激光送粉增材制造光粉交互作用机制分析

激光同轴送粉增材制造过程中，粉末粒子和激光束发生能量交互作用的剧烈程度决定了粉末粒子进入熔池前存在的状态.借助背影增效瞬态影像捕捉方法及图像信息处理技术，从宏观和微观角度研究了激光辐照下粉末束流及粒子的变化特征.提取高亮状态粒子数量、亮区总面积和单个粒子亮区面积均值作为特征参量，综合表征工艺参数对该过程的影响规律.结果表明，通过主要工艺参数的合理匹配可以很好的实现对光粉相互作用过程的调控.激光能量密度越高，光粉作用时间越长，粉末粒子接受激光辐照的程度就越激烈，以熔融态进入熔池的可能性就越大.     

送粉式激光熔覆过程激光有效能量的表征方法

为系统地阐述送粉激光熔覆过程中激光能量的分配关系，在分析熔覆材料和基体材料与激光相互作用的基础上，提出了激光能量有效利用率的概念，给出了检测方法，并系统分析了影响因素。结果表明：在相同的送粉速率下，随扫描速度的增加，熔覆材料吸收的能量增加，基体材料吸收的能量减少，激光能量有效利用率增大；在相同的扫描速度下，随送粉速率的增加，熔覆材料吸收的能量增加，基体材料吸收的能量减少，激光能量有效利用率增大。对激光能量有效利用率随扫描速度变化出现最大值的现象给出了合理的解释。为定量描述激光熔覆工艺与工艺结果之间的关系奠定了基础。     

送粉激光熔覆中送粉速率对激光束与粉末流相互作用的影响

引入经典光学理论计算激光束与粉末流的相互作用，藉此研究了送粉速率对工件表面激光强度分布和不同位置颗粒温度的影响。计算结果表明：随送粉速率的增加，激光强度以及颗粒温度的最高值都显著降低：同时，激光强度分布和不同位置颗粒温度趋于均匀。由于对激光熔池中动力学过程的潜在影响，这些结果应在描述激光熔覆过程的数学模型中加以考虑。     

激光同轴送粉增材制造粉末束流关键特征表征与分析

粉末束流焦距和焦点位置处的粉末颗粒的空间分布是粉末束流的两个关键特征,对激光同轴送粉增材制造工艺特性影响较大. 利用高速摄像拍摄粉末束流的宏观形貌,以图像灰度处理技术为基础,建立了粉末束流焦距和焦点位置处粉末颗粒空间浓度分布表征方法,提出利用有效粉斑直径定量分析粉末束流的汇聚性,系统研究了载气流量、同轴保护气流量、送粉速率等主要工艺参数对粉末束流关键特征的影响规律. 结果表明,工艺参数的改变几乎不影响粉末束流焦点位置处粉末颗粒呈高斯分布这一规律;载气流量增加,粉末束流焦距变小,有效粉斑直径变大,粉末束流汇聚性变差;同轴保护气流量增加,粉末束流焦距变长,有效粉斑直径基本不变;送粉速率提高,粉末束流的焦距和有效粉斑直径变化均不大.     

激光辐照下粉末颗粒物态变化特征

激光与粉末颗粒交互作用后粉末颗粒的物态是目前制约激光同轴送粉加工工艺持续提升的核心要素之一.利用背影增效瞬态影像高速摄影方法清晰获取了激光辐照下粉末颗粒状态随时间变化规律,构建出了激光作用下粉末颗粒飞行过程的动力学模型,对光粉作用区内不同物态特征粒子的演化规律进行了系统研究.结果表明,光粉交互作用区约70%的粉末粒子受到激光辐照,强激光辐照下粒子表面瞬间气化产生高温等离子体形成的反冲作用力是改变粉末粒子运动轨迹和运动速度的原因;激光辐照下粒子运动加速度与“慧尾”长度之间存在映射关系,“慧尾”长度越长,粒子运动加速度越大;粉末粒子的亮度信息在统计学规律上可以定性表征激光辐照下粉末粒子的物态.     

