A DS-CDMA tracking mode receiver with joint channel/delayestimation and MMSE detection

A tracking mode receiver for asynchronous direct-sequence CDMA is presented based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF). The EKF jointly estimates the delays and multipath coefficients of the received CDMA waveform, and provides a modified minimum mean-square error (MMSE) estimate of the user data (MMSE-EKF). In order to obtain a practical algorithm, each user signal is tracked individually, with the remaining users modeled as colored Gaussian noise. However, the EKFs are coupled through the multiple access interference (MAI) covariance estimates. In order to obtain meaningful performance measures, approximate worst-case undesired user delays that minimize the desired user SNR and delay estimation Cramer-Rao bound are obtained. It is shown that such worst-case delays can be efficiently computed using the alternating maximization (A-M) algorithm. The resulting bit error rate (BER) performance of the MMSE-EKF tracking receiver is evaluated through a combination of simulation and analysis. The mean-time to lose lock (MTTLL) for a genie-aided EKF delay estimator is also obtained using the A-M computed delays     

水声多径信道中的标识延迟空时扩展发射分集

水声信道存在严重的传播时延和多径时延,该文提出了一种带有信道标识的延迟空时扩展(LDSTS)发射分集方案,通过信道探测、延时发射和Rake接收来消除传播时延和多径时延的影响,且顺序延时发射保证了方案的实用性。文中给出了采用频移键控和相移键控调制的LDSTS方案的信号模型、误码率分析和比特误码率的仿真。仿真表明,在多径水声信道中,LDSTS可以更好地实现完全发射分集。     

A low‐complexity adaptive receiver for DS‐CDMA systems in unknown code delay environment

In direct‐sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) multiuser communication systems in multipath channels, both intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple‐access interference (MAI) must be considered. The multipath channel characterizes the propagation effects including the timing offset and delays, etc. Traditionally, we use the delay‐locked loop (DLL) code tracking loop to recover the timing delay. But DLL cannot work well in multipath environment. In this paper, we propose a low‐complexity adaptive receiver to suppress ISI/MAI and solve the timing offset problems without using conventional DLL code tracking loop. The proposed receiver employs an adaptive filter whose weights are adapted using a block least‐mean square error algorithm with fractional sampling. Simulations confirm the good performance, including learning curves and theoretical analysis of minimum mean‐square error, of the proposed receiver. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Blind multiuser detection in uplink CDMA with multipath fading: a sequential EM approach

We consider joint channel estimation and data detection in uplink asynchronous code-division multiple-access systems employing aperiodic (long) spreading sequences in the presence of unknown multipath fading. Since maximum-likelihood (ML) sequence estimation is too complex to perform, multiuser receivers are proposed based on the sequential expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. With the prior knowledge of only the signature waveforms, the delays and the second-order statistics of the fading channel, the receivers sequentially estimate the channel using the sequential EM algorithm. Moreover, the snapshot estimates of each path are tracked by linear minimum mean-squared error filters. The user data are detected by a ML sequence detector, given the channel estimates. The proposed receivers that use the exact expressions have a computational complexity O(2/sup K/) per bit, where K is the number of users. Using the EM algorithm, we derive low-complexity approximations which have a computational complexity of O(K/sup 2/) per bit. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed receivers offer substantial performance gains over conventional pilot-symbol-assisted techniques and achieve a performance close to the known channel bounds. Furthermore, the proposed receivers even outperform the single-user RAKE receiver with Nyquist pilot-insertion rate in a single-user environment.     

Joint multiple target tracking and classification in collaborative sensor networks

We address the problem of jointly tracking and classifying several targets within a sensor network where false detections are present. In order to meet the requirements inherent to sensor networks such as distributed processing and low-power consumption, a collaborative signal processing algorithm is presented. At any time, for a given tracked target, only one sensor is active. This leader node is focused on a single target but takes into account the possible existence of other targets. It is assumed that the motion model of a given target belongs to one of several classes. This class-target dynamic association is the basis of our classification criterion. We propose an algorithm based on the sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) filtering of jump Markov systems to track the dynamic of the system and make the corresponding estimates. A novel class-based resampling scheme is developed in order to get a robust classification of the targets. Furthermore, an optimal sensor selection scheme based on the maximization of the expected mutual information is integrated naturally within the SMC target tracking framework. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the excellent performance of the proposed multitarget tracking and classification scheme in a collaborative sensor network.     

