首诊眼科的颅内病变诊断分析

目的 分析颅内病变的眼部表现及诊断方法。方法 分析２２例首诊于眼科的颅内病变的眼部表现及辅助检查，初诊与确诊对照分析。结果 本组中，有视力下降占８１．８％，视野改变占８９．５％，视盘水肿占４０．９％，视神经萎缩占５０％，瞳孔改变占２２．７％，眼肌麻痹占１８．２％，初诊误诊率较高。头颅ＣＴ或ＭＲＩ有助于早期诊断，但较难发现较小病灶。结论 颅内病变可以通过影响视路、瞳孔光反射路及眼运动神经而表现各种眼     

首诊眼科的前床突脑膜瘤临床分析

目的 探讨首诊眼科的前床突脑膜瘤的临床表现与特点.方法 对14例病例进行回顾性分析,对其临床表现、解剖特点、影像学特点、视野及VEP表现进行分析总结.结果 在首诊眼科的14例患者中,以视力下降为主要表现的共8例,占本组病例的57.14%;头疼、头晕为主7例,占50%;以动眼神经压迫症状为主3例,占21.4%;意外发现1例.7例行中心视野检查其表现与肿瘤压迫部位基本相符,6例行VEP检查全部表现异常;14例行MRI检查,均可见占位性病变;9例CT检查者,有2例未查见占位性病变,MRI、CT两者联合有助于明确诊断.结论 对用眼疾病难以解释的视力减退和(或)眼肌麻痹的患者,应行头颅影像学检查排除有无颅内占位性病变,即使无明显眼底改变也应做视野检查,以避免漏诊.     

500例鞍区肿瘤的眼部改变

目的：分析鞍区肿瘤眼部病变的特点，有利于鞍区肿瘤的早期诊断和早期治疗。方法：回顾必总结我院近2年来收治的500例鞍区肿瘤患者视力，视野，眼底及眼肌麻痹等症状和体征。结果：鞍区肿瘤患者早期 可出现视力减退，视野缺损，眼底改变等眼部症状，在眼科可能引起误诊。结论：鞍区肿瘤如果能早期发现，早期治疗，能有效改善视功能。对有视力和视野障碍的患者，在除外眼科疾病的基础上，要有全身疾病的概念，及时行头颅CT与MRI检查。     

首诊眼科的儿童颅内病变临床分析

目的 分析儿童颅内病变首先在眼部的临床特征.方法 回顾19例以眼部为首发症状的儿童颅内病变,分析其临床表现及影像学特征.结果 视力低下11例占57.0％.颅内病变蛛网膜囊肿3例占15.0％、颅咽管肿瘤3例占15.0％、脑干肿瘤2例占10.0％,额叶病变4例占21.0％、病毒性脑炎3例占15.0％、骨纤维异常增殖症3例占15.0％.结论 颅内病变可以出现眼部不同临床表现,视力低下最常见.对可疑病例要进行头部CT或NRI检查,以免误诊.     

医学影像学在诊断以眼部为首发表现的全身病中的作用

现代医学影像技术在诊断眼部疾病中发挥着重要作用,同时亦能通过眼部影像学表现推测病变是否源于颅内或是全身系统性疾病。良性颅内压增高多以视力损害为首发症状,眼眶或颅脑MRI征象中包括空蝶鞍（79%）、视神经周围蛛网膜下腔增宽（74%）、视乳头隆起（56%）等。MRI和CT检查可以及时发现视网膜母细胞瘤球外侵犯以及远处转移的病变,为临床治疗提供依据。MRI能够发现动眼神经麻痹的大多数（71%）病因,且病变位置均在核团所在脑干及动眼神经在颅内走行行程中,少数位于颅眶沟通的眶上裂区。以眼部表现为首发症状的IgG4相关性疾病具有双侧泪腺肿胀及多发眼外肌增粗等特征性的影像表现,治疗前后生长抑素受体SPECT/CT显像在判断疾病的活动性及疗效评价的定量研究中具有较大应用价值。（眼科, 2015, 24： 289-291）     

鞍区疾病首诊眼科53例分析

鞍区疾病常引起视力减退和视野缺损，往往首先就诊于眼科。本文分析５３例首诊眼科的鞍区疾病情况，其视力减退率、视野缺损率、眼底改变率和内分泌功能障碍发生率分另占例数的１００％、９６．２％、７９．２％和４１．５％；误诊率为３３．９。分析了误诊情况，强调视野检查、头颅Ｘ线及ＣＴ检查的重要性，认为对眼部情况难以解释的视力减退或视神经萎缩，均应作视野检查和头颅Ｘ线检查，必要时作头颅ＣＴ检查，以降低鞍区疾病的误诊率。     

