农民工子女在城市教育过程中的社会融入研究

农民工子女在进入城市学校之后的教育过程中的融入困难成为当前我国农民工子女教育中最突出的问题之一,这有着深刻的体制、政策、文化和个人等多层面的原因.为此,应从城市教育一体化和均衡化发展、完善教育政策、提高农民工子女与城市社会的多元文化整合、促进农民工子女对城市教育的主动融入、设立学校社会工作者岗位等多个层面入手解决农民工子女在教育过程中的融入问题,促进其在城市教育中的社会融入.     

当代美国亲犹主义的文化根源

当代美国主流社会呈现出某种程度的亲犹主义。它是当代美国所经历的广泛的文化变迁的结果。希伯来文化曾对美国文明产生广泛而深远的影响。而在当代，美国犹大人已经成功地融入美国主流社会，在文化上成功地实现了“美国化”。犹大教和基督教在当代的对话则开启了两大宗教历史性和解的进程，建构起“犹大教——基督教传统”这样一个文明认同的共同基础。此外，20世纪末美国社会捍卫主流文化的保守冲动也助长了主流社会的亲犹主义。     

中外移民社会适应的差异性与共同性

国内移民的人力资本越强,如教育程度越高、就业竞争力越强、经济收入越高,则越容易适应城市生活.而国外移民的适应则不同,移民越是来自发达国家,其收入越高、生活质量越高、越是有优越心态,越不容易融入当地社会.中外移民在社会适应方面共同性的规律则是,移民融入城市的动机越强、在城市居住的时间越长、社会交往越广泛(社会关系越多),越容易适应与融入城市.     

农民工子女学校文化融合教育模式构建

农民工子女融入城市的过程实质是对城市文化适应的过程,学校是农民工子女接触城市文化最直接的场所。在学校教育中,学校文化显性差异表现在符号系统、教学行为、规范意识、课堂文化上;隐性差异表现在价值倾向、文化排斥、心理层面上。为帮助农民工子女融入城市文化,适应城市学校的教育教学,应以建设学校文化为契机,构建融理念文化、行为文化、物质文化、制度文化为一体的融合教育模式。     

美国“后代华裔”与“后移民华裔”作家简析

从对作品的分析来看,"后代华裔"作家似乎对当代中国大陆的社会文学景观之风格和主题不大感兴趣,还在大谈美国与中国的文化传统的差异。然而,目前"后移民华裔"作家更喜欢观察中国"改革开放"初期所产生的一些社会问题。"后代华裔"作家以Amy Tan(谭恩美)为代表,他们的思想体系和文化习惯都比较"美国化"了,而且他们的作品是给美国人看的,所以他们中的大部分的作家还会情不自禁地或者刻意地去寻求赢得美国主流社会的认同。以哈金为代表的"后移民"华裔作家们通常对故国还保留着深厚的感情,他们不能那么容易地被美国的主流社会"同化",同时他们比较不容易抛弃中国传统文化习俗。因此,"后移民华裔"作家们通常带着浓厚的"情意结"从第三者的角度重新审视中国的社会问题。     

海外新移民与福州山区侨乡教育变迁——以福建闽清X村为例

海外新移民是山区侨乡村庄教育变迁背后的重要推手:一方面,海外就业的经历和收入促成村庄的海外新移民家庭将子女送到村外更好的学校就读,另一方面他们也带动了非移民家庭作出同样的选择.当以海外新移民为主的山区村庄人口不断外迁却又无法吸引外来人口迁入时,村庄教育陷入发展的困境不可避免.     

