A B-spline Galerkin scheme for calculating the hydroelastic response of a very large floating structure in waves

This paper presents an effective scheme for computing the wave-induced hydroelastic response of a very large floating structure, and a validation of its usefulness. The calculation scheme developed is based on the pressure-distribution method of expressing the disturbance caused by a structure, and on the mode-expansion method for hydroelastic deflection with the superposition of orthogonal mode functions. The scheme uses bi-cubic B-spline functions to represent unknown pressures, and the Galerkin method to satisfy the body boundary conditions. Various numerical checks confirm that the computed results are extremely accurate, require relatively little computational time, and contain few unknowns, even in the region of very short wavelengths. Measurements of the vertical deflections in both head and oblique waves of relatively long wavelength are in good agreement with the computed results. Numerical examples using shorter wavelengths reveal that the hydroelastic deflection does not necessarily become negligible as the wavelength of incident waves decreases. The effects of finite water depth and incident wave angle are also discussed.     

Numerical calculation method for the hydroelastic response of a pontoon-type very large floating structure close to a breakwater

This paper presents an effective scheme for calculating the wave-induced hydroelastic response of a pontoon-type very large floating structure (VLFS) when it is near a breakwater. The basic numerical calculation method is the one previously developed by the same author for a VLFS in the open sea (no breakwater), which is expanded to include the effect of the hydrodynamic mutual interaction between the breakwater and the floating structure. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method are validated through comparisons with other numerical results and with existing experimental results. After that confirmation, various numerical calculations were conducted, paying special attention to the resonance phenomena which will occur depending on the relation between the wavelength and the clearance between the breakwater and the floating structure. The irregular frequency phenomenon which appears in the calculation of the fluid dynamic problem is discussed in the appendices, including a method for its elimination. Received: October 31, 2000 / Accepted: December 19, 2000     

Elastic response characteristics of a very large floating structure in waves moored inside a reef

 This article describes the results of hydraulic model tests of the elastic response of a very large floating structure (VLFS) moored inside a reef in an isolated island. The distributions of strains and vertical displacements due to the elastic response of the VLFS were measured. The response characteristics were strongly affected by deformed nonlinear waves inside the reef. A two-step analytical method to compute the elastic response of a VLFS is proposed, and its validity is verified using the results of the hydraulic model tests. Received: May 2, 2002 / Accepted: March 17, 2003 RID="*" ID="*" Address correspondence to: S. Shiraishi (shiraishi@pari.go.jp) Acknowledgment. This study was supported by the Program for Promotions of Fundamental Transport Technology Research from the Corporation for Advanced Transport and Technology (CATT).     

一种新型浮式单体结构设计及波浪稳定性试验研究

研究制作了一种抗风浪能力强,移动、拼接灵活、多用途、稳定性较好的新型超大型浮体码头模型。根据相关理论资料确定浮体码头的形状和尺寸,为验证其破浪稳定性,进行了初步模型试验研究。通过模型试验,得到了新型浮式单体结构相对危险的工况。实验结果表明：该种新型浮式单体结构的波浪稳定性要比传统的箱型结构好。     

On the hydroelastic responses of a very large floating structure in waves

New numerical methods are presented for hydroelastic analyses of a very large floating structure (VLFS) of several kilometers length and width. Several methods are presented that accelerate computation without an appreciable loss of accuracy. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed methods are validated through comparisons with other numerical results as well as with existing experimental results. After confirming the effectiveness of the methods presented, various characteristics of the hydroelastic behavior of VLFSs are examined, using the proposed methods as numerical tools. Received for publication on Dec. 3, 1999; accepted on Dec. 15, 1999     

超大型浮体结构考虑非线性项的波浪力响应计算

为求解超大型浮体结构波浪响应问题,将其简化成弹性梁板模型。以有限元软件为基础来建立超大型浮体结构的弹性梁板模型,在势流理论的基础上,将速度势分解为入射势、绕射势和辐射势三部分,并利用格林函数法推导出一阶、二阶波浪速度势的表达式。以此为理论基础,编制了相应的计算程序来计算浮体结构所受到的二阶波浪力,最后建立了梁板模型的水弹性响应方程,对非线性波浪力作用下的浮体结构的水弹性响应进行求解分析,并分析了波向对响应振幅的影响。     

A consideration of the structural design of a large-scale floating structure

The land area of Japan, especially flat land, is very small compared with its economic size. Large-scale floating structures are one solution to satisfy the demand for space by utilizing the ocean. This paper presents a general view of the dynamic response characteristics of large-scale floating structures, pontoons and semi-submersibles. For example, it is shown that the natural frequencies of eigenmodes are higher than the natural frequency of heaving motion. The response of the outer framework of a structure is shown to be generally larger than the response of the central part. Within the limits of our present understanding of the general dynamic response characteristics of such structures, the design and analysis of semi-submersible, large-scale floating structures is discussed. For a pontoon-type large-scale floating structure, a type whose perimeter structure has been modified to become lighter and more rigid is proposed. With this modification, the dynamic response of the whole structure is imporved.     

