土地利用变化的碳排放机理及效应研究综述

就影响陆地生态系统碳储量的主要生态机制(CO2施肥效应、氮沉降增加、污染、全球气候变化、土地利用变化和土地管理),阐述了土地利用变化对陆地生态系统结构和功能产生的影响,以及对系统造成的碳储量变化.主要从土地利用变化和土地管理两方面对土地利用碳排放效应进行论述:森林砍伐后变为农田和草地,使生态系统中植被和土壤碳贮量大大降低;农田和草地弃耕恢复为森林,以及农田保护性管理措施的利用,能够使大气中的碳在植被和土壤中得到汇集;森林恢复过程中植被可以大量汇集大气中的碳,而由于农田耕种历史不同以及土壤空间异质性,导致土壤碳汇集速率差异极大;保护性农田管理措施(诸如免耕、合理的种植制度、化肥的施用等)可以影响土壤理化特性、作物根系生长以及残茬数量和质量、土壤微生物数量和活性,维持和提高土壤碳含量水平.土地利用碳排放核算主要从陆地生态系统的植被碳和土壤碳入手,综述了目前国内外的研究进展.     

气候驱动的中国陆地生态系统碳循环研究进展

近年来,碳循环问题日益成为全球变化与地球科学研究领域的前沿与热点问题,其中,陆地生态系统碳循环又是全球碳循环中最复杂、受人类活动影响最大的部分.本文主要对气候驱动的中国陆地生态系统碳循环研究进展做了综述,介绍了陆地生态系统中植被和土壤两个主要碳库以及陆地生态系统碳循环的基本过程,总结了陆地碳汇的形成机制、研究进展及气候变化对碳失汇的影响,提出了对陆地生态系统碳循环的研究应采用多尺度的研究方法,并简要叙述了中国陆地生态系统碳循环的研究展望.     

树木生长对气候变化的响应研究进展

树木生长对气候变化的响应将深刻影响区域植被动态、陆地生态系统生物地化循环、气候反馈及其人类福祉.持续的气候变暖、极端气候事件及自然和人为干扰的增加深刻地影响树木生长动态的时空格局.本文综述了近几十年全球气候变化的整体概况,着重探讨了气候变化对树木生长的影响机制以及树木生长对气候系统的反馈,并就树木生长响应气候变化研究中可能存在的问题和研究前景进行了探讨.提出未来树木生长响应气候变化关系的研究应考虑树木生长响应气候变化的时空差异,加强对树木死亡时空格局及内在机理的认识,重点关注不断增加的极端气候事件及火、虫灾干扰对树木生长的非线性影响机制,并融合地面观测、遥感及陆面动态植被模型模拟等多种分析手段综合分析树木生长对气候变化响应机制的尺度效应及内在机理.     

洪泽湖地区杨树人工林碳水通量昼夜和季节变化特征

【目的】通过对洪泽湖地区杨树人工林生态系统碳水通量的昼夜变化和季节变化特征进行分析,为评估该杨树人工林生态系统的固碳能力提供必要的基础数据,揭示杨树人工林生态系统碳循环及对外部气象环境因子的响应,同时为增强森林生态系统固碳能力提供依据。【方法】以洪泽湖地区杨树人工林生态系统为研究对象,利用涡度相关技术和微气象观测系统进行长期且连续的通量以及气象环境观测。选取2017年5月至2018年4月期间的原始观测数据,对异常数据进行剔除和插补处理,同时,利用EddyPro软件中的Express Mode模块对通量数据进行二次坐标旋转、频率损失订正以及WPL密度效应修正,最终转化为30 min数据。分析杨树人工林生态系统与大气间的二氧化碳(CO₂)、甲烷(CH₄)和潜热(latent heat, LE)通量的季节动态变化和昼夜变化特征及其与外部气象环境因子的相互关系。【结果】洪泽湖地区杨树人工林生态系统碳通量均有显著的昼夜和季节变化,净生态系统碳交换(net ecosystem exchange, NEE)白天为较强的碳汇,夜晚为较弱的碳源,整年表现为固碳作用,年通量为-506.9 g/(m²·a)。其日变化在生长季和非生长季均呈“U”形曲线,生长季的碳吸收明显大于非生长季;在生长季白天,NEE与光合有效辐射(photosynthetically active radiation, PAR)呈显著的对数关系;而在非生长季,NEE与夜间土壤温度(soil temperature,T_s)呈显著的指数关系。洪泽湖地区杨树人工林生态系统LE的昼夜和季节变化显著,在生长季和非生长季均呈“单峰型”曲线,且在生长季大于非生长季,LE与饱和水汽压差(vapor pressure deficit, VPD)在生长季和非生长季均呈显著的线性正相关关系。洪泽湖地区杨树人工林生态系统CH₄通量在生长季和非生长季均无显著的昼夜变化,在生长季为较弱的CH₄吸收,非生长季为中性至微弱的CH₄排放,全年可能表现为较微弱的CH₄汇。【结论】洪泽湖地区杨树人工林生态系统整体具有较高的固碳能力,CO₂和LE通量具有显著的昼夜变化和季节变化规律,而CH₄通量季节和昼夜变化并不显著,生态系统碳水通量受环境因子的影响较显著,可以为今后提升杨树人工林的固碳能力提供参考。因此,营造杨树人工林将是短期内吸收大气中的CO₂和CH₄并缓解气候变化的有效途径。     

