沉水植物在浅水富营养湖泊中的生态修复作用

综述了沉水植物在浅水富营养湖泊生态修复中的作用。在回顾浅水湖泊多稳态理论的基础上，分析了沉水植物在浅水富营养湖泊生态修复中四个方面的作用，即沉水植物是维护水生生态系统多样性的基础；能消耗水体中大量的氮、磷等物质；对有毒藻类的生长具有明显的抑制作用；对水生生态系统过程产生影响。最后，指出恢复沉水植物是实现浅水富营养湖 泊生态修复的有效途径。      

基于水生植物修复的玄武湖生态水位研究

在野外采样调查水生植物种类、种群现状和空间分布的基础上,基于湖泊形态分析法和生物空间最小需求法确定了玄武湖最低生态水位,并进一步考虑水生植物的水位需求,制定了水生植物不同生长阶段的生态水位调控方案。结果表明:玄武湖水生植物种类丰富但覆盖度不高,为13.2%,沉水植物的覆盖度很低,为2.1%;玄武湖最低生态水位为9.6 m,萌发期水位为9.9 m时,有利于水生植物尤其是沉水植物的萌发,能达成30%的水生植被覆盖度目标;夏季水位为9.8 m时,能保障湖泊防洪安全,控制过度生长的荷花等挺水植物,促进玄武湖总体水生植物的生长与修复。     

太湖五里湖生态恢复的理论与实践

在针对太湖五里湖水质严重污染和生态严重退化的情况,从分析浅水湖泊生态恢复的理论入手,提出生态恢复过程中控源减污、生境改善、生态重建、稳态调控的四个关键步骤,评价了西五里湖生态恢复示范工程的效果,计算了示范工程区水生植物覆盖度和生物多样性指数,指出达到景观要求的草型清水稳态湖泊还需要一个漫长的演替过程。     

浅水湖泊干法清淤若干问题初探

江苏南部太湖流域水网密布,湖泊众多,人口稠密,工业发达。历史上因环保意识不足,在乡镇企业大力发展的同时,对各地大小湖泊造成了一定的污染。为了解决浅水湖泊的底泥污染问题,长荡湖清淤一期工程进行了大胆的探索。主要从湖区清淤和排泥场两方面进行了设计,包括清淤深度、施工围堰、场地排水、施工道路、排泥场容积、库区防渗、复垦等内容,工程实施效果良好,为后期类似浅水湖泊的干地清淤积累了经验。     

基于水动力水质模型的浅水型湖泊水环境治理目标可达性评估

当前湖泊水环境治理仍然面临着湖泊水质的实际改善效果与工程方案预期不相符的难题,特别是城市浅水型湖泊,其受外源污染、底泥释放、降雨冲击等因素,对治理成效扰动响应更为剧烈,因此,进行多因素成效评估对城市浅水型湖泊水环境治理尤为重要。采用InfoWorks ICM模型,以武汉市墨水湖为例,搭建浅水型湖泊水质水动力模型,依据气象水文、城市开发建设、湖泊污染情况等现状数据,基于模型计算原理,研究COD、NH₃-N、TP等污染物的变化趋势,定量分析不同工况情景下湖泊水质的可达性,评估规划拟建工程的实施效果,可为同类湖泊水环境治理工程方案优化提供参考。     

浅水湖泊内源污染治理探索与实践

在外源污染得到有效控制的情况下,湖泊内源污染治理将成为湖泊生态保护与修复的重点。底泥是湖泊内源污染的主要贡献者,生态清淤是控制湖泊内源污染的重要手段,清淤范围、清淤深度以及清淤方案的设置将直接影响湖泊内源污染治理的效果。文章选取具有典型代表性的浅水湖泊——钟祥市南湖,通过工程实践,确定适宜的清淤范围、工艺、方法、设备、二次污染防治和淤泥资源化利用方案,开展生态清淤工作,并取得了良好的效果,为浅水湖泊内源污染治理提供参考和借鉴。     

