IGF-Ⅱ对小鼠2-细胞胚胎体外发育的影响

目的研究胰岛素生长因子-Ⅱ对小鼠2-细胞胚胎体外发育的影响。方法在mKSOM培养液中添加不同浓度的IGF—Ⅱ（insulin—like growth factor—Ⅱ）对小鼠2-细胞胚胎进行体外培养,观察囊胚发育率、孵化率和囊胚细胞数的变化。结果（1）培养到72h,实验组囊胚率显著高于对照组。（2）培养到96h,0．1、1、10ng／ml IGF-Ⅱ添加组的孵化率显著高于对照组和100ng／ml IGF—Ⅱ添加组。（3）进行囊胚细胞计数,实验组与对照组比较,差异无显著性;四个实验组之间比较,差异亦无显著性。结论IGF-Ⅱ浓度为0．1、1、10ng／ml时,能促进小鼠2-细胞胚胎的体外发育。     

白介素-1β对小鼠胚胎体外发育及胚胎子宫内膜共培养体系分泌Hb—EGF、αυβ3的影响

目的使用不同浓度的白介素-1β(IL-1β)对小鼠胚胎体外发育进行干预并检测与着床相关因子Hb—EGF、αυβ3的分泌,探讨IL-1β在胚胎着床中的作用。方法将IL-1β稀释成不同浓度,研究其对小鼠2-细胞期胚胎囊胚形成率及囊胚孵出率的影响,并用酶联免疫吸附法检测不同浓度的IL-1β对胚胎子宫内膜共培养体系Hb—EGF、αυβ3表达的影响。结果 2-细胞胚胎体外培养,经含不同浓度的IL-1β培养液干预,培养72h的囊胚率明显高于对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.01)。1ng/ml和10ng/ml组培养96h的胚胎孵出率明显高于对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。100ng/ml组的孵出率与对照组相比,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。胚胎-子宫内膜共培养体系经1ng/ml、10ng/mlIL-1β干预后Hb—EGF、αυβ3蛋白表达上调,与对照组相比,有显著性差异(P<0.05);共培养体系经100ng/ml IL-1β干预后Hb—EGF、αυβ3蛋白表达与对照组相比,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论合适的IL-1β可以促进体外培养小鼠胚胎发育及胚胎着床。     

肝病患者血清表皮生长因子、转化生长因子-α含量变化的探讨

目的探讨肝病患者血清表皮生长因子(EGF)、转化生长因子-α(TGF-α)含量变化的意义.方法应用放射免疫分析法检测212例各类肝病患者和88例正常对照组的血清EGF和TGF-a的含量.结果与对照组相比,原发性肝癌组、肝硬化组的EGF、TGF-α水平显著升高(p<0.01).急性肝炎组和慢性重型肝炎组的血清TGF-α也明显增高,而慢性轻型肝炎组的血清中EGF、TGF-α含量与对照组比较差异无显著性意义(p>0.05 ).急、慢性肝炎组的血清中TGF-α含量与血清中总胆红素和谷丙转氨酶的含量变化呈正相关.肝硬化组中TGF和EGF均与A/G比值相关.结论提示EGF和TGF-α的活性与肝脏疾病中的炎症损伤、修复再生、纤维化和肿瘤增殖的形成起重要作用.     

肝病患者血清表皮生长因子、转化生长因子—α含量变化的探讨

目的探讨肝病患者血清表皮生长因子(EGF)、转化生长因子-α(TGF-α)含量变化的意义.方法应用放射免疫分析法检测212例各类肝病患者和88例正常对照组的血清EGF和TGF-a的含量.结果与对照组相比,原发性肝癌组、肝硬化组的EGF、TGF-α水平显著升高(p<0.01).急性肝炎组和慢性重型肝炎组的血清TGF-α也明显增高,而慢性轻型肝炎组的血清中EGF、TGF-α含量与对照组比较差异无显著性意义(p>0.05).急、慢性肝炎组的血清中TGF-α含量与血清中总胆红素和谷丙转氨酶的含量变化呈正相关.肝硬化组中TGF和EGF均与A/G比值相关.结论提示EGF和TGF-α的活性与肝脏疾病中的炎症损伤、修复再生、纤维化和肿瘤增殖的形成起重要作用.     

