Clonal propagation of Leucaena by single bud splice grafting with a new grafting tool,and by modified veneer crown grafting

A simple tool called the graft guide, and its use with a new grafting technique called the single-bud splice (SBS) graft is described. The graft guide assures precise complementary rootstock and scion cuts, and thus ensures good cambial contact necessary for graft union formation. The use of this tool to graft small (3–15 mm) vegetative shoots of Leucaena species and hybrids is illustrated. An overall grafting success rate of 72% was achieved using this technique for several leucaenas. An additional modified veneer grafting technique for use when rootstock is larger in diameter than the scion, achieved 73% success. Graft compatibility results from 961 grafts between scions of 15 Leucaena species and three interspecific hybrids, and rootstocks of two species are presented. Of the 48 scion/rootstock combinations attempted, 43 (90%) were successful.     

Factors influencing in vivo and in vitro micrografting of sandalwood (Santalum album L.): an endangered tree species

In vivo micrografting of Santalum album was achieved (50%) by grafting 4- to 5-cm-long scions, collected from a candidate plus tree (CPT) of 50–60 years of age, onto 90-day-old nursery-grown rootstock. Scion size, rootstock age, and scion collection season were found to influence graft success. Grafted plants were incubated under greenhouse conditions for 6–8 weeks during the graft union process. In vitro micrografts were achieved by placing 1- to 2-cm-long scions derived from nodal shoot segments (collected from CPT) onto the hypocotyl of 45-day-old in vitro rootstocks. Use of in vitro grown shoots as a source of scion gave better graft success (60%) than scions collected directly from field-grown trees. In vitro grafting was also influenced by scion size and rootstock age. Under favorable conditions, scions and hypocotyls unite to form complete plants that produced two to four leaves after 6–8 weeks. This is the first report on in vivo and in vitro micrografting of S. album having potential for production of disease-free clonal plants for conservation and improvement targets.     

早实核桃芽接愈伤形成过程扫描电镜观察

为给完善核桃芽接繁育技术提供参考,选用山东地方品种‘鸡爪绵’核桃实生苗为砧木,采用大方块芽接方法嫁接早实核桃品种‘香玲’和‘元林’,利用扫描电镜观测其砧穗组合体愈伤形成和嫁接口愈合过程。结果表明:2个早实核桃品种嫁接愈合过程相似,嫁接后第6天砧穗嫁接体愈合完成。第1天,嫁接口接穗上有愈伤组织细胞产生,同时有少量无机、有机分泌物或晶体;第2天,嫁接口处产生大量愈伤组织细胞,‘香玲’和‘元林’接穗愈伤组织细胞直径分别为17.5~35.0和14.1~33.3μm,‘元林’接穗愈伤细胞数量明显多于‘香玲’;第4天,愈伤细胞延伸分化出明显的愈伤组织,愈伤组织不断分裂;第5天,砧穗愈伤组织相互交叉连接;第6天,接穗和砧木间的维管束已重新连接,嫁接愈合完成。     

锥栗芽苗砧嫁接技术

为了提高锥栗芽苗砧嫁接成活率,以野生锥栗种子作为砧木,以‘华栗3号’当年生营养枝作为接穗,采用嫩枝劈接法,研究4个嫁接时期(4月20日、5月10日、6月1日、7月10日)、5种日龄砧木(20、30、45、60、90 d)和封口材料及封口方式(铝箔、嫁接膜封顶、嫁接膜不封顶)对锥栗芽苗砧嫁接成活率的影响。结果表明:封口材料与封口方式对嫁接成活率存在较大影响,不同的封口材料与封口方式处理的嫁接苗成活率从高到低依次为:嫁接膜封顶、铝箔、嫁接膜不封顶;6月1日为最佳嫁接时期,嫁接膜封顶处理的嫁接成活率达64.00%;砧木年龄过小(20 d)或过大(90 d)均对嫁接成活不利,当砧木日龄为45 d时,嫁接成活率最高,为69.33%。     