同步送粉激光熔覆的粉末分布密度

提出了粉末分布密度这一新概念，即同步送粉激光熔覆时基体单位面积上分布的覆层粉末质量。以临界覆层为研究对象，研究了同步送粉激光熔覆时粉末分布密度与最小比能的关系及其对临界覆层宏观质量的影响。研究结果表明，粉末分布密度与最小比能呈线性关系，前者也是覆层高度和边界角的重要影响因素     

送粉式激光熔覆粉末有效利用系数的检测方法及其影响因素

利用金相检测法建立了送粉式激光熔覆过程中反映熔覆层宏观参数、工艺参数之间的相互关系的粉末有效利用系数的方程。确定了作用时间内粉末有效利用系数的计算方法,系统分析了影响粉末有效利用系数的因素。为定量描述熔覆层与基体材料在界面的结合状态,提出了冶金结合系数的概念。在激光功率、光班尺寸保持不变的条件下,作用时间内的粉末有效利用系数随扫描速度的增加而增大,随送粉速率的增加而增大。对粉末有效利用系数随扫描速度的变化再现最大值的现象给出了合理的解释。     

激光内送粉高速熔覆Cr50Ni合金稀释率及单道形貌分析

目的研究"光内送粉"正离焦高速熔覆Cr50Ni合金单道形貌及稀释率变化影响因素,制备耐磨、耐腐蚀绿色无污染的金属表面涂层,从而替代传统电镀。方法采用"光内送粉"正离焦新型耦合技术开展高速熔覆工艺试验,即在304不锈钢基体上制备Cr50Ni合金熔覆层。建立了光内送粉条件下粉末遮光模型,得出了送粉速率与粉末遮光率的关系,从而得到最终照射在基体上的激光能量,而激光能量密度与稀释率呈正相关,以此分析了不同送粉速率对熔覆层稀释率的影响,同时考察了不同离焦量对熔覆层稀释率以及单道熔覆厚度的影响,分析了最佳熔覆层的显微组织成分变化和硬度变化趋势。结果当扫描速度为9 m/min、离焦量为+1～+2 mm、激光功率为1.85 kW时,可获得厚度约为121～452μm、稀释率为12.9%～75%、硬度值为280～320HV的表面形貌较好的熔覆层。粉末粒子直径为50μm时,在16～32g/min送粉速率下,粉末遮光率为16.6%～33.1%。熔覆层底部的晶粒形态主要为明显的柱状枝晶,由于冷却速度快,进入熔池中的气体来不及逃逸,使得熔覆层内部存在一些微小气孔。结论 "光内送粉"正离焦光粉耦合新技术采用Cr50Ni合金材料,在激光功率为1.85 kW、送粉速率为28 g/min、离焦量为+2 mm、扫描速度为9 m/min的工艺参数下,可以获得理想的单道成形效果,实现高速熔覆。     

斜面激光熔覆粉末流场及光粉耦合机理研究

目的 扩展增材制造在斜面复杂零部件修复领域的应用,弥补倾斜熔覆过程中粉末流动行为研究的空缺。方法 采用RSM进行模拟方案设计与数据处理,通过拟合输入参数与输出之间的数学模型,探究送粉电压、气流量、基体倾斜角度对倾斜基体上粉末浓度和粉斑直径的影响规律。结合数值模拟和试验研究对光粉耦合机理进行分析,探究光粉平衡关系对涂层形貌的影响机理。结果 粉末颗粒速度随气流量的增加而增大;倾斜基体上最大粉末浓度随气流量的增大而降低,随送粉电压的增大而增高;倾斜基体上的粉斑直径随基体倾斜角度和气流量的增大而增大。以倾斜基体上的粉末浓度最大、倾斜基体上的粉斑直径最小为优化目标,0°、10°、20°、30°倾斜基体上最大粉末浓度模拟值与预测值的误差分别为4.34%、3.61%、5.82%、13.15%,基体上粉斑直径模拟值与预测值的误差分别为2.95%、3.22%、3.57%、4.10%,说明该模型对倾斜基体上最大粉末浓度及粉斑直径的预测精度较高。结论 气流量对粉末颗粒速度影响显著,送粉电压、气流量对基体上最大粉末浓度的影响显著,倾斜角度、倾斜角度与气流量的交互项对倾斜基体上的粉斑直径影响显著。研究结果为激光...     