再生障碍性贫血患者血清sICAM—l和TGF—β1水平及其意义

目的　探讨再生障碍性贫血 (AA ,再障 )患者血清可溶性细胞间粘附分子 - 1(sICAM - 1)和转化生长因子β1(TGF - β1)水平及其意义 .方法　采用ELISA法检测再障 3 0例和骨髓增生异常综合征 (MDS) 15例 ,正常对照组 2 0例血清sICAM - 1和TGF - β1水平 .结果　慢性再障 (CAA)组sICAM - 1较正常组明显增高 (p <0 0 5 ) ,TGF - β1较正常组明显降低 (p <0 0 1) ;重型再障 (SAA)和MDS组sICAM - 1均较正常组显著增高 (p均 <0 0 1) ,TGF - β1均较正常组显著下降 (p均 <0 0 1) .SAA组sICAM - 1较CAA组显著增高 (p <0 0 5 ) ,MDS组与CAA组比较 ,sICAM - 1明显增高 (p <0 0 1) ,MDS组与SAA组比较 ,TGF - β1明显增高 (p <0 0 1) .动态观察 10例再障 ,随着病情的好转 ,sICAM - 1水平逐渐下降 ,TGF - β1水平趋于上升 ;当病情加重时 ,sICAM - 1上升 ,TGF - β1下降 .血清sICAM - 1和TGF - β1接近正常者疗效、预后好 .结论　高水平的sICAM - 1和低水平的TGF - β1可能参与再障造血干 /祖细胞衰竭的病理生理过程 ;动态检测sICAM - 1和TGF - β1水平 ,为再障患者监测病情、评价疗效、指导临床治疗及预后判断提供较为客观的指标     

多发性硬化患者血清TGF←β_1的检测及其临床意义

目的 :探讨转化生长因子 β1(TGF β1)在多发性硬化 (MS)发生、发展中的作用。方法 :采用酶联免疫吸附ELISA方法 ,对 45例MS患者血清TGF β1的含量进行了测定。结果 :与对照组和NIND组相比 ,MS患者血清TGF β1含量明显下降 (P <0 0 1) ;与StableMS组相比 ,RRMS组和CPMS组TGF β1含量亦明显下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ;动态观察显示 ,随着病情的好转 ,TGF β1含量亦逐渐升高。结论 :血清中TGF β1的检测对判断MS患者的病情变化具有重要的临床实用价值。     

肝病患者血清转化生长因子-α水平变化的探讨

应用放射免疫分析法检测 2 12例各类肝病患者和 88名正常人血清转化生长因子 -α(TGF -α)的含量。结果显示 ,原发性肝癌组、肝炎肝硬化组、急性肝炎组血清TGF -α含量显著高于正常人组 (P <0 .0 0 1- 0 .0 1) ,而慢性轻型肝炎组血清TGF -α含量与正常人组比较差异不明显 (P >0 .0 5 )。相关分析发现在急、慢性肝炎组血清TGF -α含量与血清总胆红素 (BIL)和谷 -丙转氨酶 (ALT)的含量呈正相关。提示TGF -α的活性在肝脏疾病中的炎症损伤、修复、纤维化和肿瘤增殖形成的过程中起重要作用     

流产小鼠子宫中细胞因子的表达:GM-CSF对母体免疫活性的影响

以往的资料表明:妊娠母体免疫功能缺陷时,可以通过产生相应的细胞因子而引起胚胎死亡,例如:肿瘤坏死因子(TNF α)及转化生长因子(TGF β2 )水平的异常变化均可能与流产有关。该研究旨在评价经脂多糖(LPS)刺激后,小鼠子宫中TNF α和TGF β2 表达的变化与流产之间的关系,GM CSF对母体免疫活性的影响与流产发生之间的关系,以及三种细胞因子之间的相互作用。方法:选用C3H妊娠小鼠,注射LPS诱导流产,分别于注射后3小时、6小时、2 4小时、4 8小时收集注射组与未注射组小鼠子宫,计算胚胎吸收百分率;于光镜下观察吸收过程;注射LPS同时应…     

