅助术中经胆道镜碎石,提倡LCBDE经胆道镜碎石,应避免胆胰肠结合部损伤及减少应用Oddi括约肌切开成形术治疗胆管下段嵌顿结石。     

自制腹腔镜胆道取石钳在腹腔镜治疗胆总管结石中的应用研究(附64例报告)

目的:探讨自行设计的腹腔镜胆道取石钳在腹腔镜治疗胆总管结石中的取石效果及应用价值。方法:64例患者在腹腔镜下切开胆总管,先用胆道镜探查,取石网篮取石失败后,用胆道取石钳在胆总管内碎石并取出结石,同时可交替使用取石网篮取石。结果:22例胆总管中有<1.0 cm的游离结石,用腹腔镜胆道取石钳直接取出;31例胆总管中有≥1.0 cm的游离结石,由腹腔镜胆道取石钳联合取石网篮顺利在胆总管内碎石和取石;16例胆总管中有嵌顿的难取性结石,用腹腔镜胆道取石钳在胆总管内碎石后单独或联合取石网篮取出结石。3例术后胆总管残余小结石,经胆道镜取净残余结石。无一例因无法取出结石而中转开腹。结论:腹腔镜胆道取石钳用于腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术,缩短了取石时间,降低了取石难度,避免了因难取性结石而中转开腹手术。在腹腔镜治疗胆总管结石术中有实用性。     

胆道镜联合应用在腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合中的作用

目的探讨胆道镜联合应用在腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合中的应用价值。方法总结2009年1月至2013年4月,腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合术61例的临床经验,胆总管直径≥8mm,腹腔镜下胆总管切开,用纤维胆道镜联合胆道直镜行胆总管取石,先用纤维胆道镜探查胆总管、肝总管及左右肝管,吸引器接输血器管反复冲洗胆总管,大部分结石可以被冲出,再用胆道镜检查,用取石网篮取出残余结石,若遇结石嵌顿或大的结石难以用纤胆镜取出时改用胆道直镜碎石、取石。结果61例患者成功行胆总管切开取石一期缝合术,用胆道直镜碎石取石29例,占47．5％;其中17例结石在胆总管下端嵌顿,12例因结石大难以取出。少量胆漏5例,引流量每天10～50m1,术后3～12d拔除腹腔引流管;手术时间90～180（134±22）min。术后住院7～14（8．4±1．5）d,所有患者均治愈。61例中有58例获随访,随访时间4～52个月,无残余结石。结论胆道直镜可以弥补纤维胆道镜的不足,胆道镜的联合应用可以尽可能取净结石,在腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合中发挥重要的作用。     

胆总管低位切开治疗胆总管下段嵌顿结石

目的：研究胆总管下段嵌顿结石的手术方法。方法：对82例胆总管下段嵌顿结石病人,实施胆总管低位切开取石治疗。结果：本组无医源性胆管损伤及十二指肠损伤发生,80例术中取尽结石,2例术后残留结石,随访1—8年,2例结石复发,无返流性胆管炎发生。结论：胆总管低位切开治疗胆总管下段嵌顿结石,疗效满意。     

腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管治疗胆总管巨大结石的临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管治疗胆道巨大结石的疗效。方法:回顾分析2005年1月至2013年11月84例因梗阻性黄疸、胆总管巨大结石行腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管取石患者的临床资料。结果:80例成功完成手术。1例因胆道出血中转开腹行胆总管切开止血、取石+T管引流术;1例患者怀疑胆道下段肿瘤中转开腹探查并行胰十二指肠切除术,术中冰冻病理证实为胆管癌;1例患者经胆囊管取石毕发现乳头下端狭窄,术中行内镜逆行胰胆管造影及乳头肌切开后胆汁流出通畅;1例患者因Mirizzi综合征导致胆囊三角区粘连紧密从而中转开腹行胆总管切开取石、T管引流术。术后均无出血、胆漏、胆总管损伤等并发症发生,术后住院7~11 d。结论:腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管取石术治疗胆总管巨大结石安全、可靠,手术微创,结石清除率高,并发症少;对于胆囊管粗短直、入口较大的患者,可直接置入胆道镜探查取石,损伤小,优点突出,值得临床应用。     

胆道镜在T型管造影阴性病人的应用价值

自1999至2004年，我科对100例T管造影认为无残石的病人，拔管后经T管窦道胆道镜检查仍发现残石10例（10％），均经胆道镜一次取出，降低了术后胆道残石的发生，现报告如下。 临床资料 本组胆总管结石100例中，男67例，女33例；年龄18-85岁。均行常规术中经胆道检查，采用经胆总管前壁纵行切开入路，切口长10～15mm，同时放置T管引流。其中胆囊、胆总管结石80例，胆囊切除术后胆总管结石10例，胆总管残留结石6例，左右肝胆管残石4例，     