Stochastic wave spectra estimation (SWSE) based on response surface methodology considering uncertainty in transfer functions of a ship

In this paper, a new wave spectra estimation method is proposed in which the frequency domain wave estimation method (FDWE) is extended into a probabilistic analytical framework in order to estimate the encountered sea states involving uncertainty in transfer functions of a ship. The proposed method, named the Stochastic Wave Spectra Estimation (SWSE), makes use of an Hermite polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) to represent the uncertainty in the transfer functions and the response surfaces. The method involves a mathematical formulation where an extension of the deterministic FDWE concept to the space of random variables is made. The proposed method can accurately and easily estimate the encountered wave spectra based on ship response measurements accounting for uncertainty in the transfer functions. In this paper, numerical and experimental investigations of the proposed SWSE are made, where the uncertainties in the transfer functions of heave and pitch motions of a containership are taken into account. The validity of the SWSE is demonstrated by comparison to results of uncertainty analyses through the Monte-Carlo simulations (MCS).     

不同结构形式浮式防波堤湿拖过程中的运动响应研究

浮式防波堤是当前海洋工程装备研发的热点,由于浮式防波堤主尺度大,采用半潜船等工程船运输成本高。本文考虑三种不同类型浮式防波堤采用湿拖方式进行运输,采用AQWA软件,利用数值模拟方法,研究不同海况下浮式防波堤各自由度运动响应。研究发现：圆筒型和板架型浮式防波堤适用于不同海况下湿拖;网笼型浮式防波堤湿拖过程中运动响应幅值较大,建议使用半潜船运输。本文通过探究不同浮式防波堤湿拖过程中的运动响应,可为工程实际中浮式防波堤运输提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

Experimental study on the wave-induced dynamic response and hydrodynamic characteristics of a submerged floating tunnel with elastically truncated boundary condition

Hydrodynamic load and motion response are the first considerations in the structural design of a submerged floating tunnel (SFT). Currently, most of the relevant studies have been based on a two-dimensional model test with a fixed or fully free boundary condition, which inhibits a deep investigation of the hydrodynamic characteristics with an elastic constraint. As a result, a series of difficulties exist in the structural design and analysis of an SFT. In this study, an SFT model with a one-degree-of-freedom vertical elastically truncated boundary condition was established to investigate the motion response and hydrodynamic characteristics of the tube under the wave action. The effect of several typical hydrodynamic parameters, such as the buoyancy-weight ratio, γ, the relative frequency, f/f_N, the Keulegan–Carpenter (KC) number, the reduced velocity, U_r, the Reynolds number, Re, and the generalized Ursell_s number, on the motion characteristics of the tube, were selectively analyzed, and the reverse feedback mechanism from the tube's motion response to the hydrodynamic loads was confirmed. Finally, the critical hydrodynamic parameters corresponding to the maximum motion response at different values of γ were obtained, and a formula for calculating the hydrodynamic load parameters of the SFT in the motion state was established. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: (i) Under the wave action, the motion of the SFT shows an apparent nonlinearity, which is mainly caused by the intensive interaction between the tube and its surrounding water particles, as well as the nonlinearity of the wave. (ii) The relative displacement of the tube first increases and then decreases with increasing values of f/f_N, U_r, KC number, Re, and the generalized Ursell_s number. (iii) γ is inversely proportional to the maximum relative displacement of the tube and the wave force on the tube in its motion direction. (iv) Under the motion boundary condition (as opposed to the fixed boundary condition), the peak frequency of the wave force on the SFT in its motion direction decreases and approaches the natural vibration frequency of the tube, whereas the wave force perpendicular to the motion direction increases. When the incident wave frequency is close to the natural vibration frequency of the tube, the tube resonates easily, leading to an increased wave force in the motion direction. (v) If the velocity in the Morison equation is substituted by the water particle velocity measured when the tube is at its equilibrium position, the inertia coefficient in the motion direction of the tube is linearly related to its displacement, whereas that in the direction perpendicular to the motion direction is logarithmically related to its displacement.     