转化生长因子α及其拮抗剂的研究进展

转化生长因子α(TGFα)是一种多肽类生长因子,在胚胎和正常成体某些组织中有所表达,而在转化细胞和肿瘤细胞中则表达异常。人TGFα前体是由160个氨基酸组成的一种跨膜蛋白。由于转译后蛋白水解加工和糖基化修饰的程度不同,其分子量表现为非均一性。50个氨基酸的TGFα是加工后的成熟肽,在结构上与表皮生长因子(EGF)同源、能与EGF受体结合。TGFα可诱导细胞转化、形成肿瘤,其作用机理与某些原癌基因激活相关。人工合成的TGFα类似物和某些生物调节剂对TGFα有拮抗作用,可抑制肿瘤的生长。     

慢性心力衰竭患者血清IGF-Ⅱ测定及其临床意义

目的 :探讨慢性心力衰竭患者血清胰岛素样生长因子 -Ⅱ (IGF -Ⅱ )变化及其临床意义。方法 :用放射免疫分析测定了 132例慢性心力衰竭 (CHF)患者和 4 5例非慢性心力衰竭患者的血清IGF -Ⅱ水平 ,并进行对照统计分析。结果 :CHF组血清IGF -Ⅱ水平显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 0 1)。在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级组间 ,血清IGF -Ⅱ水平依次递增 (方差F检验 ,P <0 0 1) ,且Ⅳ级组显著高于Ⅱ级组和Ⅲ级组 (P <0 0 1)。住院期间死亡组血清IGF -Ⅱ水平显著高于好转出院组 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :CHF患者血清IGF -Ⅱ水平显著升高 ,Ⅳ级组血清IGF -Ⅱ显著高于Ⅱ级组和Ⅲ级组 ,住院期间死亡组血清IGF -Ⅱ水平也显著高。     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The Beauty of the Network in the Brain and the Origin of the Mind in the Control of Behavior

Behavior is not adequately described as a stimulus-response process. It is initiated by the animal and is generated because of its expected outcome in the future. The outcome can be good or bad for the animal. The brain is in charge of the selection process. This is the basic function of the brain. Taking Drosophila as a study case, this paper discusses initiating activity, several examples of outcome expectations, trying out (the internal search for a suitable behavior), chaining of actions, and the functional roles of chance in action selection. It takes mental processes and states such as goals, intentions, feelings, memories, cognition, and attention as higher levels of behavioral control that have their origin in biological evolution.     

Adequate function of the cell: Interactions between the needs of the cell and the needs of the organism

The continuous maintenance of cell adequate function (cellular stress) is considered to be the main feature which characterizes the activity of a live cell. In accordance with the concept of cellular stress, the transition of the cell to the state of adequate funcitoning represents a dual commitment. The cell must function adequately to respond to the demands of the organism and to provide for its own needs. Thus, it is proposed that two systems exist for the regulation of the adequate function of the cell: one enabling the cell to respond to the demands of the organism, and the other providing for the needs of the cell itself. The hormonal system of the organism represents the first of these mechanisms, and I believe that another system exists for regulation of intracellular needs. Adequate function of the cell is determined by the regulative, controlling and defense mechanisms. The balance between the needs of the cell and of the organism should be a concern of physician, since it provides for the optimal function and health of the organism as a whole.     

