内蒙古褐煤流化热解反应特性试验研究

基于小型流化床评价装置研究了内蒙古褐煤流化热解反应特性,考察了温度、压力、线速率和催化剂负载量对热解产物分布、热解气组成、半焦组成以及膨胀率的影响。研究结果表明:随着热解温度升高,热解气产率大幅升高。随着热解压力增加,热解气产率和焦油产率逐渐降低。随着线速率提高,热解气产率和焦油产率呈明显增大的变化趋势。添加催化剂后热解更加完全,半焦中残留的挥发分降低,煤颗粒的塑性软化能力升高,膨胀率逐渐增大。     

半焦基催化剂裂解煤热解产物提高油气品质

利用上段热解下段催化的两段固定床反应器,针对府谷煤研究了半焦和半焦负载Co催化剂对煤热解产物的催化裂解效果。结果表明,半焦和半焦负载钴对热解产物催化裂解后,热解气收率增加,焦油收率降低,但焦油中沸点低于360℃的轻质组分含量提高,轻质焦油收率基本保持不变或略有增加。与煤在600℃直接热解相比,在热解和催化温度均为600℃,采用煤样质量20%的半焦为催化剂时焦油中轻质组分质量含量提高了约25%,轻质组分收率基本不变,热解气体积收率增加了31.2%;在热解温度600℃,催化温度500℃时,采用煤样质量5%的半焦负载钴催化剂,焦油中轻质组分质量收率和含量分别提高了约8.8%和28.8%,热解气体积收率增加了21.5%。煤热解产物的二次催化裂解的总体效果是将焦油中重质组分转化为轻质焦油和热解气。     

微波功率对褐煤与玉米芯共热解产物特性的影响

采用自行改造的微波共热解装置,探究微波功率对褐煤与玉米芯共热解产物特性的影响.利用傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对共热解产物进行了表征.结果表明:随着微波功率的增大,共热解气产率和焦油产率均呈上升趋势,半焦产率呈下降趋势;当微波功率由220W增加到700W时,共热解气中CO,CH4和H2的体积分数均逐渐增大;焦油中脂肪族和酚类的质量分数分别提高了12.35%和12.14%,杂原子的质量分数降低了9.37%;随着微波功率的增大,半焦表面更粗糙,裂纹更丰富.     

褐煤热解及半焦成型特性研究

以褐煤为原料,通过原煤热解与半焦成型实验,研究了热解终温对产物分布的影响及半焦的成型特性与反应活性;利用气体在线分析仪、GC-MS对热解产物进行表征;研究结果表明,热解温度由450℃提高到750℃,热解气体产率持续增大,半焦收率则持续减少,焦油收率在550℃时最高;气相组分中H2含量持续增加,CO2和CH4含量减小,CO含量在650℃时最高;热解焦油主要由萘及其衍生物、高碳数直链烷烃、苯酚及其衍生物、蒽、菲及衍生物、稠环芳烃和中性含氧化合物(醛、酮、呋喃)组成,随热解温度升高,多侧链取代化合物含量减少,稠环化合物含量增加;热解改质后,半焦型煤强度提高了3 MPa,半焦型煤的CO2反应活性高于半焦。     

内构件固定床反应器中不同水分煤的热解特性

通过在有无内构件(传热板和中心集气管)固定床反应器中研究不同水分含量煤的热解特性,考察了两反应器中煤料的升温特性、热解产物分布、焦油品质以及气体产物组成和半焦热值。结果表明,内构件可以强化传热和调节热解产物在反应器内的流动,相对无内构件反应器,有内构件反应器的反应时间缩短近一半。在有内构件反应器中,当煤水分增加,导致煤热解反应要求的时间延长,焦油中轻质组分(沸点低于360℃)含量明显升高,焦油收率先增加后降低,热解水和热解气产率升高,而无内构件反应器的热解产物无明显差异。当加热温度900℃时,煤水分从0.41%(本文中无特殊说明的均为质量分数) 增加至11.68%,焦油产率从9.21%增长到10.74%;当煤水分增加到15.93%,焦油产量下降到10.26%。两反应器气体平均组成随水分增加的变化趋势相似,气体热值均随水分增加呈下降趋势。     