北美推展中国文化的接受群体分析

中国文化在美国推广和展现有七次震撼性的巡回,在美国主流接受群体中获得了极大的反响。1849年华工赴美淘金,中国文化以群像出现在美洲大陆。此后李鸿章访问纽约、梅兰芳访美演出、宋美龄国会演讲、邓小平中美建交之后的亮相、中国经济地位提升华人新移民以群体形象融入主流、白先勇策划组织《牡丹亭》加州巡演,美国的主流接受群体以一种个人魅力、皇家文化、通俗文化的共鸣来欢迎中国元素。环视近年来的中国文化在美国的推展,效果似乎不够显著,其原因在于忽视了推展中国文化的接受群体研究和操作过程。     

从分治到融合:近50年来我国劳动力移民制度的演变及其影响

建国以来我国实施的城乡分治的移民管制制度不仅人为地将同为国家公民的人口划分为不同身份和地位的“农民”和“市民”两大群体 ,而且也极大地阻碍了农民向城市的移民和农民市民化进程。改革开放以后 ,我国的这种城乡分治的制度开始逐步走向融合 ,其中一个突出表现就是城市中出现了大量的劳动力移民 ,这些劳动力移民已经在社会意义上构成了城市的新移民群体 ,并将对整个城乡社会结构产生重大的影响。     

媒体语境中的农民工子女——以重庆市为例

随着城市化进程的加快,农村剩余劳动力向城市转移,城市中的农民工随迁子女数量大幅增加。近年来,农民工随迁子女在社会融入过程中遇到不少问题,这一群体的教育问题、生存状况、心理健康日益引起公众和媒体的关注。媒体对于这一特殊群体的关注与报道,对于维持社会稳定、促进和谐社会的构建有着重要意义。通过对重庆媒体中对农民工子女的新闻报道进行定量和内容分析,概括了当前报纸对农民工子女生存现状报道的不足,并对农民工子女报道中出现的问题提出了建议。     

跨国主义视野中的新移民文学

新移民文学是随着中国的改革开放而产生、发展的,因此,其发展的每一阶段都与中国的政治、经济发展进程有着微妙的对应关系。进入新世纪之后,中国飞速发展的经济以及对全球化进程的进一步融入,不仅改变着本土国人的生活,也对全球的华人移民发生着潜在的影响,华人移民的生存状态和文化心态都在某种程度上回应着这种变化。针对华人移民的研究也进入了跨国主义时代。多数新移民写作者的文学事业建基于以中国内地为中心的汉语文化圈,通过自己的文学书写和文学活动而建立起了一个跨国、跨文化的社会场域。在跨国主义视野中审视新移民文学新世纪以来的发展,可以看到两个明显的趋向,一是从故国回望、异域悲情发展到以文化自信为底色的文化观察与思考。二是在从边缘融入主流的过程中,对底层关注渐趋减少。这两个趋向是新移民文学在从边缘走向中心的挣扎过程中所呈现出的一体两面。     

New faces in new spaces in new places: Residential attainment among newly legalized immigrants in established,new, and minor destinations

Immigrants at the beginning of the twenty-first century are located in a more diverse set of metropolitan areas than at any point in U.S. history. Whether immigrants' residential prospects are helped or hindered in new versus established immigrant-receiving areas has been the subject of debate. Using multilevel models and data from the New Immigrant Survey (NIS), a nationally representative sample of newly legalized immigrants to the U.S., we move beyond aggregate-level analyses of residential segregation to specify the influence of destination type on individual-level immigrant residential outcomes. The findings indicate that immigrants in new and minor destinations are significantly more likely to live in tracts with relatively more non-Hispanic whites and relatively fewer immigrants and poor residents. These residential advantages persist net of individual-level controls but are largely accounted for by place-to-place differences in metropolitan composition and structure. Our exclusive focus on newly legalized immigrants means that our findings do not necessarily contradict the possibility of worse residential prospects in new areas of settlement, but rather qualifies it as not extending to the newly authorized population.     