新型捕能消波浮式防波堤数值模拟与试验研究

采用数值模拟和物理试验研究方法,研究了新型捕能消波浮式防波堤savonius型桨叶两种布置形式的捕能及消波性能。利用STAR-CCM+数值仿真软件,通过调用重叠网格、时间二阶离散、增加数值迭代的方法,建立了浮式防波堤三维水动力模型并进行数值模拟。研制了该防波堤物理试验系统,测试浮式防波堤捕能消波性能,综合分析数值模拟与物理试验的结果。结果表明,该新型浮式防波堤在桨叶转动频率与波浪频率相近时捕能功率最大,桨叶并列布置方式的消波性能比桨叶垂直布置方式更为优越。     

分层结构材料顺序对水中冲击波的影响研究

采用分层结构设计是有效提升现代舰船的抗爆炸冲击能力的一种方式。通过建立水下航行器的分层结构模型,采用高压下冲击波在分层介质中的传播理论模型,分析分层结构不同材料的合理排列顺序,并进行验证性的试验研究。研究表明,在为舰船或者水下航行器等装备设计分层结构时,在不影响整体布局的情况下,需重点考虑到材料的排列顺序。     

Investigation of the condition and the behavior of a modular floating structure by harnessing monitoring data

In this paper, the condition and the behavior of an installed and operating Modular Floating Structure (MFS) is investigated and assessed by harnessing field monitoring data and using collectively multiple Correlation Coefficients (CCs) between measured quantities. The examined MFS consists of five pairs of interconnected floating concrete modules and it functions as a floating breakwater. The field monitoring data are acquired through a sensor network deployed on one pair of modules (connected through two groups of connectors) of the MFS. A methodological data processing framework for data organization, manipulation and post-processing is developed and presented. This framework enables the quantification of the structure's condition at different time periods through the calculation of CCs: (a) between the incident wave height and the tensions of the mooring lines and (b) between the tensions of the mooring lines, considering various wave directions. Recorded data at three characteristic time periods during the structure's lifetime are used, namely: (i) before any failure (structure's initial condition), (ii) after the failure of the first connectors' group and (iii) after the failure of the second connectors' group. The data processing framework developed in the present paper is applied to the above recorded data in order to calculate CCs and, therefore, quantify the structure's condition, at the three aforementioned time periods. The quantification of the structure's initial condition resulted to conclusions that were consistent from a physical point of view with the most recently documented, available in-situ mapping of the mooring lines' configuration in the horizontal plane. By considering the structure's initial condition as a reference base for comparison, the effect of the connectors' failure on the CCs, used to quantify this condition, was also investigated and efficiently assessed. Specifically, the significant changes observed in the variation patterns of all examined CCs, when compared with their respective patterns corresponding to the structure's initial condition, demonstrated and confirmed the existence of significant reformation of the examined structural system resulting from the connectors' failure. In this way, the effectiveness of the joint utilization of CCs to assess the structure's condition was proved.     

高速欠膨胀射流结构及推力特征研究

为了研究水下发动机不同工作状态射流结构变化及原因,利用轴对称及VOF模型对水下发动机射流进行仿真,研究发现高马赫数、欠膨胀状态下射流发生准回击现象;与具有四个典型过程的过膨胀状态下的射流结构相对比,发现高度欠膨胀下,射流的激波结构阻断了断裂与回击使得回流无法到达壁面完成回击;发动机推力因准回击现象骤变,因在激波及膨胀气体共同作用下回击力度受限无法到达壁面而被来流气体带往下游;对长时间射流流场结构研究发现,高度欠膨胀下的射流边界为成一定角度的倾斜直线。     

Simplified analysis for estimation of the behavior of a submerged floating tunnel in waves and experimental verification

To achieve rational design in waves for a submerged floating tunnel which has emerged as a new offshore transportation infrastructure, it's necessary to understand its hydrodynamic behavior. For simple but accurate estimation of hydrodynamic forces, a theoretical method is proposed and the tests with physical models in a wave flume were carried out for verification. Morison's equation was used to estimate wave loads composed of inertia force and drag force. Forces calculated by applying the linear wave theory to Morison's equation coincided well with those measured by the tests. The test results showed that mooring systems played a significant role in the movement of the submerged floating tunnel in waves. A pendulum model could be used to describe the motion of the submerged floating tunnel with a single vertical mooring. Based on the verified relations, a simple slack condition which causes the submerged floating tunnel to be unstable was also proposed. The simplified approach proposed by this study proved to be useful in designing the submerged floating tunnel in the initial stage.     