非青光眼性视野缺损20例的核磁共振分析

目的:分析20例以视力下降为主诉首诊于眼科,视野检查有缺损的患者核磁共振(MRI)表现,探讨引起视野缺损的原因。方法:回顾性系列病例研究。收集我院2011-01/2012-06间20例以视力下降为主诉首诊于眼科,视野检查有缺损的患者,行视力检查,裂隙灯检查、眼底、眼压等,详细询问并记录全身病史,分别行头颅、眼眶MRI检查,分析其图像表现。结果:所选20例患者中,最佳矫正视力(BCVA)0.1～0.3者10例,0.3～0.6者4例,0.6～1.2者6例。5例视乳头水肿,其中3例为单眼,2例为双眼。眼压均在正常范围。视野检查:象限性缺损11例,右侧同向偏盲伴黄斑回避1例,左侧同向偏盲2例,管状视野3例,生理盲点扩大2例,视野弥漫性缺损1例。MRI检查结果以多发性腔隙性脑梗塞最常见,共10例,急性脑梗塞1例,脑膜瘤、垂体瘤与颅咽管瘤各2例,陈旧性脑出血1例。结论:MRI可发现引起视力下降的头颅占位性病变与视路病变,以视力下降为主诉的患者在排除眼部疾病引起后,应注意其视路与颅内病变引起的可能性。其中,视野检查是一个发现颅内与其他病变的灵敏指标,怀疑有神经眼科病变的患者都应把视野检查作为必查项目。     

自发性颈动脉海绵窦瘘眼部表现的临床分析

目的:探讨自发性颈动脉海绵窦瘘眼部表现特点及诊断要点,提高对该病的认识,减少临床漏诊、误诊。方法:回顾分析14例就诊于我院的自发性颈动脉海绵窦瘘患者的眼部症状及体征、影像学检查、治疗方法等。结果:所选14例病例中最常见的眼部表现为眼球突出(100%)、结膜及浅层巩膜充血扩张(93%)。行CT或MRI检查的12例病例中,眼上静脉增粗者9例,海绵窦增宽或高信号者6例。4例行栓塞治疗者眼部症状和体征得到明显改善。结论:自发性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的眼部临床谱广泛多样,特征性眼部表现结合影像学检查可有效提高诊断。栓塞治疗对改善眼部表现效果明显。     

眼眶神经源性肿瘤影像学特征及临床意义

目的 探讨超声、CT及MRI对眼眶神经源性肿瘤的诊断价值.方法 收集长征医院眼科2004年1月至2007年11月经手术治疗,具有完整病理资料的眼眶神经源性肿瘤76例,回顾分析超声、CT、MRI检查的影像学表现.结果 各种眼眶肿瘤的影像学表现均有一定的特征性.超声检杳有利于揭示病变内的组织结构.CT利于显示病变的空间位置以及相邻结构的继发改变.MRI即可以显示病变的空间位置、病变蔓延情况.也可以通过显示信号强度提示病变的内部结构.结论 联合应用眼部超声、CT、MRI是发现和诊断眼眶肿瘤的重要检查手段,对大多数肿瘤可以做出明确定性、定位诊断.     

眼眶皮样囊肿125例影像学诊断分析

目的 联合应用超声，CT，MRI对眼眶皮样囊肿进行检查，并对比分析，以术前得出正确诊断。方法 利用15年期间诊治的眼眶皮样囊肿125例做回顾性分析，对比各种检查结果的特征。结果 B型超声，彩色多普勒超声，CT，MRI均可发现病变。超声检查可以确定病变的声学性质和内部血流情况；CT能够准确定位，并且在揭示继发改变，如骨增生，骨缺失等方面优于超声；MRI可清楚地显示肿物颅内或颞窝蔓延。结论 联合应用超声，CT及MRI多种检查方法，术前可做出准确的定性和定位诊断。     