6kaBP中东亚气候对植被变化的响应

选取PMIP2计划中ECBilt-CLIO-VECODE模式的结果,对比中全新世(6 kaBP)气候对于现代气候的变化,探讨了植被在中全新世气候变化中的意义.中东亚干旱区受西风环流影响,而东亚地区6 kaBP季风深入,不同大气环流的影响导致两区域大尺度气候特征差异大,同时该时期植被的变化增强了气候系统对轨道参数变化的响应:一系列气候要素对植被的动态响应导致气温、降水都因植被反馈而发生较大变化,但是该模式的结果存在低估6 kaBP升温幅度的缺陷,尤其是对冬季温度的模拟;即使耦合植被后有所改善,但对6 kaBP气候变化的驱动因子及其相互关系的研究仍需深入,同时对局地气候变化的物理机制还需改进.     

青藏高原物候研究的热点和趋势——基于CiteSpace可视化分析

基于1994—2020年关于青藏高原地区植被物候的已发表文献资料，利用CiteSpace可视化技术、文献研究法等分析近27 a青藏高原地区植被物候变化趋势及影响因素，并对该地区物候研究的热点及未来的研究方向进行分析.结果表明，青藏高原地区物候研究的年发文量总体呈上升趋势，发文内容以青藏高原地区物候与气候变化之间的关系为主，遥感技术取代传统地面观测成为研究青藏高原植被物候的主要手段.近27 a青藏高原地区植被返青期呈提前趋势，枯黄期变化趋势尚无一致结论，生长季长度呈延长趋势；气温和降水为物候期变化的主导因素，暖湿条件使物候期提前，暖干条件则会不同程度推迟物候期.未来应在不同研究手段整合的基础上对青藏高原地区植被物候开展多尺度研究.     

中国陆地生态系统植硅体碳汇潜力估算研究进展

植硅体封存有机碳作为长期稳定的碳汇机制之一,近年来在全球碳汇研究领域备受关注.分析植硅体在陆地生态系统植被-凋落物-土壤连续体的周转,计算其封存的有机碳含量,是进一步准确估算整个陆地生态系统植硅体碳封存潜力的基础,对陆地生态系统碳稳定固存和碳中和具有重要意义.通过全面回顾中国陆地生态系统植硅体碳封存潜力研究成果,系统论...     

祁连山不同类型植被物候变化及其对温度的响应

本文基于GIMMS NDVI数据,采用遥感物候法提取了生长季开始日期（SOS）、生长季结束日期（EOS）和生长季长度（LGS）3个植被物候指标,并借助Theil-Sen斜率与Mann-Kendall检验等统计方法和偏最小二乘分析法（PLS）,分析了祁连山不同类型植被物候空间分布规律、时间变化趋势及其对温度的响应．结果表明:1）自东南到西北方向,祁连山植被类型从灌丛逐渐过渡到草甸、草原再到高山植被,物候指标SOS逐渐推迟,EOS逐渐提前,LGS逐渐缩短．2）草甸和灌丛2种植被的物候变化最为剧烈,研究期内该2种植被的SOS均显著提前（分别为0.19和0.25 d·（10 a）?1）,EOS显著推迟（分别为0.20、0.21 d·（10 a）?1）,LGS显著延长（分别为0.39、0.46 d·（10 a）?1）;祁连山全境及主要植被的SOS均在1997—2000年发生转折,EOS和LGS的转折点均发生在2003年．3）上年秋末冬初温度对草甸与灌丛植被SOS具有正向影响,物候期前的春季温度对SOS具有显著负影响;夏秋季温度对EOS和LGS具有显著正影响．此外,最高温对物候的影响显著强于最低温,且在春夏季的个别月份,二者对物候的影响方向不同．植被物候的变化提示当地牧民在牧草种植与放牧上的调整．      