DT-X回声探测仪在太湖沉水植物调查中的应用

沉水植物是湖泊生态系统的重要组成部分,掌握沉水植物分布及变化对于湖泊水环境综合治理及生态修复具有重要意义。在分析现有沉水植物调查方法的不足和介绍DT-X多功能回声探测仪的相关功能及国外应用情况的基础上,分析了在太湖应用该仪器开展沉水植物调查可能需要克服的技术难题,并选择断面对该仪器开展了试验性应用。结果表明,仪器调查结果与人工样方调查结果基本一致,应用DT-X回声探测仪在太湖开展沉水植物调查具有一定的前景。     

湖泊内源污染治理中的环保疏浚浅析

根据污染物的来源,湖泊污染可划分为外源污染和内源污染.环保疏浚是消除内源污染的最实用的方法,尤其对于浅水湖泊.环保疏浚的目的是通过底泥的疏挖去除底泥中所含的污染物,清除污染水体的内源,减少底泥污染物向水体的释放.论述了环保疏浚的方案、特点、在国内外的发展情况,同时也分析了有些湖泊底泥疏浚效果不佳的原因及应采取的措施,最后提出了几点关于我国疏浚发展的建议.     

长江中下游退化浅水湖泊水陆交错带环境因子及其对植物多样性的影响研究——以黄陂湖为例

研究浅水湖泊水陆交错带中环境因子和植物多样性指数的交互作用,对退化湖泊生态修复具有重要意义。以长江中下游巢湖流域典型退化浅水湖泊黄陂湖为研究区,调查水陆交错带植物多样性,利用Pearson相关性分析、PCA分析等多元统计方法,研究分析植物群落特征和环境因子的相关关系。结果表明:黄陂湖水陆交错带生物多样性较高,根据不同入湖河流可以将湖区植物特征分为不同片区;相比土壤环境因子,水环境因子与群落植物多样性密切相关,其中多样性指数和水环境中N含量呈正相关,均匀度指数和温度呈正相关;人工扰动对植被群落构建的影响要大于退圩前养殖活动的影响,在对浅水湖泊进行生态修复时,需考虑湖区环境差异并进行差异性群落构建,可提高生态修复工程实施效率。     

水利水电工程岩体力学参数综合取值方法探讨

在研究岩土工程有关规程规范和各种力学参数取值方法特点的基础上,提出了水利水电工程岩体力学参数综合取值方法。综合考虑工程规模和地质条件的复杂程度,将取值方法分为3个层次:对于地质条件简单的小型工程以及在项目规划、可研阶段,可采用野外地质调查和少量室内试验进行岩体分级、查表,经工程类比取得地质建议值;对于地质条件复杂的中型以上工程,初步设计阶段应开展原位试验,并采用工程经验类比法结合现场地质条件确定地质建议值;对于重要的大型工程应做专题研究。除了上述方法外,还可应用计算机模拟试验、人工神经网络法、模糊数学预测法等,慎重确定地质建议值。在施工阶段可利用监测资料开展反演分析,对岩体稳定性进行复核。结合工程经验指出了参数选取应用时应注意的问题。     

Submerged macrophyte communities and the controlling factors in large,shallow Lake Taihu (China): Sediment distribution and water depth