Anatomical relationship between the morphology of the styloid process of the ulna and the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments

The radioulnar ligaments are the major stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint under dynamic loading; however, anatomical detail regarding their attachment on the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process of the ulna remains unclear. Because previous anatomical studies included only old cadavers, their anatomical findings might not reflect the morphological features of younger and healthy specimens. This study investigated the anatomical features of the distal ulna, particularly the styloid process, to determine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process and verified their direction and attachment to the styloid process in younger and healthy donors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the morphological features of the distal ulna of 12 cadaveric wrists using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We also visualized and measured the distribution of the cortical bone thickness. We histologically analyzed three specimens in the axial plane and macroscopically analyzed seven specimens to examine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process. In addition, we evaluated five wrists from living volunteers using 3.0 Tesla MRI. The distal ulna has a ridge on the dorsoradial aspect of the styloid process that corresponds to the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments. Micro-CT images after data processing revealed that the cortical thickness of the dorsoradial quadrant was thicker than that of the other quadrant at the proximal slice of the styloid process (p < 0.01), and that of the dorsoulnar (p = 0.021) and ulnopalmar (p < 0.01) quadrants at the middle slice. Histological analyses showed that the radioulnar ligaments were attached to the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process via chondral-apophyseal entheses. The direction of the fiber was dorsal in the middle third of the styloid process and changed to palmar in the distal third of the styloid process. The direction and attachment of the radioulnar ligaments on the styloid process were confirmed using MRI for younger and healthy participants. The radioulnar ligaments were attached to the dorsoradial ridge of the styloid process, which was confirmed by cortical bone thickening, histology at the attachment sites, and in vivo MR imaging. The directions of the radioulnar ligaments sterically intersected, which would satisfy both slipping stability and rotational mobility. These anatomical findings may provide the basis for biomechanical consideration of distal radioulnar joint stabilization.     

On the development of the sympathetic chain and the adrenal medulla in the mouse

Summary The first visible primordia of the sympathetic chain appear in the anterior thoracic region and run caudally through 8 segments in an embryo of 11 gestation days. At 12 gestation days the trunk reaches from the base of the skull into the sacral region. During the following days the trunk develops into ganglia with interganglionic fibers.At 16 gestation days there is a well developed trunk with a cranial ganglion cervicale superior and a ganglion stellatum in the anterior part of the thoracic region. In the remaining sympathetic chain there are segmentally arranged ganglia but in this common pattern large differences are noticed.At the 13th gestation day the first signs of the adrenal medulla and the splanchnic plexus appear in the form of sympathoblasts ventral to the sympathetic chain. The migration of sympathoblasts into the primordia of the adrenal cortex goes on for 3 days while the migration to the splancnic plexus in the mesenchym ventral and lateral to the aorta goes on at least 2 more days.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。     

PEComas: the past,the present and the future

The perivascular epithelioid cell (PEC) is a cell type constantly present in a group of tumors called PEComas. PEC expresses myogenic and melanocytic markers, such as HMB45 and actin. Recently, recurrent chromosomal alterations have been demonstrated in PEC. At present, PEComa is a widely accepted entity. In the past 10 years, the use of this term has allowed to report and describe numerous cases permitting to start highlighting the biology of this group of lesions. PEComas are related to the genetic alterations of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), an autosomal dominant genetic disease due to losses of TSC1 (9q34) or TSC2 (16p13.3) genes which seem to have a role in the regulation of the Rheb/mTOR/p70S6K pathway. There are some open questions about PEComas regarding its histogenesis, the definition of epithelioid angiomyolipoma and the identification of the histological criteria of malignancy. An innovative therapeutic trial using rapamycin is under way for tumors occurring in TSC such as renal angiomyolipoma and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Its success could provide the rationale for the use of the same drug in other lesions composed of PECs, especially in the malignant ones.     

Patching the glia reveals the functional organisation of the brain

The neuroglia was initially conceived by Rudolf Virchow as a non-cellular connective tissue holding neurones together. In 1894, Carl Ludwig Schleich proposed a hypothesis of fully integrated and interconnected neuronal-glial circuits as a substrate for brain function. This hypothesis received direct experimental support only hundred years later, after several physiological techniques, and most notably the patch-clamp method, were applied to glial cells. These experiments have demonstrated the existence of active and bi-directional neuronal–glial communications, integrating neuronal networks and glial syncytium into one functional circuit. The data accumulated during last 15 years prompt rethinking of the neuronal doctrine towards more inclusive concept, which regards both neurones and glia as equally responsible for information processing in the brain.