基于增量学习神经模糊网络的机动目标跟踪

本文提出了基于增量学习神经模糊网络机动目标跟踪模型.当被跟踪目标发生机动时,该模型立刻检测到机动并对卡尔曼滤波器的自适应系统协方差进行精确估计,系统得到及时、正确的补偿.增量学习神经模糊网络能够随着环境变化,自动调整、找到最优的网络结构及参数,当发生机动时,总是能产生接近真实机动值的估计输出,从而提高跟踪性能及避免错误跟踪.仿真结果表明,该模型比传统的机动目标跟踪模型有更好的跟踪性能,并且该模型能动态的适应环境的变化,使系统更加实时,精确的跟踪机动目标.     

Detection techniques for fading multipath channels with unresolvedcomponents

In this paper we consider noncoherent detection structures for multipath Ricean/Rayleigh fading channels. The multipath components are assumed to be unresolved, with known delays. These delays could have been estimated, for example, by using super-resolution techniques or sounding the channel with a wide-band pulse. We show that the Rayleigh channel optimum receiver (R OPT) consists of an “orthogonalization” (or decorrelation) stage and then it implements an optimum decision rule for a resolved multipath channel. Since the optimum decision rule over Ricean channels is in general too complex for implementation, we propose several suboptimum structures such as the quadratic decorrelation receiver (QDR) and the quadratic receiver (QR). The QDR scheme exploits the decorrelation performed on the input samples. The nonlinear term due to the Ricean specular term is replaced by a quadratic form that is more suitable for implementation. Single-pulse performance of these schemes are studied for commonly used binary modulation formats such as FSK and DPSK. This paper shows that it is possible to have diversity-like gains over Ricean/Rayleigh multipath fading channels with unresolved components even if the channel is not fully tracked. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates the importance of using generalizations of RAKE receivers designed to handle the unresolvability condition. For two-path mixed-mode Ricean/Rayleigh channels, it is shown that improved performance can be obtained by using receivers that know the strength of the Ricean specular term     

TDD-CDMA系统的一种新的多径发送分集方案

本文提出了ＴＤＤ－ＣＤＭＡ系统的一种新的多径分集方案。它在发送端采用一个ＦＩＲ滤波器,面在接收端采用ＲＡＫＥ接收机实现多径合并。分析结果表明对ＦＩＲ滤波器的系统进行优化的问题椒于求解矩阵的牲玫特征向量的问题,而最大的特征值所对应的特征向量就是最佳ＦＩＲ滤波器的抽头系数。本文还分析了多天线的情况,此时相当于２维时空信号处理。数值分析表明采用上述方案的系统的输出信噪比（ＳＮＲ）较之通道的ＲＡＫＥ系统或     

A Multipath Detection Scheme for CDMA Systems With Space–Time Spreading

Space-time spreading (STS) is an appealing open-loop transmit diversity scheme, which has recently been included into the cdma2000 standard. It has been shown that the performance of the STS scheme is highly sensitive to fading coefficient estimation errors, particularly when the channel is highly time dispersive. In practical systems, channel estimation is normally performed after the multipath components are resolved, which suggests that improving multipath detection reduces such estimation errors. Motivated by this, we address, in this paper, the problem of multipath detection in STS-based code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. We first extend the conventional energy-based multipath detection scheme (EMDS) to cope with the spatial channel structure. We derive approximate expressions for the probability of detection and probability of false alarm. It is shown that the errors produced by the conventional scheme in detecting the potential multipath components severely impact the performance of the receiver. To improve upon the EMDS, we introduce and analyze an improved multipath detection scheme (IMDS) based on the estimation of the interference power in the individual resolved multipath components. The efficacy of the proposed scheme stems from the fact that the interference in each potential path is estimated and subtracted before that path is detected. We also present a simple and realizable version of the proposed IMDS detection scheme. Our results show that the proposed scheme not only improves the bit-error-rate performance significantly but also utilizes the pilot power much more efficiently.     