Lake Taihu, the third largest lake in China, is subjected to severe eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms as a result of development and urbanization. In order to restore the degraded lake ecosystem, it is important to identify which environmental factors control the submerged macrophytes which declined during eutrophication. To characterize community structure of submerged macrophytes and to assess the plant–environmental relationships in Lake Taihu, a monthly investigation was conducted from May to October in 2010. A total of six species were recorded, dominated by Potamogeton malaianus and Vallisneria natans. Multivariate analysis showed that water depth, depth of soft sediments and nutrient variables (orthophosphate of water, organic matter of sediment, total nitrogen and total phosphorus of sediment) were the major factors determining growth and community composition of submerged macrophytes in the lake. A strong predictive association of soft-sediment depth and plant biomass indicated preference of submerged macrophytes for firm bottoms along the eastern shore and approximately 0.2 m could be regarded as an optimum depth for the growth of plants. The biomass of plants responded proportionately to water depth, and approximately 1.8 m could be regarded as the optimum depth for the growth of submerged macrophyte in Lake Taihu. Our results indicated that improvement of habitat and the selection of appropriate submerged macrophytes species are very important for ecological restoration in large eutrophic lakes. This study could provide useful information for managers and policy makers to evaluate and modify restoration practices in large, shallow lakes.     

浅析湖、塘水生态修复措施

湖、塘水环境污染使其丧失了生态功能,为改善湖、塘水生态环境,本文以西湖苑内湖为例,介绍了该工程在水生态修复过程中使用的源头污染控制、水生植物群落修复、本土微生物修复、水体生态系统调控等水生态修复综合集成技术,并据此提出了在今后管理和维护过程中的措施建议,该经验对湖、塘生态修复具有一定的推广借鉴作用。     

Lake restoration in Denmark

Lake restoration in Denmark has involved the use of several different restoration techniques, all aiming to improve lake water quality and establishing clear‐water conditions. The most frequently used method, now used in more than 20 lakes, is the reduction of zooplanktivorous and benthivorous fish (especially roach (Rutilus rutilus) and bream (Abramis brama)) with the objective of improving the growth conditions for piscivores, large‐sized zooplankton species, benthic algae and submerged macrophytes. Piscivore stocking (mainly Esox lucius (pike)), aiming especially at reducing the abundance of young‐of‐the‐year fish, has been used in more than 10 lakes and frequently as a supplement to fish removal. Hypolimnetic oxidation, with oxygen and nitrate, has been undertaken in a few stratified lakes and sediment dredging, with the purpose of diminishing the internal phosphorus loading, has been experimented with in one large, shallow lake. Submerged macrophyte implantation has been conducted in some of the biomanipulated lakes to increase macrophyte abundance and distribution. Overall, the results from lake restoration projects, in the mainly shallow Danish lakes, show that external nutrient loading must be reduced to a level below 0.05–0.1 mg P L^–1 under equilibrium conditions to gain permanent effects on lake water quality. By using fish removal, at least 80% of the fish stock should be removed over a period of not more than 1–2 years to obtain a substantial effect on lower trophic levels and to avoid regrowth of the remaining fish stock. Stocking of piscivores requires high densities (>0.1 individuals m^–2) if an impact on the plankton level is to be obtained and stocking should be repeated yearly until a stable clear‐water state is reached. The experiments with hypolimnetic oxygenation and sediment dredging confirm that internal phosphorus loading can be reduced. Experience from macrophyte implantation experiments indicates that protection against grazing by herbivorous waterfowl may be useful in the early phase of recolonization.     

生物载体对污染物削减效果的应用研究

随着水生态修复工程的日益增多,生物载体在河湖中的应用也越来越多,本文选取了当前市场上常见的河湖用生物载体进行调研,并就其对污染物的去除效果进行试验,最后综合调研结果和试验结果得出:生物帘和绳状人工水草2对河湖水生态修复效果较好。此外,分析发现生物载体结构、材质的亲水性、生物亲和性对其挂膜效果和污染物去除效果有直接显著影响。通过调研和试验,该研究可帮助水生态修复工程选择效价比更高的生物载体,对于指导水生态工程生物载体选型具有实际参考价值和意义。     