The healthy immigrant (migrant) effect: In search of a better native-born comparison group

This paper evaluates whether immigrants’ initial health advantage over their U.S.-born counterparts results primarily from characteristics correlated with their birth countries (e.g., immigrant culture) or from selective migration (e.g., unobserved characteristics such as motivation and ambition) by comparing recent immigrants’ health to that of recent U.S.-born interstate migrants (“U.S.-born movers”). Using data from the 1999–2013 waves of the March Current Population Survey, I find that, relative to U.S.-born adults (collectively), recent immigrants have a 6.1 percentage point lower probability of reporting their health as fair or poor. Changing the reference group to U.S.-born movers, however, reduces the recent immigrant health advantage by 28%. Similar reductions in the immigrant health advantage occurs in models estimated separately by either race/ethnicity or education level. Models that examine health differences between recent immigrants and U.S.-born movers who both moved for a new job—a primary motivation behind moving for both immigrants and the U.S.-born—show that such immigrants have only a 1.9 percentage point lower probability of reporting their health as fair or poor. Together, the findings suggest that changing the reference group from U.S.-born adults collectively to U.S.-born movers reduces the identified immigrant health advantage, indicating that selective migration plays a significant role in explaining the initial health advantage of immigrants in the United States.     

Wealth accumulation among U.S. immigrants: A study of assimilation and differentials

Data from the New Immigrant Survey are used to study wealth differentials among U.S. legal permanent residents. This study is unique in its ability to account for wealth held in the U.S. and that held abroad and yields several key findings. First, relative to immigrants from Western Europe, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (who have median wealth similar to native born non-Hispanic whites), other immigrant groups have lower levels of total wealth even after accounting for permanent income and life course characteristics. Second, time in the U.S. is positively associated with the wealth of married immigrants, yet this relationship is not statistically significant for single immigrants. Third, differences in the means of measured characteristics between Western European immigrants and those from most other origin regions account for more than 75 percent of observed wealth disparities. However, for immigrants from Asia and from the Indian subcontinent, much of the wealth differential remains unexplained by these factors.     

Immigrant and native financial well-being: The roles of place of education and race/ethnicity

Immigrants’ integration into U.S. society has occupied the interest of both scholars and the general public throughout the nation’s history. This paper draws on and refines dominance-differentiation theory to explore how immigrants’ place of education (whether they completed their education in the United States or abroad) and racial/ethnic status differentially affect their ability to integrate into U.S. society. Using the Survey of Income and Program Participation and wealth attainment as an indicator of economic integration, this paper finds mixed evidence for dominance-differentiation theory. Foreign education is associated with lower wealth attainment and race/ethnicity serves as an important stratifying factor for blacks and Latinos; however, there is little support for the theory when comparing the wealth attainment of immigrants with their same-race/co-ethnic native-born peers. This paper concludes with a discussion of why place of education matters for wealth attainment in the United States and explores its implications for both educational and racial/ethnic stratification among U.S. immigrants.     

Student misbehavior during senior year: A comparison of immigrants and the native-born

Prior research has increasingly shown that the length of time in the U.S. and acculturation may have negative effects on a variety of immigrant outcomes, including academic performance, health, and occupational attainment. However, much of the research on the educational outcomes of immigrants focuses primarily on their academic achievement but neglects another factor that affects educational success—behavior at school. Using data from a sample of high school seniors in several Pacific Northwest school districts, I examine whether more time in the U.S. increases school misbehavior by testing the effects of immigrant generation and indicators of acculturation on three measures of disciplinary problems during the senior year of high school—attending class unprepared, getting in trouble for breaking school rules, and being put on suspension. First and one-point-five generation immigrants attend class more prepared and get into less trouble for breaking the school rules than do third or higher generation students during their senior year of high school. High academic performance and indicators of acculturation explain only part of this beneficial effect of immigrant generation on behavior at school. Additional analyses show that second generation Asian immigrants are more similar to first and 1.5 generation immigrants from all racial and ethnic groups than they are from other second generation racial and ethnic groups in regards to moderate and intermediate behavior.     