从数据到信息、从信息到知识:全球变化与大数据的遥感信息科学研究

<正>全球变化是全人类共同关心的社会持续发展的重大问题。了解地球大气、气候、海洋、陆地、水文等时间(多年多季等)与空间(全球与区域)多尺度的定量定性科学信息,特别包括重大环境变化的特征信息、变化信息及其响应信息,如极端气候(高温、低温等)、突发频发自然灾害事件(暴雪冰冻、暴雨洪涝、干旱、沙暴、台风、地震、污染等)的检测、监测、预警与及时评估,土壤植被积雪冻土等陆地表和大气温湿度等季节变化对地表生态系统(如碳、氮释放与循环变化等)等是全球时空环境变化及其引起其他相关变化的科学知识、科学评估与科学     

气候变化对森林的影响与多尺度适应性管理研究进展

森林作为陆地生态系统的主体和全球气候系统的重要组成部分,对调节全球碳平衡和减缓气候变化具有不可替代的作用。目前的研究表明,气候变化已经对全球各类森林产生了不同程度的影响,而且全球气候变暖的加剧将对森林产生毁灭性的影响。森林管理是一项缓解气候变化影响的关键因子,为应对全球气候变化,森林经营管理必须做出相应的调整以适应和减轻气候变化的消极影响。本文系统总结了全球气候变化对森林及树木分布、生理生态和物候、森林生产力、碳循环、生物多样性、森林水文、森林灾害等产生的现实和潜在的影响,并针对气候变化下的可能影响,从基因、物种、森林生态系统、流域和生物圈多个尺度阐述了适应性管理的对策,以提高各生命系统适应气候变化的能力,实现森林的可持续经营和生物圈的可持续发展。     

武汉市植被物候变化规律及影响因素分析

植被物候作为植被生长响应气候变化的指示器,对于研究气候变化以及城市化进程具有重要意义.城市内部植被通常分布破碎,因此公里级的低分辨率遥感影像难以实现植被的精细识别与分析,而十米级空间分辨率的遥感数据在时间分辨率方面又难以满足物候分析的要求.为此,该文基于遥感数据时空融合技术,缓解高时间分辨率与高空间分辨率之间的矛盾,进行城市植被物候变化规律的分析.基于非局部滤波融合方法,生成武汉市空间分辨率30 m、时间分辨率8 d的地表反射率及EVI(增强型植被指数)序列,进一步采用移动加权谐波分析方法对EVI序列进行重建,并通过动态阈值方法提取2006年～2014年武汉市植被物候信息.实验结果表明：1) 武汉市植被由中心向郊区呈现生长期开始时间(SOS)逐渐推迟、结束时间(EOS)逐渐提前、生长期长度(LOS)逐渐延长的空间分布规律,且整体呈现出SOS提前、EOS推迟、LOS延长的时间变化趋势;2) 植被物候和平均气温相关性并不显著,但EOS和LOS受气温年平均日较差影响显著,气温年平均日较差每增加1℃,EOS推迟约12 d,LOS延长约16 d,降水主要影响SOS和LOS,平均降水量每升高100 mm,SOS提前约5 d,LOS延长约9 d.     