Visual findings as primary manifestations in patients with intracranial tumors

AIM:To evaluate the visual findings as primary manifestations in patients with intracranial tumors.METHODS:The medical charts of the patients with intracranial tumors who initially admitted to the Neuro-ophthalmology and Strabismus Department with ocular complaints between August 1999 and December 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. The detailed clinical history and the findings of neuro-ophthalmologic examination were recorded. Ocular symptoms and signs, the types and locations of intracranial tumors, and the duration of symptoms before the diagnosis were evaluated.RESULTS:The mean age of 11 women (61.1%) and 7 men (38.9%) was 42.2±11.0 (range 20-66y) at the time of intracranial tumor diagnosis. Initial symptoms were transient visual obscurations, visual loss or visual field defect in 16 cases (88.9%), and diplopia in 2 cases (11.1%). Neuro-ophthalmologic examination revealed normal optic discs in both eyes of 6 patients (33.3%), paleness, atrophy or edema of optic disc in 12 patients (66.7%), and sixth cranial nerve palsy in 2 patients (11.1%). Visual acuity ranged between normal vision and loss of light perception. Cranial imaging demonstrated craniopharyngioma (n=1), plasmacytoma (n=1), meningioma (n=6; olfactory groove and tuberculum sellae, pontocerebellar angle, anterior cranial fossa, frontal vertex, suprasellar region), and pituitary macroadenoma (n=10). The mean duration between the onset of visual disturbances and the diagnosis of intracranial tumor was 9.8±18mo (range 3d-6y).CONCLUSION:The ophthalmologist is frequently the first physician to encounter a patient with clinical manifestations of intracranial tumors that may cause neurological and ocular complications. Neuro-ophthalmologic findings should be carefully evaluated to avoid a delay in the diagnosis of intracranial tumors.     

首诊于眼科的颅内静脉窦血栓形成的临床分析

目的:探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成的病因,相关眼科的临床表现、误诊情况及治疗方法.方法:前瞻性研究解放军总医院神经外科住院期间(2007-01),1mo中因首诊于眼科而误诊的4例CVST病例的临床表现、辅助检查、治疗及预后.结果:此病多以视力下降、头痛、恶心、视乳头水肿而首诊于眼科,此4例患者均有视力下降的症状,全部有视乳头水肿及颅压高等临床表现.阻塞部位均为横窦.结论:本病并不少见,早期容易漏诊误治,对于CVST患者,视力下降、视乳头水肿是其常见表现,可以通过DSA(经数字减影血管造影)做出早期诊断,对于颅内高压的症状应高度怀疑CVST.     

侧脑室三角区脑膜瘤的眼部表现及视放射损害的相关因素分析

目的：分析侧脑室三角区脑膜瘤患者的眼部表现特点,探讨导致视功能损害的可能相关因素,以及在临床诊治中的注意事项。方法：回顾分析2011－10／2015－10在首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院诊治的45例90眼侧脑室三角区脑膜瘤患者病例资料,对患者术前视力、视野、视乳头改变、肿瘤大小、肿瘤周围组织变化等进行分析。结果：患者年龄12～68（平均41．7±13．7）岁,男女比例1∶4．6;视力下降18眼,视乳头水肿24眼,视乳头色淡6眼,视野缺损47眼,其中视野缺损类型以双眼对侧同向性缺损为主;肿瘤最大径2．1～9．6（平均4．8±1．7）cm;肿瘤体积3．02～193．2（平均48．3±47．8）cm3。 Spearman分析显示肿瘤体积、肿瘤最大径和脑中线结构移位与术前出现视野缺损呈正相关。而患者年龄、性别、病程、脑室是否扩大、肿瘤周围组织是否水肿与术前出现视野缺损无明显相关性。经Mann－Whitney U检验,术前视野受损组和视野正常组之间肿瘤体积、肿瘤最大径、脑中线移位值均有显著性差异。结论：较多三角区脑膜瘤患者存在眼部症状和体征,患者视功能损害的原因主要是由于肿瘤对周围视放射的破坏导致。肿瘤大小、生长方向、对周围视放射压迫的具体位置决定了患者是否出现视野缺损以及视野缺损的类型和程度。对于靠近视放射等后视路的颅脑占位,眼科医生和神经外科医生要重视其神经眼科学检查,注意肿瘤与周围视路等功能区的位置关系,这对于手术时机选择、手术方案制定及改善预后具有重要意义。     

Ocular screening in severe acute respiratory syndrome

PURPOSE: To investigate the ocular manifestations of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and to monitor the possible ocular complications arising from the treatment regimen with high-dose systemic corticosteroid drugs. DESIGN: Prospective, observational cohort case series. METHODS: Ninety eyes from 45 patients with the diagnosis of SARS during an epidemic outbreak in Hong Kong were analyzed. Relevant medical and ophthalmic histories were taken. Ophthalmic examinations, including best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, slit-lamp, and indirect ophthalmoscopy examination, were performed at baseline and at 2-month and 3-month follow-up. SETTING: Faculty practice in university hospital. RESULTS: Only two patients had mild elevated intraocular pressure at baseline and at subsequent follow-up. There was no loss of visual acuity, cataract progression, or increased cup-disk ratio. Fundus examinations were unremarkable in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our study did not demonstrate any ocular manifestations in patients with SARS. The treatment regimen of high-dose corticosteroid also did not show any significant ocular complications. Routine ocular screening of patients with SARS for diagnosis or for complications might not be indicated.     