Effects of wave directionality and choice of wave spectrum on the extreme response of a deep water jacket

Wave-induced load effects in an idealized deep water jacket are considered. The structure is selected more to examine the worst effects of wave-induced uncertainties than to represent a realistic North Sea installation. The largest natural period is about 5 9 s and the structural response is significantly affected by dynamics. The structural system is linearized and response extremes are predicted by means of a stochastic, dynamic long term response analysis. A realistic modelling of ocean waves for long term response calculations is outlined. Various possibilities concerning the choice of wave spectrum are included and the corresponding effects on the predicted extremes are demonstrated. A sensitivity study is carried out both for the quasi-static response and for the resulting dynamic response. Finally, the effects of accounting for wave directionality are indicated. This includes both the introduction of a varying main wave direction and the modelling of the shortcrestedness for a given sea state.     

Numerical study on the dynamic response of a truncated ship-hull structure under asymmetrical slamming

Dynamic response of ship-hull structure under slamming has tracked widespread attention in the marine structural design. However, our understanding on the dynamic characteristics largely relies on the symmetrical slamming cases. This paper presented a preliminary numerical investigation on the dynamic response of a truncated ship-hull structure under asymmetrical slamming based on the uncoupled CFD-FE method. Asymmetrical slamming loads were predicted through combining the seakeeping analysis and CFD method. In there, three kinds of motions (vertical, horizontal and roll motions) of 2D ship sections were obtained through the seakeeping analysis and then the slamming pressure was predicted through simulating the water entry with various motions based on CFD method. The dynamic response was analyzed through finite element method. Numerical predictions including ship motions, slamming loads and dynamic analysis were validated against published experimental data and numerical calculations. The characteristics of asymmetrical slamming loads were analyzed showing obvious asymmetry in space, and the dynamic characteristic of the ship bow structure was further clarified through discussing the deformation and stress distribution. These results are useful for readers for better understanding the dynamic characteristics of the bow structure under slamming.     

An algorithm to discover spatial–temporal distributions of physical seawater characteristics and a case study in Turkish seas

Clustering is one of the major data mining methods to obtain a number of clues about how the physical properties of the water are distributed in a marine environment. It is a difficult problem, especially when we consider the task for spatial–temporal marine data. This study introduces a new clustering algorithm to discover regions that have similar physical seawater characteristics. In contrast to the existing density-based clustering algorithms, our algorithm has the ability of discovering clusters according to the nonspatial, spatial, and temporal values of the objects. Our algorithm also overcomes three drawbacks of existing clustering algorithms: problems in the identification of core objects, noise objects, and adjacent clusters. This paper also presents a spatial–temporal marine data warehouse system designed for storing and clustering physical data from Turkish seas. Special functions were developed for data integration, data conversion, querying, visualization, analysis, and management. User-friendly interfaces were also developed, allowing relatively inexperienced users to operate the system. As a case study, we show the spatial–temporal distributions of sea surface temperature, sea surface height residual, and significant wave height values in Turkish seas to demonstrate our algorithm.     

前进速度对细长体在水中横向振动的影响(英文)

In this paper, the effects of forward speed on the lateral vibration of a slender structure in an infinite fluid are considered. By equating the bending stress of the structure with the hydrodynamic force acting on it, the equation which governs the fluid-structure interaction of a slender structure both vibrating and moving in water is obtained. Numerical results show that the influence of forward speed on the vibration of a slender structure in water is significant. It behaves like damping, reducing both natural frequencies and responses significantly.     

自升式钻井平台结构动力响应研究与等效建模要点讨论

随着油气开采作业水深的不断增加,自升式平台的动力敏感性愈发明显,对其进行结构动力响应研究十分有必要,而结构动力响应研究的重点在于平台固有周期的计算。以某400英尺自升式钻井平台为研究对象,分析并探讨了平台结构动力响应的计算方法,重点对平台等效建模中的关键要点进行了讨论与总结,并提出新的观点。以此为依据,基于SESAM GeniE软件进行建模,计算了平台的一阶固有周期,与基本设计数据进行对比,验证了建模中关键点处理的正确性,可为自升式平台的结构动力响应研究提供参考。