红松果林嫁接试验研究初报

采用3年生红松苗和4年生樟子松容器苗做砧木,选用牡丹江东京城17年生红松人工林中生长优异的林木,在树冠上中部的侧枝采取接穗,用髓心形成层贴接法进行嫁接。试验结果表明,嫁接成活率均在70%以上,接穗当年生长量樟子松砧木高于红松砧木。     

抗病和感病泡桐无性系组培苗对嫁接传染植原体的不同反应

用感染了植原体并表现典型丛枝症状的组培苗作接穗或砧木，在无杂菌条件下嫁接７个表现不同田间抗性的无性系健康组培苗，并用ＤＡＰＩ荧光显微镜和１６ＳｒＲＮＡ基因扩增（ＰＣＲ）技术检验嫁接传病效果。Ｃ１２５和ＸｕＨ表现出较强的特异性接种诱发坏死反应，ＺＨ和Ｔ３５０２８坏死反应中等，ＱＬＭ、Ｃ０２０和Ｃ１６１的坏死反应较弱。培养基中添加植物生长调节剂（６ＢＡ或ＮＡＡ）可降低坏死程度，提高嫁接成功率，水杨酸处理或去掉健株砧木叶片和根系皆加重坏死反应程度。用病接穗嫁接抗病的ＱＬＭ无性系时，用ＰＣＲ检测到侵染砧木的植原体，但未表现丛枝症状，而将此无性系健康接穗嫁接到丛枝病砧木上时可诱致典型丛枝症状，从而表现出与根系和成熟叶相关的抗性反应。除Ｃ１２５外，其余６个无性系皆被嫁接传染，其继代培养表现出差异不显著的丛枝症状，其韧皮部金黄色自发荧光随着症状的加重而累积，也与抗病性有一定的联系。     

Vigor-controlling rootstocks affect early shoot growth and leaf area development of kiwifruit

Patterns of shoot development and the production of different types of shoots were compared with scion leaf area index (LAI) to identify how eight clonal Actinidia rootstocks influence scion development. Rootstocks selected from seven Actinidia species (A. chrysantha Merri., A. deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson, A. eriantha Benth., A. hemsleyana Dunn, A. kolomikta (Maxim. et Rupr.) Maxim., A. kolomikta C.F. Liang and A. polygama (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim.) were grafted with the scion Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. chinensis 'Hort16A' (yellow kiwifruit). Based on an earlier architectural analysis of A. chinensis, axillary shoot types produced by the scion were classified as short, medium or long. Short and medium shoots produced a restricted number of preformed leaves before the shoot apex ceased growth and aborted, resulting in a 'terminated' shoot. The apex of long shoots continued growth and produced more nodes throughout the growing seasons. Mid-season LAI of the scion was related to the proportion of shoots that ceased growth early in the season. Scions on low-vigor rootstocks had 50% or less leaf area than scions on the most vigorous rootstocks and had a higher proportion of short and medium shoots. On low-vigor rootstocks, a higher proportion of short shoots was retained during pruning to form the parent structure of the following year. Short parent shoots produced a higher proportion of short daughter shoots than long parent shoots, thus reinforcing the effect of the low-vigor rootstocks. However, overall effects of rootstock on shoot development were consistent regardless of parent shoot type and nodal position within the parent shoot. Slower-growing shoots were more likely to terminate and scions on low-vigor rootstocks produced a higher proportion of slow-growing shoots. Shoot termination also occurred earlier on low-vigor rootstocks. The slower growth of terminating shoots was detectable from about 20 days after bud burst. Removal of a proportion of shoots at the end of bud burst increased the growth rate and decreased the frequency of termination of the remaining shoots on all rootstocks, indicating that the fate of a shoot was linked to competitive interactions among shoots during initial growth immediately after bud burst. Rootstock influenced the process of shoot termination independently of its effect on final leaf size. Scions on low-vigor rootstocks had a higher proportion of short shoots and short shoots on all rootstocks had smaller final leaf sizes at equivalent nodes than medium or long shoots. Only later in the development of long shoots was final leaf size directly related to rootstock, with smaller leaves on low-vigor rootstocks. Thus, the most important effect of these Actinidia rootstocks on scion development occurred during the initial period of shoot growth immediately after bud burst.     