Benign childhood intracranial hypertension

INTRODUCTION: Infrequent in children, benign intracranial hypertension (or pseudotumor cerebri) is most often observed in adults. Careful diagnosis requires eliminating all the other etiologies of intracranial hypertension. Most often medical, its treatment must be rapid to avoid permanent visual loss. However, a surgical procedure is necessary when vision is threatened. We present our experience with this pathology and discuss its clinical aspects, its etiologies, and the physiopathological mechanisms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study on children who presented benign intracranial hypertension confirmed by neuroradiological and neurosurgical examinations. These examinations also served to specify the responsible etiologies. The ophthalmologic examinations, adapted to the child's age and clinical status, included visual acuity testing, optic disc evaluation, ocular motility testing, and visual field evaluation. Progression of visual acuity and the topic disc was analyzed after treatment. RESULTS: The diagnosis of benign intracranial hypertension was confirmed in 22 children (12 boys and 10 girls). Clinical presentation included headache and visual disturbance such as visual loss and oculomotor nerve palsy. Papilledema was present in nearly all cases. Medical treatment was successful in 7 children; however, the remaining 15 patients required a lumboperitoneal shunt because of elevated intracranial pressure, no response to the medical therapy, or threatened vision. DISCUSSION: The physiopathological mechanisms of benign intracranial hypertension, an uncommon condition in children, are still unclear. It can be associated with severe visual loss. All other intracranial or medullary expansive lesions should be eliminated before diagnosis. The causes of this syndrome are not the same for pediatric and adult patients. Although medical therapy is usually sufficient to normalize the intracranial pressure, a lumboperitoneal shunt is at times required. The role of the ophthalmologist is important in detecting a possible visual loss or papilla abnormality and in ensuring proper treatment follow-up. CONCLUSION: Ophtalmologists are involved in the detection of pseudotumor cerebri and the monitoring of visual function, an important element in evaluating treatment efficacy.     

Ophthalmologic involvement in the syndrome of headache,neurologic deficits,and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis

PURPOSE: To emphasize that papilledema and other ophthalmic manifestations may occur in the syndrome of headache, neurologic deficits, and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis (HaNDL). DESIGN: Two interventional case reports. METHODS: Two patients were seen with ophthalmologic findings, including decreased vision, papilledema, sixth nerve palsy, and a variety of neurologic deficits. Each underwent cerebrospinal fluid analysis and intracranial pressure measurement by spinal tap and neuroimaging studies to confirm the diagnosis of HaNDL. RESULTS: Both patients received acetazolamide to lower intracranial pressure. The first patient had complete resolution of signs and symptoms. The second, who was also given systemic corticosteroids, was left with diminished visual acuity in the right eye with nasal visual field loss and optic atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of HaNDL is one of exclusion, which must be made in conjunction with a neurologist. HaNDL may be accompanied by elevated intracranial pressure and papilledema. As in other disorders causing papilledema, these patients may have permanent visual sequelae. Recognition by the ophthalmologist of this rarely reported syndrome will facilitate prompt patient diagnosis and treatment.     

颅内动脉瘤的眼部表现

颅内动脉瘤是神经系统常见的疾病,大部分动脉瘤破裂前通常无明显临床表现,破裂后常引起严重并发症,并危及患者生命.部分颅内动脉瘤可有眼部表现,如视乳头水肿、视网膜出血、玻璃体出血、视力下降、视野缺损、动眼神经麻痹、外展神经麻痹及三叉神经病变等.颅内动脉瘤的主要影像学诊断方法有电子计算机断层扫描、磁共振血管造影、数字减影血管造影,其中数字减影血管造影是诊断颅内动脉瘤的金标准.颅内动脉瘤主要依靠手术治疗,包括显微手术夹闭、血管内介入治疗,手术方式的选择应该根据病情及医疗条件综合考虑.