内镜治疗胆总管结石84例分析

内下十二指肠砂切开术（ＥＰＴ）治疗胆总管结石８４例。乳头切开成功７６例，成功率（９０．８％）。结石大小０．５￣２．５ｃｍ，其中一枚结石２２例，多枚结石６２例。术后４５例自然排石者中，２周内排石满意３０例。成功率６６．７％；网蓝、气囊导管取石２０例，成功率８０％；机械碎石取石１１例，碎石取石满意１０例，失败１例，总成功率９０．９％。术中出血２例，术后出血３例，结石嵌顿５例，穿 １例，术后并发重症胰腺     

胆总管下段嵌顿性结石的手术治疗

目的 探讨胆总管下段嵌顿性结石的开腹手术术中处理方法及技巧.方法 回顾性分析我院2005年1月至2009年12月共42例患者的临床资料.25例行胆道镜探查并指导术中取石钳取石,12例行胆道镜下网篮或活检钳取石,2例行经十二指肠Oddi括约肌切开取石,3例行胆道镜联合钬激光碎石取石.结果 本组手术均成功,没有出现大出血、胆漏、胰漏、肠漏等严重并发症,术后T管造影无残余结石,均痊愈出院.结论 胆总管下段嵌顿性结石应结合术中的具体情况采用"个体化"处理原则,但以胆道镜探查,明视下或指导术中取石钳(网篮或活检钳)取石较为常用,且简便、安全.     

ERCP及EST治疗胆总管结石375例临床分析

目的 总结应用逆行胰胆管造影（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography，ERCP）和内镜插约肌切开取石术（endoseopie sphineterotomy，EST）治疗胆总管结石的疗效.方法 肌管结石患者375例，常规行ERCP检查，证实胆管内有结石后行EST，然后根据结石部位、大小和数目以及肌总管直径大小采取不同方法处理结石：①结石直径小于1．0cm的291例予取石网篮取石；②结石直径大于1．0cm的69例予碎石篮碎石；③结石与胆总管直径大小相当和／（或）胆总管下段狭窄且结石坚硬的5例予应急碎石器碎石后再取石；④6例结石巨大和（／或）肌总管内多发结石，取石或碎石篮不能套住而于胆管内置支架1～3月．待再次手术处理。另4例无法取石者仅行ERCP。结果 本组患者中EST成功366例（97．6％），胆总管结石完全取出360例（96．0％）：发生各种并发症13例（3．5％），主要为急性胰腺炎、急性胆管炎和Oddi扩约肌切口渗血，未成功病例及1例并发急性重症胰腺炎中转开腹手术治疗治愈．其余均非手术治疗治愈，无死亡病例。结论 ERCP和EST诊治胆管结石特别是胆总管结石，安全、有效，病人痛苦小。     

Case of intrapancreatic duodenal diverticulum]

A case of intrapancreatic duodenal diverticulum is presented and the possibility of pancreatitis is considered. A digital manoeuvre is described for the non-invasive location of a large diverticulum in case where Kocher's manoeuvre is insufficient. The usefulness of surgery as a mean of preventing what may prove dramatic complications is recognised.     

Increased intrapancreatic trypsinogen activation in ischemia-induced experimental pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVE: The potential of pancreatic ischemia to cause acute pancreatitis as indicated by morphologic changes and ectopic trypsinogen activation was investigated. BACKGROUND: Experimental evidence has shown that pancreatic ischemia is important in the evolution of severe pancreatitis, but whether ischemia can initiate pancreatitis has been disputed. METHODS: Pancreatic ischemia was induced in rats by hemorrhagic hypotension (30 mm Hg for 30 min; n = 64). Changes of pancreatic microcirculatory perfusion were studied using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Serum amylase, trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP) in serum and pancreatic tissue, wet/dry weight ratio, and histology were determined over 24 hours and compared with sham-operated control subjects (n = 35). RESULTS: In control animals, serum amylase (47.9 +/- 2.1 units/L), serum (7.9 +/- 0.7 nmol/L) and tissue TAP (63.0 +/- 5.4 nmol/L x g), wet/dry weight ratio (2.8 +/- 0.1), and histology remained unchanged. Temporary hypotension markedly decreased pancreatic perfusion with incomplete recovery after reperfusion. Pancreatic isoamylase activity increased within 1 hour (110 +/- 5 units/L, p < 0.05) and further to 151 +/- 18 units/L at 24 hours. Tissue TAP was elevated at 1 hour (134 +/- 16 nmol/L x g, p < 0.05) and increased to 341 +/- 43 nmol/L x g (p < 0.001) after 24 hours, whereas serum TAP remained unchanged (8.3 +/- 0.5 nmol/L). Morphologic alterations included elevated wet/dry weight ratio (4.1 +/- 0.3, p < 0.01) and increased histologic scores for edema (p < 0.05) and acinar necrosis (p < 0.05) at 24 hours. Trypsinogen activation preceded the development of pancreatic necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to its potentiating role, severe pancreatic ischemia can play a pathogenetic role in the initiation of acute pancreatitis.     