送粉式激光熔覆熔池深度的分析模型及其影响因素

在分析送粉式激光熔覆过程中能量分配和粉末颗粒云对激光束衰减规律的基础上,通过建立能量平衡方程,推导出熔池深度与工艺参数之间的定量关系表达式,系统分析了影响熔池深度的因素。结合相关的物理参数、工艺参数和金相检测的熔覆层宏观参数,对方程进行了理论计算。同金相法实际检测的熔池深度相比,理论值高于实际值,两者反映的规律是一致的,客观地反映了激光熔覆中工艺参数和工艺结果之间的关系。在激光参数保持不变的条件下,熔池深度随扫描速度和送粉速率的增大而减小。为熔覆工艺参数的优化、熔覆层质量的评定和现场控制系统的设计提供了理论依据。     

Modelling of energy attenuation due to powder flow-laser beam interaction during laser cladding process

Laser cladding is becoming an emergent process with high interest for industries dedicated to high added value parts production. Laser cladding introduces new manufacturing concepts such as direct manufacturing of parts, avoiding in this way the excessive waste of material in the form of chips, inherent to traditional machining processes. This process is based on the use of a source of high energy density, such as laser beams, to generate a melt pool on a substrate where a filler material is injected. Thus, when studying the process it is necessary to know the effective energy that reaches the base material. This energy does not correspond to the one provided by the laser beam, considering that the laser beam has to go through a cloud of injected powder before it reaches the substrate. In this region there is an interaction between the laser beam and the filler material in which a significant amount of energy is absorbed by the powder. As a result, attenuation values can reach up to high percentages of the initial energy value.This paper presents a model based on the shadow created by powder particles on the substrate, with capabilities of estimating the attenuation suffered by the beam and characterizing the density of energy that reaches the surface of the substrate. The model starts from the initial energy density of the laser and the powder concentrations obtained from a CFD model, which has been experimentally validated. In addition, three different approaches have been introduced for the model solution. Initially a constant powder particle size and a perfectly cylindrical laser beam are considered. Subsequently, an experimentally measured particle size distribution and the divergence of the beam are introduced in order to accurately adjust the model and the real process. The attenuation model has been experimentally adjusted and validated. The error average is below 10% of measured values.     

Numerical simulation of powder effect on solidification in directed energy deposition additive manufacturing

An integrated simulation of powder effects on particle temperature and microstructural evolution in laser directed energy deposition additive manufacturing process was carried out. The spatial distribution of the flying powder particles was simulated by the discrete element method to calculate the energy for the flying powder particles under the laser–particle interaction with electromagnetic wave analysis. Combined with the phase field method, the influence of particle size on the microstructural evolution was studied. The microstructural evolution is validated through comparison with experimental observation. Results indicate that the narrow particle size distribution is beneficial to obtaining a more uniform temperature distribution on the deposited layers and forming smaller equiaxed grains near the side surfaces of the sample. Appropriate powder particle size is beneficial to the conversion of the electromagnetic energy into heat. Particles with small size are recommended to form equiaxed grains and to improve product quality. Appropriate powder flow rate improves the laser energy efficiency, and higher powder flow rate leads to more uniform equiaxed grains on both sides of the cross-section.     

激光快速成形过程中粉末与熔池交互作用的数值模拟

建立了描述激光快速成形过程中气/粉两相流送粉、粉末与熔池交互作用及激光熔覆成形温度场的联合模型.采用有限单元生死技术模拟了熔池形成和自由界面形状演化及熔覆层的沉积过程:根据界面温度与粉末粒子动量损失状况模拟了熔池对粒子的捕捉以及工件对粉末的反射,并采用Lagrangian粒子追踪模型实现了对粉末颗粒的跟踪.在此基础上,模拟了激光快速成形过程中316L不锈钢粉末、激光与熔池的交互作用过程.计算结果与实验结果吻合.     