粒径和入炉煤水分对白音华褐煤热解特性的影响

为获得粉状褐煤蓄热式下行床快速热解适宜工艺参数,通过蓄热式下行床快速热解试验装置,在900℃高温热解试验条件下,研究了白音华褐煤煤粉粒度分布和入炉煤水分对热解产物产率和热解气体组成的影响。结果表明:粒径6 mm时,随煤粉粒径增大,热解半焦产率增加,热解焦油产率均低于3%,热解气产率逐渐降低,该粒径范围内的热解气产率较高(35%)。因此,6 mm煤粉均适用于蓄热式下行床热解工艺,工业生产过程中可依据下游除尘要求,在6 mm内筛选煤粉粒径。煤粉粒径3 mm、入炉煤水分在15.10%~25.03%时,随入炉煤水分的增加,热解水、热解气产率增加,半焦产率降低,因此,高入炉煤水分有利于粉状褐煤热解,提高褐煤煤粉干燥效率,降低烟尘和小颗粒煤粉的排放量。     

不连沟煤热解半焦燃烧特性研究

煤热解产生具有高利用价值的煤气和焦油,并伴随产生大量的热解半焦,燃烧是半焦的主要利用途径之一。本文采用非等温热重分析法研究了热解条件(热解温度和停留时间)、热解气氛和燃烧升温速率对热解半焦燃烧行为的影响,并利用Coats-Redfern积分法对半焦燃烧过程进行动力学计算。结果表明:热解温度对甲烷二氧化碳重整与煤热解耦合过程半焦的燃烧反应特性有重要影响。随热解温度升高,半焦燃烧反应性呈下降趋势,反应活化能逐渐增加,这与半焦中较低的挥发分成正相关。热解停留时间和热解气氛对半焦燃烧影响较小。与在氮气中热解半焦相比,加氢热解和耦合热解半焦表现出几乎相同的燃烧特征和反应活化能。燃烧升温速率显著影响半焦的燃烧特性,提高燃烧升温速率促使半焦燃烧反应在更高温度下进行。     

神木烟煤热解产物分布及主要元素的迁移规律

在石英管固定床反应器中对神木烟煤进行热解实验,研究了热解温度对煤热解产物分布和C, H, O, N, S元素在热解产物中分配的影响. 结果表明,在500?900℃范围内,随热解温度升高,半焦产率下降,气体产率增大,焦油产率先增大后降低,600℃时达最大值9.2%(ω);半焦中C, H, O和N元素迁入量下降,S元素迁入量先降低后略有增大,在700℃时达最小值67.0%;热解气中C, H, O元素迁入量增大,N元素和S元素迁入量先增大后减小,分别在800和600℃时达最大值28.8%和27.9%;焦油中C, H, O元素迁入量先增大后降低,均在600℃时分别达最大值9.3%, 14.0%和7.2%,N元素和S元素迁入量缓慢增加;热解水中H和O元素迁入量先增大后略有降低,在700℃时分别达最大值14.5%和48.5%.     

温度梯度与产物流动对先锋褐煤热解产物分布的影响

通过两段固定床反应器分离了煤热解和二次反应过程,模拟了传统外热式固定床反应器和外热式内构件固定床反应器内挥发性热解产物流动与固相反应颗粒间的相互作用,研究了不同温度的半焦对先锋褐煤热解产物分布和品质的影响。结果表明：当半焦的温度在500～900℃时,焦油发生剧烈的二次反应,热解气收率增加,焦油收率大幅下降,H/C同时大量降低且均低于空白样,油品质下降;在100～400℃半焦作用下,焦油发生轻微的二次反应,热解气收率略微增加,焦油收率缓慢下降,但H/C均高于空白样,油品质提升。该结果验证内构件外热式固定床反应器热解产生的焦油具有更高的收率及品质。     

Co~(2+)催化热解神府煤研究

于450~750℃下进行了Co~(2+)催化热解神府煤研究。研究了热解温度和Co~(2+)负载量对热解半焦形貌、热解气体组成、焦油收率及焦油轻重组分含量的影响。研究表明,温度及Co~(2+)负载量对半焦形貌、气体组成、焦油收率及组成影响很大。随着温度升高,半焦结构逐渐由致密转变为疏松。焦油收率在550℃最高,为6.28%,当Co~(2+)负载量为9%时,焦油轻组分收率最高,达总焦油的63.3%。H_2随温度的升高而增加,CH_4、CO、CO_2则呈减小趋势。     

Synergetic NO reduction by biomass pyrolysis products simulating their reburning in circulating fluidized bed decoupling combustion

