男性服刑人员的心理状况与人格特征的相关性

目的 探讨济南市监狱男性服刑人员的心理状况及相关影响因素.方法 采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）对550名监狱男性服刑犯进行调查.结果 研究组SCL-90总分及各因子分均高于全国常模（P＜0.01）;EPQ的精神质、内外向、神经质分量表评分均高于全国常模（P＜0.01）;掩饰性分量表评分低于全国常模（P＜0.01）.研究组SCL-90总分及所有因子分与EPQ分量表精神质（P）维度、神经质（N）维度呈正相关（P＜0.01）;SCL-90总分及除敌对及偏执因子外所有因子分与内外向（E）维度呈负相关（P＜0.05）;SCL-90总分及除躯体化因子外所有因子分与掩饰性（L）维度呈负相关（P＜0.05）.多元线性回归显示婚姻状况、犯罪类型和EPQ的神经质（N）、内外向（E）、精神质（P）进入SCL-90阳性症状的回归方程.结论 服刑人员存在较多的心理健康问题,在人格特征上存在高精神质、高神经质、高外倾性和低掩饰性的特点,其影响因素较多.     

女性失眠症患者心理健康状况及相关因素分析

目的探讨女性失眠症患者心理健康状况及其影响因素,为改善其心理健康提供参考。方法选取2012年1月-6月在中山大学附属第三医院就诊的符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的女性失眠症患者42例,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)评定患者睡眠质量、心理健康状况、人格特征,并分别对SCL-90和PSQI、EPQ评分进行相关分析。结果除人际关系敏感因子外,42例患者的SCL-90总评分及其他8个因子评分均高于常模,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01);PSQI总评分及7个因子评分、SAS、SDS评分均高于常模,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01);PSQI的睡眠质量因子评分与SCL-90总评分及其9个因子评分均呈正相关(r=0.605～0.934,P均0.01);EPQ的精神质因子评分与SCL-90总评分及其8个因子评分(除恐怖因子外)均呈正相关(r=0.413～0.725,P0.05或0.01),神经质因子评分与SCL-90总评分及其9个因子评分均呈正相关(r=0.642～0.868,P均0.01)。结论女性失眠症患者的心理健康状况较差且常伴有焦虑、抑郁症状,其心理健康状况与睡眠质量和个性特征相关。     

苏州市某社区产后抑郁流行病学调查及相关危险因素

目的调查苏州市某社区产后抑郁的检出率及相关危险因素,为产后抑郁的防治提供参考。方法选取苏州市某社区88例产妇,采用爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)评定其产后抑郁情况,采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和社会支持评定量表(SSRS)评定产妇的个性特征及社会支持情况。以EPDS评分9分为界将产妇分为产后抑郁组和正常组,分析影响产后抑郁的相关因素。结果苏州市某社区产后抑郁检出率为21.6%;产后抑郁组EPQ神经质(N)维度评分高于正常组,差异有统计学意义[(88.45±8.07)分vs.(37.16±8.22)分,t=2.625,P0.05]。产后抑郁组与正常组SSRS总评分与各维度评分比较差异均无统计学意义(t=-1.411~-0.590,P均0.05)。产后抑郁组SSRS客观支持及主观支持评分与EPDS评分均呈负相关(r=-0.471、-0.459,P均0.05)。结论苏州市某社区产后抑郁的检出率较高,产妇的神经质人格特质与产后抑郁有关。     

血液透析患者身心症状相关因素分析

目的分析影响血液透析患者身心症状的相关因素,为提高患者透析和生活质量提供依据。方法选取2015年3月-9月于宝鸡市人民医院肾病内科进行血液透析的57例患者为研究对象,分别采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和社会支持度量表(SSRS)对血液透析患者的身心症状以及社会支持度进行测评,探讨性别、透析持续时间、年龄、受教育年限以及社会支持度等因素对患者身心症状的影响。结果除SCL-90中的其他因子外,SCL-90总评分、躯体化、强迫状态、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执及精神病性因子评分均高于国内常模,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01)。相关分析显示,透析持续时间与强迫状态呈正相关(r=0.51,P0.01);透析年龄与其他因子评分呈正相关(r=0.43,P0.01);社会支持度与人际关系敏感因子评分(r=-0.54,P0.01)和抑郁因子评分(r=-0.54,P0.01)呈负相关。结论血液透析患者存在不同程度的心理问题,透析持续时间、透析年龄及社会支持度是其可能的影响因素,其中社会支持度对血透患者身心症状的影响最大。     

广泛性焦虑症患者应对方式、社会支持与心理健康的关系

目的 探讨广泛性焦虑症患者应对方式、社会支持与心理健康的关系.方法 采用一般情况问卷、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、症状自评量表(SCL-90),对221例广泛性焦虑症患者进行问卷调查.结果 (1)广泛性焦虑症患者SCL-90得分与积极应对、主观支持、客观支持、支持利用度得分呈负相关(P＜0.05),与消极应对正相关(P＜0.01).(2)结构方程模型分析结果显示:积极应对对社会支持有直接(正向)效应(β=0.47,P＜0.01),对SCL-90得分有直接(负向)效应(β=-0.28,P＜0.01);消极应对对社会支持有直接(负向)效应(β=-0.23,P＜0.01),对SCL-90得分有直接(正向)效应(β=0.22,P＜0.01);社会支持对SCL-90得分有直接(负向)效应(β=-0.33,P＜0.01);积极应对和消极应对还可以通过社会支持间接影响心理健康.结论 应对方式对广泛性焦虑患者的心理健康有直接效应和间接效应;社会支持作为中介变量调节应对方式与心理健康的关系.运用积极应对、减少消极应对既可直接改善患者的心理健康水平,又可通过提高患者的社会支持来改善患者心理健康状况.     