重庆市集中式饮用水源地水生态修复措施调查研究

通过对重庆市已实施的150余处集中式饮用水源地水生态修复工程进行调查研究,发现已实施的项目中用到水生态修复工程措施22种,非工程措施7种。常用的9种工程措施分别是:岸边植被带、人工湿地、水源涵养林、生态隔离、物理隔离、生态清淤、生态浮床/浮岛、自然湿地、排污管(渠)网;同时对已实施项目中常用的植物种类进行了分析。重庆市饮用水源地水生态修复工程的实施,在对入库污染源拦截、污染水体净化方面起到了较好的效果,95.23%的项目实施后对污染源有不同程度的削减或消除作用,41.91%的项目在消除生活污水或养殖污染源方面效果较为明显。为更好地推进重庆市下阶段饮用水源地水生态修复工作,应尽快制定水生态修复工程指导性规则,同时加强对基层管理人员相关业务的培训。     

三峡库区澎溪河消落带生态系统修复实践探索

三峡水库蓄水后水位季节性波动给消落带带来了极大的环境胁迫。如何进行消落带生态系统修复,优化其生态系统服务功能,基于自然的解决方案是解决消落带复杂环境问题的重要途径。以位于三峡库区的澎溪河流域消落带为例,在阐述消落带生态系统修复设计策略和技术框架的基础上,结合持续10余年的消落带生态系统修复实践,分析了植物物种筛选及种源库建立、近自然植物群落构建、多功能基塘修复、复合林泽修复、多维湿地修复、地形-底质-植物-动物协同修复等技术的综合应用及其成效。结果表明,所筛选的植物耐淹性能及存活状况良好,修复后的消落带植物群落结构稳定,生物多样性提升、面源污染削减效果明显。澎溪河流域消落带生态系统修复实践解决了大幅度水位变化和冬季深水淹没的三峡水库消落带生态修复难题,创新性地构建了水库消落带生态系统修复技术体系,为大型湖库消落带生态修复提供了可推广、可复制的技术方法及实践模式。     

Potential influence of high pH value on ecological restoration of Dianchi LakeEI北大核心CSCD

针对滇池存在pH值和蓝藻浓度双高的生态问题,利用自动监测周报数据,分析了2004—2018年滇池最有代表性的观音山断面pH值及其变化趋势,发现在该时段内,pH值超标率普遍较高,极端pH值高达10.4。结合相关文献,分析了高pH值对滇池生态修复中有重要作用的沉水植物、浮游动物和鱼类的限制作用以及对铜绿微囊藻和水华鱼腥藻的潜在促进作用。为更好地保障滇池生态治理成效和促进生态修复进程,建议加强滇池高pH值形成机制研究,加强入湖河流和牛栏江引水工程对滇池高pH值的减缓作用,加强滇池pH值内源污染治理研究和工程建设。     

Trends in water quality and algal growth in shallow Frisian lakes,The Netherlands

About 20 shallow lakes form, together with interconnected canals, one hydrological water system in the province of Friesland. Total water surface area meets 14,000 ha, of which the lakes cover 10,000 ha. The regional catchment area is about 305,000 ha. In summer periods inflow of water from Lake Ilsselmeer keeps the system on a constant water table of 0.52 m below sea level.At the end of the sixties the lakes became hypertrophic. Algae were dominating the biocenoses and submerged water plants disappeared. Systematic investigations started in 1970, and biological data were included from 1976 on. During twenty years a stable, but highly eutrophic situation, passed. Blue-green algae, especially Oscillatoria agardhii, were dominating the phytoplankton. Submerged vegetation was absent and bream dominated the fish-stock.From 1991 onwards there is a slight improvement in water quality. Transparency increased, phosphorus concentration and algal biomass decreased. Also a shift in phytoplankton species occurred. Dominance of O. agardhii decreased and species diversity increased. First submerged water plants recovered in 1994. Improvements are induced by a combination of measures and a culmination of small effects. Results of 14 years of water quality research are presented. Results are given as trends in time. Attention is paid to the spatial gradient in the province as well. From south to north the chain-arranged lakes represent a remarkable pattern of increasing trophtc state, caused by regional loading of nutrients.