The present work investigated the synergetic effect of pyrolysis-derived char, tar and gas (py-gas) on NO reduction, which may occur in circulating fluidized-bed decoupling combustion (CFBDC) system treating N-rich fuel. Experiments were carried out in a lab-scale drop-tube reactor for NO reduction by some binary mixtures of reagents including char/py-gas, tar/py-gas and tar/char. At a specified total mass rate of 0.15 g·min^-1 for NO-reduction reagent, the char/py-gas (binary reagent) enabled the best synergetic NO reduction in comparison with the others. There existed effective interactions between char and some species in py-gas (i.e., H₂, C_xH_y) during NO reduction by pyrolysis products, meanwhile the tar/py-gas or tar/char mixture only caused a positive effect when tar proportion was necessarily lowered to about 26%. On the other hand, the synergetic effects were not improved for all tested binary reagents by increasing the reaction temperature and residence time.     

低阶煤热解多联产与混合发电系统

中国煤资源中80%以上属于中高挥发分的低阶煤. 将煤炭进行热解分级,液体产物可转化为化学品和燃料油,气体产物可作为燃气或转化为天然气使用,固体半焦是洁净的固体燃料. 中国科学院过程工程研究所自1999年开始对煤热解分级高效利用技术的基础理论、工艺和设备放大等方面进行了系统研究,并在廊坊中试基地建立了煤处理量为10 t/d的煤热解燃烧中试平台. 采用该实验装置对多种低阶煤进行热解,结果表明,在燃用半焦的同时焦油产率为煤干重的6%?10%,热解煤气产率为煤干重的8%?12%. 介绍了过程所煤热解分级混合发电系统,并对该系统在燃煤发电厂的应用进行了技术经济分析.     

Formation and reduction of nitric oxide in fixed-bed combustion of straw

Mechanisms of nitric oxide (NO) formation and reduction in fixed-bed combustion of straw have been modeled mathematically and verified experimentally. The model for the straw combustion and nitrogen chemistry consists of sub-models for evaporation, pyrolysis, tar and char combustion, nitrogen conversion, and energy and mass conservation. Twenty chemical reactions are included, of which 12 belong to the fuel nitrogen reaction network. Volatile nitrogen is assumed to be NO, NH₃, HCN and HNCO, and char nitrogen is converted to NO during char oxidation. The model predictions are in qualitative agreement with the measurements during the ignition phase, i.e. when the combustion front passes through the un-burnt fuel. The yield of NO can be reduced considerably by using a low primary air flow due to the longer gas residence in the fixed-bed, while the NO exhaust concentration is insensitive to the bed temperature. The NO exhaust concentration initially reaches a maximum and then decreases towards a stable value after the straw bed is ignited. Variations of NO, NH₃, HCN, and HNCO concentrations in the ignition flame front indicate that a large quantity of NO can be reduced in the thin flame front zone. The developed model is further validated by separate experiments in which NO or NH₃ was added at the middle through tubes or at the bottom of the bed with the primary air flow. Both the simulations and measurements showed that the variation of the NO exhaust concentration is small as compared with the injected NO or NH₃ concentration. According to the simulations and experiments, it is proposed that flue gas recirculation may be a very effective method of reducing NO emissions from flue gas in the fixed-bed combustion of straw. Calculations indicated that about 20% of the flue gas may be recirculated without significantly affecting the combustion behavior.     

固体热载体热解高挥发分烟煤产物分布及性质

以三种高挥发分烟煤为原料,对固体热载体煤热解获得的气、油、焦产物产率、组成和性质进行了考察.结果表明,提高煤与热载体的混合热解温度可使煤气和焦油产率有所增加.热解焦油产率可达干煤重量的9%～11%,热解焦油可用于提取具有较高附加值的BTX,PCX,萘及脂肪族烃类等产品.热天平燃烧实验结果显示,热解半焦仍具有很好的着火和燃烧特性,随着热解反应温度的提高,燃烧区间向高温区移动,确定了半焦燃烧的反应动力学及其参数.     