Hydraulic conductance characteristics of peach (Prunus persica) trees on different rootstocks are related to biomass production and distribution

We investigated hydraulic conductance characteristics and associated dry matter production and distribution of peach trees grafted on different rootstocks growing in the field. A single scion genotype was grown on a low ('K146-43'), an intermediate ('Hiawatha') and a high ('Nemaguard') vigor rootstock. 'K146-43' and 'Hiawatha' rootstocks had 27 and 52% lower mean leaf-specific hydraulic conductances, respectively, than the more vigorous 'Nemaguard' rootstock. Tree growth rates and patterns of biomass distribution varied significantly among rootstocks. Mean dry mass relative growth rates of trees on 'K146-43' and 'Nemaguard' were 66 and 75%, respectively, of the rates of trees on 'Nemaguard', and the scion to rootstock dry mass ratios of trees on 'K146-43' and 'Hiawatha' were 63 and 82%, respectively, of the ratio of trees on 'Nemaguard'. Thus, differences in dry matter distribution between the scion and rootstock, which may be a compensatory response to the differences in leaf specific hydraulic conductance among rootstocks, appeared to be related to differences in growth rates. Correspondingly, there was a positive linear relationship between the scion to rootstock dry mass ratio and the rootstock to scion hydraulic conductance ratio when conductance was normalized for dry mass. This study confirms that rootstock effects on tree water relations and vegetative growth potential result, at least in part, from differences in tree hydraulic conductance associated with specific peach rootstocks.     

蜡杨梅与杨梅种间嫁接及亲缘关系分析

【目的】研究蜡杨梅与杨梅的嫁接亲和性及亲缘关系,为杨梅扩展栽培提供参考。【方法】连续3年在浙江余姚滩涂上(土壤pH8. 01),以蜡杨梅和杨梅为砧木,以4种主栽品种‘荸荠种’‘东魁’‘夏至红’和‘水晶种’为接穗的种间嫁接,并基于SSR对蜡杨梅和杨梅进行亲缘关系鉴定和聚类分析。调查各砧穗组合的嫁接成活率及相关指标。【结果】杨梅砧穗组合的嫁接成活率为:70. 08%～83. 75%,其中‘夏至红’接穗的嫁接成活率最高(81. 98%),‘荸荠种’次之(80. 43%);蜡杨梅砧穗组合的嫁接成活率为27. 51%～38. 29%,其中,‘东魁’接穗的嫁接成活率最高(34. 88%);杨梅砧穗组合的嫁接成活率极显著高于蜡杨梅砧穗组合。不同组合间的T-test显示:蜡杨梅砧穗组合BQ4-6、DK4-6和SJ4-6分别在冠径、干周和植株高度等指标上显著性高于杨梅砧穗组合。6个指标的相关性分析显示:2个砧木群体在连续3年的试验中,嫁接成活率与植株高度和冠径之间均存在显著性正相关,砧木高度与植株高度均呈现显著性负相关。利用127对SSR标记对2个砧木及4个接穗材料进行了多态性检测,聚类分析后分为3个群体,蜡杨梅与杨梅的种间亲缘系数为0. 31,杨梅砧木与‘夏至红’亲缘关系最近,与‘荸荠种’次之;蜡杨梅与‘东魁’亲缘关系最近;与嫁接成活率的表现一致,亲缘关系越近成活率越高。【结论】蜡杨梅砧木与杨梅接穗间存在一定的亲和性,而且更适合生长在碱性土壤中。     

The dwarfing mechanism of citrus rootstocks F&A 418 and #23 is related to competition between vegetative and reproductive growth