围绝经期妇女罹患抑郁症的危险因素分析

目的:探讨围绝经期妇女抑郁症的危险因素。方法:80例确诊为抑郁症的围绝经期女性患者(抑郁症组)和120例非抑郁症的围绝经期女性患者(对照组)进行艾森克人格量表(EPQ)、生活事件量表(LES)、社会支持量表(SSRS)的自评,同时检测两组血雌二醇激素(E2)及促卵泡刺激素(FSH)水平并进行比较。结果:抑郁症组血E2水平(t=-8.17,P=0.000)及SSRS主观支持得分(t=-3.44,P=0.001)低于对照组;血FSH水平(t=13.45,P=0.000)、LES总事件刺激分(t=5.42,P=0.00)、负性事件刺激分(t=7.97,P=0.000)、EPQ-N(神经质)分(t=8.32,P=0.000)、EPQ-P(精神质)分(t=3.84,P=0.00)高于对照组。多因素非条件Logistic回归提示,血E2、FSH水平、LES负性事件评分、EPQ-N评分的回归系数β分别为-0.117、1.116、0.372、0.290(P0.01或P0.001)。结论:血E2、FSH水平、社会心理因素、负性事件刺激及神经质人格是围绝经期妇女罹患抑郁症的危险因素。     

驻舰艇军人心理状况与人格特征的相关研究

目的:探讨驻舰艇军人心理健康状态及相关因素。方法:采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)评估海军某水面舰艇200名驻舰航行(长航)前后的心理健康状况。结果:长航前,除人际关系因子外,驻舰军人SCL-90总分及其他因子分均较男性军人常模显著低(P<0.01)。长航后SCL-90总分及各因子分均有所提高,其中总分、躯体化、焦虑、恐惧及精神病性因子分变化有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。驻舰军人EPQ各分量表得分与男性常模比较差异均无显著性(P均>0.05)。SCL-90各因子分与EPQ精神质、神经质呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与掩饰性呈显著负相关(P<0.01);而人际关系、抑郁、恐惧因子分与内外向呈负相关(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:驻舰军人心理健康水平较好。人格特征与应激状态下心理健康水平关系密切。     

军人失眠症患者的心理健康状况及影响因素调查

目的:探讨军人失眠症患者的心理健康状况与人格特征、社会支持和应对方式的关系.方法:采用一般情况调查表、90项症状清单(SCL-90)、艾森克个性测验(EPQ)、社会支持量表(SSRS)和简易应对方式问卷对48名军人失眠症患者进行问卷调查. 结果:①军人失眠症患者SCL-90总分及各因子均显著高于军人常模,其中以躯体化、人际敏感和焦虑尤为突出(P＜0.01);②军人失眠症患者的EPQ-N、消极应对与SCL-90各因子呈显著正相关,EPQ-E、主观支持、客观支持、支持利用度和社会支持总分与SCL-90各因子呈显著负相关(P＜0.05或0.01).③回归分析显示,军人失眠症患者SCL-90总分有显著性影响的因素由大到小依次为EPQ-N、自责、主观支持、社会支持利用度和婚恋. 结论:军人失眠症患者心理健康状况可能受个性、对应方式、社会支持及婚恋等的综合影响.     

家庭暴力施暴者的心理学特征及罹患精神障碍的研究

目的 了解家庭暴力施暴者的心理学特征及其罹患精神障碍的状况.方法 对318例家庭暴力施暴者(施暴组)和310名所在地区、家庭结构和家庭身份与施暴组相匹配的无家庭暴力者(对照组),采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、神经症筛选表,以及精神病筛选表进行评估.结果 (1)施暴组的SCL-90总分以及躯体化、强迫、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐惧、偏执、精神病和附加因子分均高于对照组(P＜0.05～P＜0.01);EPQ中的神经质评分(48.3±10.2)分高于对照组[(45.3±10.0)分,P＜0.01];TCSQ中的消极应对分(29.61±8.28)分高于对照组[(26.97±7.28)分,P＜0.01];SSRS中的社会支持总分(37.42±8.22)分、客观支持分(12.17±3.54)分、主观支持分(17.79±5.01)分以及对社会支持的利用度(7.42±2.04)分均低于对照组[分别为(40.79±6.56)分、(12.82±3.01)分、(20.15±4.04)分、(7.82±1.96)分;均P＜0.05～0.01].(2)精神疾病检出率:施暴组(6.9%,22例)的高于对照组(1.3%,4例;P＜0.01).(3)Logistic回归:敌对因子(P=0.011,OR=1.665)、消极应对方式(P=0.037,OR=1.027)和重性精神疾病(P=0.033,OR=9.597)是施暴的危险因子,主观支持是施暴的保护因子(P=0.000,OR=0.909).结论 家庭暴力施暴者存在较多的心理问题和较高的精神障碍检出率,他们也需要心理干预、医学干预和社会支持.     

男性服刑人员冲动性与心理健康的相关性研究

目的:探讨男性服刑人员的冲动性水平、心理健康状况及其相关性。方法:采用Barratt冲动性量表第11版(BIS-11)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)对456名男性服刑人员(研究组)及年龄及受教育程度匹配的178名健康男性(对照组)进行评估。结果:研究组BIS-11总分、运动冲动性及无计划冲动性评分明显高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);SCL-90总分及各因子分明显高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。研究组SCL-90总分及各因子分与BIS-11总分及因子分呈正相关(P均0.01);回归分析显示注意力冲动性对SCL-90总分(b=0.295,P=0.000)有较好的预测作用。结论:男性服刑人员具有冲动性人格特质,心理健康状况较差;冲动性尤其注意力冲动性对其心理健康有明显的影响。     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.