Optimally Interleaved Signals for SFN

This paper focuses on how designing transmit signals improves performance of single frequency networks (SFNs), employing multiple distributed transmit antennas. Considering the effect of multipath fading, pairwise error probability conditioned on shadowing is derived to show that the achievable diversity order of SFNs increases as the number of resolvable channel taps between transmit and receive antennas increases. One transmit signal based on interleaved-partition subcarrier grouping is proposed to obtain the achievable diversity order. Further, we show that different interleaving methods result in different performance due to asynchronous delays caused by unequal distances between distributed transmit antennas and mobile receivers. To optimize the proposed transmit signal, one interleaving scheme, establishing a tradeoff between mobile receivers' location and performance, is introduced in terms of the asynchronous delays. Simulation results are presented in a representative scenario to demonstrate the performance gains offered by the proposed optimum transmit signal. The proposed scheme does not introduce any changes at the mobile receivers.     

Half-sine and triangular despreading chip waveforms for coherentdelay-locked tracking in DS/SS systems

The performance of a coherent delay-locked tracking scheme for direct-sequence/spread-spectrum systems using half-sine or triangular chip waveforms for early and late despreading sequences is analyzed. The effect of band-limiting on the received signals is considered. Mean time to lose lock (MTLL) and root mean square (rms) tracking error of the delay-locked loop (DLL) are compared with that of a conventional DLL which uses rectangular chip despreading waveforms. Linear and nonlinear (based on the renewal process approach) analyses are employed to evaluate the performance of the DLL. Results show that the use of either the half-sine or triangular chip waveform reduces the rms tracking error and increases the MTLL considerably when the early-late spacing is approximately between 0.7-1.3 chip times. The results apply in particular to the commonly used DLL using one chip early-late spacing. Computer simulation for band-limited signals confirms the analytical results. The use of these despreading chip waveforms also reduces tracking offset in multipath environments     

Channel Estimation for MIMO-OFDM Systems by Modal Analysis/Filtering

In this paper, we investigate the benefits of exploiting the a priori information about the structure of the multipath channel on the performance of channel estimation for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. We first approach this problem from the point of view of estimation theory by computing a lower bound on the estimation error and studying its properties. Then, based on the insight obtained from the analysis, efficient channel estimators are designed that perform close to the derived limit. The proposed channel estimators compute the long-term features of the multipath channel model through a subspace tracking algorithm by identifying the invariant (over multiple OFDM symbols) space/time modes of the channel (modal analysis). On the other hand, the fast-varying fading amplitudes are tracked by using least-squares techniques that exploit temporal correlation of the fading process (modal filtering). The analytic treatment is complemented by thorough numerical investigation in order to validate the performance of the proposed techniques. MIMO-OFDM with bit-interleaved coded modulation and MIMO-turbo equalization is selected as a benchmark for performance evaluation in terms of bit-error rate.     

An LMI approach to the H/sub /spl infin// filter design for uncertain systems with distributed delays

This paper investigates the problem of robust H/sub /spl infin// filter design for linear distributed delay systems with norm-bounded time-varying parameter uncertainties. The distributed delays are assumed to appear in both the state and measurement equations. The problem we address is the design of a filter, such that for all admissible uncertainties, the resulting error system is asymptotically stable and satisfies a prescribed H/sub /spl infin// performance level. A sufficient condition is obtained to guarantee the existence of desired H/sub /spl infin// filters, which can be constructed by solving certain linear matrix inequalities. The effectiveness of the proposed design method is demonstrated by a numerical example.     