关于20世纪俄国现代化问题的若干思考

20世纪世界历史发展的基本趋势是实现现代化———由传统的落后的农业社会向现代的工业社会转变。20世纪俄国历史的一个根本性问题就是革命与现代化之间的相互作用问题。苏联虽未能建成发达的社会主义,但现代化进程使国家发生了根本改观,苏联由落后的农业国变成了发达的工业强国,人民的生活水平明显提高,所有这一切对战胜德国法西斯起到了至关重要的作用,确保了在冷战期间与美国的核军备平衡。     

Hurdles or walls? Nativity,citizenship, legal status and Latino homeownership in Los Angeles

Homeownership is directly and indirectly linked with many positive child, adult, and community-level outcomes. Prior research offers strong evidence that nativity and immigrants’ citizenship status shapes U.S. homeownership, but relatively little work has explored how immigrants’ legal status is connected with homeownership. This study draws from locational attainment and classic assimilation theories to develop hypotheses about sources of intra-Latino heterogeneity in homeownership. Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey data are used to contrast four distinct groups of Latinos: U.S. born natives, naturalized citizens, authorized non-citizens, and unauthorized non-citizens. Logistic regression results indicate baseline and residual variation in Latino homeownership based on immigrant citizenship and legal status. Of these, unauthorized non-citizens are the least likely to own their home. The results provide support for all three theoretical models, particularly the place stratification perspective. The results also point to the need for more housing studies that jointly examine citizenship and legal status.     

Experiencing discrimination in Los Angeles: Latinos at the intersection of legal status and socioeconomic status

Despite its recent slowdown, immigration from Latin America continues to be a controversial issue. Some scholars argue that the social climate is increasingly inhospitable to Latinos, potentially fueling discriminatory attitudes and behaviors. However, little research has examined Latinos' experiences with discrimination, especially variation by nativity and legal status. We address this issue with research on perceived discrimination among Mexican and Central American residents of Los Angeles County, a major destination for Latin American immigrants. Using data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey and the American Community Survey, the analyses consider immigrants’ legal status, intersectionality, and competing perspectives on assimilation. The results show that undocumented immigrants do not report especially high levels of discrimination. Instead, young U.S.-born Latinos are the most likely to report mistreatment in interpersonal and institutional domains. Neighborhood ethnoracial and income diversity also have implications for perceived exposure to different types of discrimination.     

Immigration and the American industrial revolution from 1880 to 1920

In this study, we measure the contribution of immigrants and their descendents to the growth and industrial transformation of the American workforce in the age of mass immigration from 1880 to 1920. The size and selectivity of the immigrant community, as well as their disproportionate residence in large cities, meant they were the mainstay of the American industrial workforce. Immigrants and their children comprised over half of manufacturing workers in 1920, and if the third generation (the grandchildren of immigrants) are included, then more than two-thirds of workers in the manufacturing sector were of recent immigrant stock. Although higher wages and better working conditions might have encouraged more long-resident native-born workers to the industrial economy, the scale and pace of the American industrial revolution might well have slowed. The closing of the door to mass immigration in the 1920s did lead to increased recruitment of native born workers, particularly from the South, to northern industrial cities in the middle decades of the 20th century.     

Female labor force participation in the US: How is immigration shaping recent trends?

Women entered the paid workforce in unprecedented numbers during the 20th century. Yet recent years have been witness to a creeping reversal in women's labor force participation. Why did the revolution stall? In response to debates over a “natural” limit to women's employment, or a cultural backlash against the dual-breadwinner household, we consider an alternative explanation, namely whether immigration has slowed the growth in female labor force participation. Using CPS data from 1998 to 2018, we show that the increase in the share of immigrants and children of immigrants in the population has reduced overall female labor force participation. However, immigration accounts for relatively little of the retreat from the labor force. Instead, the compositional effect of population change is overshadowed by behavioral shifts that affect both natives and immigrants. Lower participation rates among native-born women accounts for most of the overall decline. Despite persistent differences, we also find substantial convergence in the labor force behavior of native-born and foreign-born women, which bodes well for the long-term economic incorporation of immigrants and their children.