Adenocarcinoma in an intrapancreatic accessory spleen: Report of a case

We report a case of adenocarcinoma in an intrapancreatic accessory spleen (IPAS). A 78-year-old woman presented with abdominal discomfort, and investigations revealed an elevated serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level, to 161.8 U/ml (normal, <37 U/ml). Ultrasonography showed a heterogeneous echogenic tumor with a vascular hilum. Computed tomography showed a heterogeneously enhanced tumor, 8 cm in diameter, adjacent to the pancreatic body, accompanying a feeding artery arising from the splenic artery, and a drainage vein flowing into the splenic vein. We performed a distal pancreaticosplenectomy. The tumor was surrounded by a fibrous capsule and was in contact with the pancreatic body. Histological examinations revealed invasive growth of adenocarcinoma in a structure identical to the spleen. The results of both radiological and histological examinations suggested that the tumor originated from an intrapancreatic accessory spleen. Extensive examinations revealed no other malignancy, based on which we concluded that the adenocarcinoma was primary. Surgical intervention is strongly recommended when a malignancy in an IPAS cannot be ruled out.     

Epidermoid cyst originating from an intrapancreatic accessory spleen

We report a rare case of an epidermoid cyst originating from an intrapancreatic accessory spleen, in a 40-year-old Japanese man with no clinical symptoms. A cystic tumor in the pancreatic tail was detected incidentally by abdominal ultrasonography. The patient was referred to the KKR Tachikawa Hospital for further examination of the tumor. Preoperative imaging findings suggested that the tumor was an epidermoid cyst originating from an intrapancreatic accessory spleen. On both pre-and post-contrast computed tomography and magnetic resonance images, the solid compartment of the tumor had the same X-ray attenuation and intensity as the spleen. Upon surgical excision, the mass consisted of solid and cystic components that were macroscopically evident on the preoperative images. Microscopic analysis revealed that the solid component was an accessory spleen in the pancreatic tail, whereas the cystic component was lined with stratified epithelium representative of an epidermoid cyst. This is the thirteenth report (in English) of an epidermoid cyst originating from an intrapancreatic accessory spleen, and the first case to be diagnosed prior to surgery.     

Resection of the intrapancreatic bile duct preserving the pancreas

Benign neoplasms of the distal bile duct are rare, but pose a therapeutic challenge. Usually, these lesions are resected by means of ampullectomy if located in close proximity to the ampulla of Vateri or by partial pancreaticoduodenectomy if located intrapancreatic and distant from the ampulla. Here, we present a case of an intrapancreatic benign neuroendocrine tumor that was resected by performing a pancreas-preserving distal bile duct resection. First, a duodenotomy was carried out and a probe was inserted into the pancreatic duct to avoid inadvertent injury. Subsequently, the bile duct was divided proximal the lesion and dissected towards the ampulla. Pancreatic parenchyma was dissected dorsally and closed using absorbable interrupted sutures. The duodenal incision was closed, and reconstruction was performed by an end-to-side hepaticojejunostomy and a Roux-Y jejunojejunostomy. The postoperative course of the patient was uneventful. In conclusion, pancreas-preserving distal bile duct resection might be an option for intrapancreatic benign lesions of the distal bile duct that would otherwise require a partial pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

Epidermoid cyst in an intrapancreatic accessory spleen: a case report

Ectopic splenic tissue in the abdominal cavity is a common entity, with a reported incidence of 10% in the general population. However, an intrapancreatic accessory spleen is a rare disease, and moreover cyst formation in it is exceedingly rare. A 58-year-old woman with a 25-mm multilocular cyst in the tail of the pancreas detected incidentally by ultrasonography was admitted for further evaluation. Because malignancy could not be ruled out, a spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy was performed. The cut surface of the surgical specimen showed a multilocular cyst surrounded by brown solid tissue resembling normal spleen. Pathological examination revealed it was stratified squamous epithelium and was surrounded by splenic tissue. The final pathological diagnosis was epidermoid cyst in an accessory spleen in the pancreas. This cyst has no characteristic features on diagnostic imaging. Consequently, it is not possible to make a definite preoperative diagnosis in most cases. Epidermoid cyst in intrapancreatic splenic tissue is another lesion to be considered in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic tail tumors.