The annual development of Navelina (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) trees budded on three hybrid citrus rootstocks was studied. Two rootstocks, named #23 and #24, were obtained from the cross of Troyer citrange (C. sinensis x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) x Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni Hort. ex Tan.). The third rootstock, named F&A 418, came from a cross of Troyer citrange x common mandarin (C. deliciosa Ten.). Rootstocks #23 and F&A 418 are dwarfing rootstocks and reduce the size of the scion by about 75%. Rootstock #24 yields a standard size scion. Major growth differences that influenced tree size were apparent during the first summer after grafting and appeared to be related to fruit productivity, because defruiting the dwarfed scions caused a significant increase in vegetative shoot development, including summer sprouting. The reduced growth of the dwarfed scions was not restored by hormone application, indicating that a hormonal deficiency is unlikely to be the primary reason for scion dwarfing, although differences in gibberellin concentrations were found in actively growing shoots. Leaf photosynthesis was similar in scions on all three rootstocks, but the carbohydrate accumulation in fruits and fibrous roots during the summer sprouting period was significantly greater in the dwarfed trees than in the standard trees. Our results suggest that the dwarfing mechanism induced by the F&A 418 and #23 rootstocks is mediated by enhanced reproductive development and fruit growth, resulting in reduced vegetative development in the summer. Thus, a change in the pattern of assimilate distribution appears to be one of the main components of the dwarfing mechanism.     

Scion-rootstock relationships with respect to height growth and foliar concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in reciprocal grafts of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis

Both scion and rootstock clones significantly influenced scion elongation and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the scion foliage. Scion clone was the more important determinant. Scion clone × rootstock clone interactions were not significant. The ability of a clone to elongate as a scion was not correlated with its capacity to promote or retard scion elongation when used as a rootstock. Genetic differences in foliar nutrient concentrations appeared to reflect levels of nutrient demand, rather than the ability of roots to absorb nutrients. Nutrient demand of the rootstock can also explain negative correlations between nitrogen levels in rootstock clones and levels of both nitrogen and phosphorus in the scions. There was no significant relationship between scion elongation and foliar nitrogen concentrations of either rootstock or scion. The weak relationship between scion elongation and concentration of phosphorus in the rootstock apparently resulted from tissue dilution.     

Open-pollinated, interspecific F1 hybrid seed orchards of Leucaena: I. Rootstock effects

Seed orchards of Leucaena were established at two experimental sites in Hawaii to produce either triploid or tetraploid interspecific hybrid seed by interplanting clonal self incompatible diploid (L. diversifolia, L. esculenta) or tetraploid (L. pallida) species with self- compatible L. leucocephala lines and the F1 hybrid of L. diversifolia (2n = 4x) × L. leucocephala. The seed parents were grafted onto three seedling rootstocks (L. diversifolia (2n = 4x), shrubby L. leucocephala, and giant L. leucocephala) to compare rootstock effects on scion growth. This paper reports on the effects of rootstock on scion growth during the first year based on total truck cross sectional area, height growth, and crown habit. In the triploid seed orchard, rootstock significantly affected the growth of four of the six clones, while in the tetraploid orchard the growth of two of the five clones was significantly affected by rootstock. Crown habit was independent of rootstock. Our study suggests that rootstock effects depend on the specific scion and rootstock combination, and site. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth, cambial activity and phloem structure in compatible and incompatible peach/plum grafts

Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) shoots grafted onto compatible or incompatible clones of rootstocks of myrobolan plum (Prunus cerasifera L. Ehrh. cv. myrobolan) were observed in a greenhouse for 100 days after grafting. The incompatible grafts showed foliar symptoms of incompatibility and reduced shoot growth about 60 days after grafting. Light microscopic studies revealed that cambial activity stopped earlier in the rootstocks, than in the scions, of incompatible grafts. Structural modifications were also observed in the phloem of incompatible grafts. Compared with the compatible graft rootstock, the number of sieve elements differentiated from the cambial zone was reduced in the incompatible graft rootstock, whereas the production of parenchyma cells was not affected. No important ultrastructural alteration was observed in the sieve tubes of the incompatible grafts. However, osmiophilic granulations near the plasma membrane of sieve plates were observed more frequently in the rootstocks of incompatible grafts than in ungrafted myrobolan controls. It is concluded that the external symptoms of incompatibility are not related to massive structural modifications or degeneration of the conducting tissues.     