Performance analysis for an adaptive filter code-tracking techniquein direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems

This paper investigates tracking of direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) signals based on an adaptive filtering technique. It is shown that a previously proposed hardware for code acquisition is also capable of code-tracking, and, hence, by performing both acquisition and tracking with the same circuitry, a significant simplification in the overall DS/SS receiver structure is gained. Analytical results show that the proposed scheme has a good tracking performance, as measured by the hold-in time and the false alarm penalty time, and is less sensitive to variations in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to conventional delay-locked loops (DLLs). Moreover, simulation results show that the proposed adaptive filter tracking scheme has a smaller residual tracking error than that produced by a conventional maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE)     

基于模糊逼近的非线性多时延系统的自适应跟踪控制

针对一类多输入多输出非线性多时延系统,提出了基于模糊逼近的自适应跟踪控制方案.该方案构建了基于模糊T-S模型的自适应时延模糊逻辑系统,用来逼近未知非线性时延函数.从而实现了对非线性系统的建模.根据跟踪误差给出了时延模糊逻辑系统的参数自适应律.设计了H_∞补偿器来抵消模糊逼近误差和外部扰动.基于Lyapunov稳定性理论,提出的控制方案保证了闭环系统的稳定性并获得了期望的H_∞跟踪性能.机械臂的仿真结果表明了该方案的有效性.     

Multiuser channel estimation and tracking for long-code CDMA systems

Channel estimation techniques for code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems need to combat multiple access interference (MAI) effectively. Most existing estimation techniques are designed for CDMA systems with short repetitive spreading codes. However, current and next-generation wireless systems use long spreading codes whose periods are much larger than the symbol duration. We derive the maximum-likelihood channel estimate for long-code CDMA systems over multipath channels using training sequences and approximate it using an iterative algorithm to reduce the computational complexity in each symbol duration. The iterative channel estimate is also shown to be asymptotically unbiased. The effectiveness of the iterative channel estimator is demonstrated in terms of squared error in estimation as well as the bit error rate performance of a multistage detector based on the channel estimates. The effect of error in decision feedback from the multistage detector (used in the absence of training sequences) is also shown to be negligible for reasonable feedback error rates using simulations. The proposed iterative channel estimation technique is also extended to track slowly varying multipath fading channels using decision feedback. Thus, an MAI-resistant multiuser channel estimation and tracking scheme with reasonable computational complexity is derived for long-code CDMA systems over multipath fading channels.     

Adaptive detection in asynchronous code-division multiple-accesssystem in multipath fading channels

In code-division multiple-access systems transmitting data over time-varying multipath channels, both intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple-access interference (MAI) arise. In this paper, we address interference suppression, multipath diversity and processing gain protection for multiuser detection with less noise enhancement by using a parallel cancelling scheme. The proposed detector consists of a RAKE filter, forward filter, and feedback filter with different functions for each filter. The RAKE filter increases the signal-to-noise ratio by taking the advantage of multipath and code diversities. The forward filter is proposed, in combination with the feedback filter, to remove the effects of MAI and ISI by parallel cancellation. In order to avoid performance deterioration due to unreliable initial estimation in the parallel cancellation, a cost function with proper weighting is introduced to improve the performance of the proposed detector. In the proposed design method, a recursive least square algorithm is employed to update the tap-coefficients of all filters for MAI and ISI cancellation. Finally, the performance of the proposed detector is analyzed and compared with other detectors     

Improved tracking adaptive noise canceler for nonstationaryenvironments

The performance of multiple reference adaptive noise cancelers is investigated and a new filter structure is proposed that provides better tracking in the multipath, multisource, nonstationary automobile noise environment studied. The filter uses the least mean square (LMS) algorithm with multiple filtering stages and subbanded sections to improve the overall tracking performance while maintaining filter stability     

Efficient decision feedback equalization for sparse wireless channels

A new efficient decision feedback equalizer (DFE) appropriate for channels with long and sparse impulse response (IR) is proposed. Such channels are encountered in many high-speed wireless communications applications. It is shown that, in cases of sparse channels, the feedforward and feedback (FB) filters of the DFE have a particular structure, which can be exploited to derive efficient implementations of the DFE, provided that the time delays of the channel IR multipath components are known. This latter task is accomplished by a novel technique, which estimates the time delays based on the form of the channel input-output cross-correlation sequence in the frequency domain. A distinct feature of the resulting DFE is that the involved FB filter consists of a reduced number of active taps. As a result, it exhibits considerable computational savings, faster convergence, and improved tracking capabilities as compared with the conventional DFE. Note that faster convergence implies that a shorter training sequence is required. Moreover, the new algorithm has a simple form and its steady-state performance is almost identical to that of the conventional DFE.