Selective laser sintering mechanism of polymer-coated molybdenum powder

A type of polymer-coated molybdenum powder used in selective laser sintering technology was prepared by coating polymer on molybdenum particles and frozen grinding techniques, with the maximum particle diameter of 71 μm. The laser sintering experiments of polymer-coated molybdenum powder were conducted by using the self-developed selective laser sintering machine （HLRP-350I）. The method of microscopic analysis was used to investigate the dynamic laser sintering process of polymer-coated molybdenum powder. Based on the study, the laser sintering mechanisms of polymer-coated molybdenum powder were presented. It is found that the mechanism is viscous flow when the laser sintering temperature is between 100 ℃ and 160 ℃, which can be described by a two-sphere model; and the mechanism is melting/solidification when the temperature is above 160 ℃.     

激光增材制造过程中激光与粉末的相互作用研究现状

激光增材制造是通过激光加热熔化粉末或丝材并逐层叠加而形成所需工件的一种增量制造技术。该技术涉及非常复杂的非平衡物理和化学冶金过程,在加工过程中易产生非平衡组织和晶粒取向。激光与粉末的相互作用过程是整个加工过程中最为重要的部分,系统总结激光与粉末的相互作用对于增进对激光增材制造技术的理解,进而提升工件性能具有重要的意义。按照送粉式与铺粉式激光增材制造两种加工方式,分析了激光能量的衰减、粉末颗粒温度的上升以及激光-粉末-熔池的相互作用,综述了激光与粉末相互作用的研究现状。     

Effect of the feeding rate on microstructure and properties of plasma spheroidized GH4169 powder

The growing interest in additive manufacturing of GH4169 alloy was accompanied by the demand on spherical GH4169 powders with high performance.The powder particles were treated by radio frequency plasma with the different feeding rates.The microstructure and morphology,the particle size distribution of as-treated powders were studied by scanning electron microscopy and laser particle size analysis.It was demonstrated that GH4169 powders with extremely fine followability were obtained by radio frequency plasma spheroidization technology.With the same plasma parameters,the spheroidization efficiency of the particles varied with the feeding rates.When the rate of the powder feeding rates was too small,the excessive absorption of the heating by the powders caused vaporization,then the collection decreased.When the feeding rates was too large,the powder particles were insufficiently absorbed,resulting in defects in the powders.The microstructure of the as-treated spherical particles was mainly cell crystals,columnar crystals,and even microcrystals.Under the suitable plasma parameters,the resulting powders haved a slightly increased average particle size,excellent spheroidization,surface smoothness,followability,and bulk ratio.     

Cladding of pre-blended Ti–6Al–4V and WC powder for wear resistant applications

In this paper, a cladding investigation to achieve uniform distribution of WC particles which is crack-free, non-porous and without delamination using a 2 kW IPG Ytterbium doped, continuous wave, fibre laser with 1070 nm wavelength was reported. The single track deposition of a pre-blended powder, 27 wt.% Ti–6Al–4V/73 wt.% WC with a particle size range of 40–120 μm was made on Ti–15V–3Cr–3Sn–3Al substrate using a co-axial nozzle and a standard powder feeding system. The laser cladding samples were subjected to various microstructure examinations, microhardness and micro-abrasion tests. The results revealed that the best clad layers were achieved at an energy density of 111.10 J.mm^?2, 15–18.3 mm.s^?1 traverse speed; (583–667) mg.s^?1 powder feed rate with substrate surface irradiated by laser beam raising its temperature to about 200 °C. This resulted in a uniform distribution of WC within the clad and the results obtained from SEM, EDS and XRD revealed that the WC particles experienced surface melting with some diffusion into the matrix, thus promoting excellent bonding with the matrix and the formation of titanium and tungsten carbides, which include TiC and W₂C. The emergence of β-Ti, TiC and W in the clad resulted in enhanced hardness values. The mean value of microhardness in clad matrix is 678 HV when measured from the top of a transverse cross section of the clad sample into the interface region with the Ti substrate which has a hardness of 396 HV. Wear tests indicated the wear resistance of the clad was seven times that of the Ti alloy substrate.