不同地径砧木对山桐子嫁接苗成活及生长特性的影响

为给山桐子丰产栽培技术提供参考依据,就不同地径砧木对山桐子嫁接苗生长特性的影响情况进行了试验研究。结果表明:(1)山桐子苗嫁接成活率为86.00%~93.20%,保存率为82.63%~90.43%;地径为7~9 cm的大规格砧木组嫁接苗的成活率和保存率均显著高于3~5 cm砧木组的。(2)地径为7~9 cm的大规格砧木组嫁接苗的接穗粗度、树高、冠幅、枝条数量、最长枝长度、最长枝粗度、叶长、叶宽、单叶面积、单株叶片数量和叶面积指数均显著大于地径为5~7 cm的中规格和3~5 cm的小规格砧木组的,而不同地径砧木对最短枝长度、最短枝粗度和叶柄长度的影响均不显著。(3)接穗粗度、树高、冠幅、枝条数量、最长枝长度、最长枝粗度、叶长、叶宽、单叶面积、单株叶片数量、叶面积指数与砧木地径间均存在显著正相关关系。文中因此认为,山桐子砧木的粗度对嫁接苗木的生长具有重要的影响。     

南洋楹优树嫁接技术研究

研究不同嫁接方法、接穗来源、砧木粗细度等对南洋楹（Paraserianthes falcataria）优树嫁接成活率的影响,结果表明：南洋楹最适宜的嫁接方法是改良切接法,优质接穗为带有饱满隐芽的1 a生木质化枝条,嫁接成活率可达到70.4％,比传统方法成活率提高51.6个百分点;南洋楹嫁接砧木的最佳地径为1.5 ～2.5cm;南洋楹的嫁接成活率随着采穗母株年龄增加有所降低.     

油茶高接换冠嫁接成活率影响试验

用长林系油茶4号、18号、21号、40号和55号5个优良新品种作接穗,对低产的普通油茶林进行高接换冠,开展砧木生长势、嫁接部位直径大小、嫁接高度、保留技数量和接穗新鲜程度5个因子对嫁接成活率的影响试验.结果表明,油茶砧木生长势越强嫁接成活率越高,砧木嫁接部位直径3～8cm嫁接成活率较高,接穗采集后越早嫁接成活率越高,砧木的嫁接高度、保留枝条数量对成活影响差异不显著.油茶砧木生长势强、嫁接部位直径3cm以上、接穗采集当天嫁接的成活率在90％以上.     

核桃砧穗生理状态对微枝嫁接成活的影响

核桃微枝嫁接是以子苗为砧木以无根试管苗为接穗进行无性繁殖的一项新技术。子苗及试管苗生理状态对嫁接成活影响很大。真叶展开之前子苗内源细胞分裂素,生长素,含水量,葡萄糖,果糖均处于较高水平;嫁接易于成活;真叶展开后,上述生理指标急剧下降,随之嫁接成活率也降低。     

杉木砧木质量对接穗生长影响的研究

通过对马关县杉木初级无性系种子园嫁接的１年生接穗高生长、直径生长、正冠率和砧木基径以及１～２年生砧木接口的愈合率进行调查分析，结果表明：接穗的高、径生长和正冠率与砧木基径成正相关；砧木接口的愈合率在一定范围内（砧木基径小于５ｃｍ时）随砧木基径的增大而增大，以后随砧木基径的增长而减小。     

德宏州油茶芽砧嫁接技术

以尚未木质化的芽苗为砧木,半木质化的树枝为接穗,在芒市城郊的德宏州林业局中心苗圃进行油茶芽砧嫁接试验．文章重点介绍了砧木培育、接穗采集、嫁接、栽植等芽砧嫁接技术以及嫁接后的管理技术．观察结果表明,用保鲜膜包扎不伤砧木,保湿性好,嫁接口愈合快,成活率高,降低了嫁接和育苗成本．     

“寒富”苹果硬枝高接试验

以山定子大树为砧木,设嫁接方法、接穗保湿措施、长穗接、多穗接4个处理进行寒富苹果硬枝高接试验。结果表明:劈接、插皮接,接穗涂保湿剂,嫁接成活率高;采用长穗接、多穗接,可早期获得较高单株产量。