糠醛渣热解特性及热解挥发产物对其燃烧烟气原位控氮作用

通常,具有高含氮资源禀赋生物质在能源化利用过程中需控制NO_x排放。解耦燃烧是可适用于高含水、高含氮燃料的低NO_x燃烧技术,其对NO_x生成的抑制效果优于其他燃烧技术。为揭示解耦燃烧中热解挥发产物的原位控氮潜力、发展双流化床解耦燃烧技术,以糠醛渣为原料,借助固定床装置和双流化床装置,分别开展其热解特性和双流化床解耦燃烧近实际工况模拟研究。具体地,首先在固定床反应器中考察糠醛渣在不同温度下的热解产物分布,继而借助双流化床反应器考察了热解在线挥发产物对热解半焦同步燃烧烟气中NO_x的还原效果。结果表明：在500~700℃热解温度区间内,随温度的升高,半焦产率逐渐减少,从45.2%下降到39.8%;气体产率呈明显上升趋势,从12.4%上升到22.5%,CO、CH₄、H₂等还原性组分产率增加显著;焦油产率略有降低,从15.9%降低到12.9%;水分产率变化不大。双流化床解耦燃烧实验中,糠醛渣热解挥发产物对热解半焦同步燃烧所产烟气控氮效果良好,热解挥发产物对半焦燃烧烟气NO_x减排效果主要受热解温度、二次风占比影响,总过量空气系数ER=1.3,热解温度600℃、二次风过量空气系数ER₂=0.5时,糠醛渣热解挥发产物对相同热解条件下生成的半焦燃烧（900℃,过量空气系数ER₁=0.8）所产烟气原位控氮效果达到最优,NO_x减排率为54.80%。这表明,可通过控制热解挥发分产物产率、氧化程度,充分发挥挥发分的NO_x还原能力,从而明显改善解耦燃烧原位控氮效果。     

煤热解特性研究

对大雁、协庄和昔阳3个不同煤化程度的煤样，在N2，CO2和水蒸气3种不同气氛及不同温度下进行了热解研究，考察了煤化程度、热解气氛和热解温度对煤热解产物产率和热解气性质的影响规律．研究表明，对上述3个煤样，随煤化程度加深，焦产率增加，油和气产率一般随煤中挥发分增加而增加，但又与煤的大分子结构、热解温度和加热速率等有密切关系；干馏气组成H2和CH4含量协庄煤样最高，而(CO CO2)含量因煤中氧含量的降低而下降．与N2气氛相比，CO2和水蒸气气氛中半焦产率下降，气产率增加；油产率水蒸气气氛下最高．H2组分含量在水蒸气气氛下最高，而CO，CH4和烃类C2～C5组分则最低．LHV在N2，CO2和水蒸气气氛下逐次降低．     

Kinetic relationship between NO/N2O reduction and O2 consumption during flue-gas recycling coal combustion in a bubbling fluidized-bed

Flue-gas recycling combustion of a sub-bituminous coal and its rapid pyrolysis char at 1120 K has been simulated experimentally in a bubbling fluidized-bed. O₂, CO₂ and H₂O, and NO or N₂O were pre-mixed and fed into the bed together with coal/char particles with the O₂ concentration in the exit gas maintained at 3.5 vol%. Increasing the inlet O₂ concentration, thus increasing the O₂ consumption rate and decreasing the flue-gas recycling ratio, caused the once-through conversion of fuel-bound nitrogen into N₂O to decrease while the conversion to NO to remain unchanged. The in-bed reductions of NO and N₂O were both first order with respect to the respective nitrogen oxide, with the rate constants to increase linearly with the rate of O₂ consumption in the bed and thus also with that of char/volatiles consumption. This finding, which indicated linear increase in the concentrations of reactive species involved in NO/N₂O reduction with the rate of O₂ consumption, enabled consideration that the homogeneous and heterogeneous reduction rates of NO and N₂O were proportional to the consumption rates of O₂ by the volatiles and char, respectively. The rate analysis of the kinetic data revealed the relative importance of burning volatiles and char as the agents for the reduction of NO and N₂O. While the reduction in the gas phase was fully responsible for the NO-to-N₂O conversion, the reactions over the char surface governed the NO-to-N₂ reduction. The volatiles and char had comparable contributions to the reduction of N₂O to N₂. The NO-to-N₂ and N₂O-to-N₂ reductions over the char surface were, respectively, accelerated and decelerated by increasing the H₂O concentration.     

碳氧官能团对煤焦低温还原NO的影响

在450℃对神木煤制半焦还原NO进行研究,采用Raman、FT-IR、XPS等分析方法探究了半焦脱硝影响因素与其表面碳氧官能团的关系。结果表明：热解制焦温度、烟气中氧气浓度以及负载金属对脱硝效果的影响都与半焦表面碳氧官能团有关,降低热解温度、增大氧气浓度、负载金属均有利于增加C—O官能团。采用XPS表征对金属负载半焦表面的碳氧官能团进行分析,发现热力学相对稳定的C—O官能团含量与脱硝指标之间存在明显的线性关系(R²>0.96)。研究进一步揭示了热力学稳定的C—O官能团在半焦脱硝过程的重要地位。