丝绸之路经济带不同类型荒漠植被生长及其对气候变化响应

结合GIMMS归一化植被指数（NDVI）、TRENDYv2模型模拟净初级生产力、GRACE陆地水储量变化（ΔS_TW）及网格气候数据集,借助线性回归和偏相关分析,研究了1982—2015年丝绸之路经济带（the Silk Road Economic Belt,SREB）区域不同类型荒漠植被各季节生长动态及其对气候变化的响应规律．结果表明:1）升温导致SREB在1993—2015年的土壤含水量显著减少,2003—2015年陆地水储量下降,且ΔS_TW下降趋势增大,干旱加剧．2）不同类型荒漠植被生长存在差异,沙漠、半沙漠及荒漠灌丛区植被在1982—1992年呈增加趋势,1992年后降低;荒漠与苔原区植被仅在1992年前的生长季增加;沙漠与半沙漠区和荒漠草原区植被变化不显著．3）温度升高及降水减少引起的干旱胁迫是导致植被减少的主要因素,生长季前期降水有助于荒漠植被生长,促进作用从春季持续到夏季,秋季减弱．      

Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model

The continued increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide due to anthropogenic emissions is predicted to lead to significant changes in climate. About half of the current emissions are being absorbed by the ocean and by land ecosystems, but this absorption is sensitive to climate as well as to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, creating a feedback loop. General circulation models have generally excluded the feedback between climate and the biosphere, using static vegetation distributions and CO2 concentrations from simple carbon-cycle models that do not include climate change. Here we present results from a fully coupled, three-dimensional carbon-climate model, indicating that carbon-cycle feedbacks could significantly accelerate climate change over the twenty-first century. We find that under a 'business as usual' scenario, the terrestrial biosphere acts as an overall carbon sink until about 2050, but turns into a source thereafter. By 2100, the ocean uptake rate of 5 Gt C yr(-1) is balanced by the terrestrial carbon source, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations are 250 p.p.m.v. higher in our fully coupled simulation than in uncoupled carbon models, resulting in a global-mean warming of 5.5 K, as compared to 4 K without the carbon-cycle feedback.     

Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems.

Knowledge of carbon exchange between the atmosphere, land and the oceans is important, given that the terrestrial and marine environments are currently absorbing about half of the carbon dioxide that is emitted by fossil-fuel combustion. This carbon uptake is therefore limiting the extent of atmospheric and climatic change, but its long-term nature remains uncertain. Here we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of global and regional patterns of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen data confirm that the terrestrial biosphere was largely neutral with respect to net carbon exchange during the 1980s, but became a net carbon sink in the 1990s. This recent sink can be largely attributed to northern extratropical areas, and is roughly split between North America and Eurasia. Tropical land areas, however, were approximately in balance with respect to carbon exchange, implying a carbon sink that offset emissions due to tropical deforestation. The evolution of the terrestrial carbon sink is largely the result of changes in land use over time, such as regrowth on abandoned agricultural land and fire prevention, in addition to responses to environmental changes, such as longer growing seasons, and fertilization by carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Nevertheless, there remain considerable uncertainties as to the magnitude of the sink in different regions and the contribution of different processes.     

Impacts of climate change on ecosystem in Priority Areas of Biodiversity Conservation in China

Priority Areas of Biodiversity Conservation （PABCs） are the key areas for future biodiversity conservation in China. In this study, we used 5 dynamic global vegetation models （DGVMs） to simulate the ecosystem function changes under future climate change scenario in the 32 terrestrial PABCs. We selected vegetation coverage, vegetation productivity, and ecosystem carbon balance as the indicators to describe the ecosystem function changes. The results indicate that woody vegetation coverage will greatly increase in the Loess Plateau Region, the North China Plain, and the Lower Hilly Region of South China. The future climate change will have great impact on the original vegetation in alpine meadow and arid and semiarid regions. The vegetation productivity of most PABCs will enhance in the coming 100 years. The largest increment will take place in the southwestern regions with high elevation. The PABCs in the Desert Region of Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau are with fastest productivity climbing, and these areas are also with more carbon sink accumulation in the future. DGVM will be a new efficient tool for evaluating ecosystem function changes in future in large scale. This study is expected to provide technical support for the future ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation under climate change.     

Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming

The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems is particularly sensitive to climatic changes in autumn and spring, with spring and autumn temperatures over northern latitudes having risen by about 1.1 degrees C and 0.8 degrees C, respectively, over the past two decades. A simultaneous greening trend has also been observed, characterized by a longer growing season and greater photosynthetic activity. These observations have led to speculation that spring and autumn warming could enhance carbon sequestration and extend the period of net carbon uptake in the future. Here we analyse interannual variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration data and ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes. We find that atmospheric records from the past 20 years show a trend towards an earlier autumn-to-winter carbon dioxide build-up, suggesting a shorter net carbon uptake period. This trend cannot be explained by changes in atmospheric transport alone and, together with the ecosystem flux data, suggest increasing carbon losses in autumn. We use a process-based terrestrial biosphere model and satellite vegetation greenness index observations to investigate further the observed seasonal response of northern ecosystems to autumnal warming. We find that both photosynthesis and respiration increase during autumn warming, but the increase in respiration is greater. In contrast, warming increases photosynthesis more than respiration in spring. Our simulations and observations indicate that northern terrestrial ecosystems may currently lose carbon dioxide in response to autumn warming, with a sensitivity of about 0.2 PgC degrees C(-1), offsetting 90% of the increased carbon dioxide uptake during spring. If future autumn warming occurs at a faster rate than in spring, the ability of northern ecosystems to sequester carbon may be diminished earlier than previously suggested.     

Spatiotemporal variability of vegetation phenology with reference to altitude and climate in the subtropical mountain and hill region, China

Understanding the seasonal behaviour of a subtropical forest and its inter-annual variation is crucial to understanding and monitoring its ecosystem function in the context of global warming. Based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index dataset, a wavelet transform method was used to investigate the inter-annual variations of vegetation phenology in a subtropical mountain and hill region in Fujian, China, during 2001-2010. The results show a distinct inter-annual variation of vegetation phenology related to climate variability even if most areas presented non-significant trends. The start dates significantly advanced and end dates delayed in 2003 and 2008, due to anomalously warm conditions. There was generally a gradient of increasing start dates, and earlier end dates of vegetation growing season, due to colder temperatures at higher altitudes. However, the altitudinal phenology relationship also depends on its corresponding rainfall conditions. Earlier start dates were observed at higher altitudes during rainfall deficit years such as 2008, which coincides with relatively abundant rainfall at higher altitudes. This paper reveals that vegetation phenology was coupled with altitudinal gradient, with distinct responses at different combinations of alternate temperature and precipitation conditions variability.     

Increased soil emissions of potent greenhouse gases under increased atmospheric CO2

Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) can affect biotic and abiotic conditions in soil, such as microbial activity and water content. In turn, these changes might be expected to alter the production and consumption of the important greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and methane (CH(4)) (refs 2, 3). However, studies on fluxes of N(2)O and CH(4) from soil under increased atmospheric CO(2) have not been quantitatively synthesized. Here we show, using meta-analysis, that increased CO(2) (ranging from 463 to 780 parts per million by volume) stimulates both N(2)O emissions from upland soils and CH(4) emissions from rice paddies and natural wetlands. Because enhanced greenhouse-gas emissions add to the radiative forcing of terrestrial ecosystems, these emissions are expected to negate at least 16.6 per cent of the climate change mitigation potential previously predicted from an increase in the terrestrial carbon sink under increased atmospheric CO(2) concentrations. Our results therefore suggest that the capacity of land ecosystems to slow climate warming has been overestimated.     

1982——-2010年全国草地生长时空变化

基于遥感技术, 利用1982---2010年间NOAA-AVHRR卫星获得的归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)数据对全国29年来的草地生长动态变化及其与温度、降水的相关关系进行分析。结果表明: 29年来, 全国草地生长季NDVI总体上呈显著增加趋势(R²=0.25, p<0.01), 尤其是在1982?1999年间(R²=0.60, p<0.01), 而自20世纪90年代末开始失速。值得注意的是, 最近十几年(1999---2010年)草地生长季NDVI变化趋势的大小和方向基本上取决于起始年份的选择, 因而这一阶段草地生长的总体趋势不显著。不同地区、不同时段生长季NDVI变化趋势的空间分布存在较大差异。草地生长在1982---1999年间呈广泛(约占85%)增加趋势, 在1999---2010年间出现较大范围(约占50%)的逆转, 尤以干旱、半干旱地区的草地植被生长下降趋势最明显。水热组合状况是影响这一变化的主要原因。生长季平均NDVI与气候因子之间的相关关系分析表明, 全国大部分地区草地生长变化主要受降水驱动, 对于部分高寒和湿润、半湿润地区的草地, 生长季NDVI与温度关系密切, 温度上升对该地区草地生长有利。