中心静脉导管置管护理研究进展

外周置入中心静脉导管(periphelly inserted central catheter,PICC)技术已广泛应用临床。PICC导管为硅胶材料制成,其柔软性和生物相容性好,可在血管内长期留置。这减轻了患者因每天注射所带来的痛苦,帮助临床护理人员解决了静脉穿刺困难的问题。现在关于PICC报道的文献非常多,大致包括置管前后的护理,并发症的预防及护理等。本文就PICC     

护理干预在经外周静脉中心静脉置管中的应用

目的探讨护理干预对经外周静脉中心静脉置管(PICC)并发症的临床效果。方法选择2008年5月—2012年2月我院肿瘤外科125例PICC置管患者,患者均根据病情给予预防性护理。结果 21例患者发生并发症,通过积极护理后,症状均得到有效控制。结论对PICC置管患者进行适当的护理干预,能显著控制并发症。     

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管后上肢静脉血栓形成的早期诊断价值

目的探讨运用彩色多普勒超声结合血清D-二聚体对经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)后,上肢静脉血栓形成的早期诊断价值。方法选择行PICC置管患者148例,共183条上肢静脉,置入PICC的上肢静脉进行定期检查。于置入PICC前行超声及D-二聚体检测,置入PICC后每周进行D-二聚体检测,每2周进行超声检查,如上肢出现浮肿、疼痛等症状或D-二聚体值大于标准值500μg/L,即行超声检查。结果 148例患者183条上肢静脉中,32条(17.5%)被临床确诊为血栓,均被超声检出。置入PICC后发生血栓的患者D-二聚体显著高于未发生血栓者,差异有统计学意义[(1052±717)μg/L vs(423±420)μg/L,P<0.01]。结论 PICC置管后上肢静脉发生血栓的概率较高,彩色多普勒超声结合血清D-二聚体检测对静脉血栓的早期发现有重要价值。     

老年患者经外周置入中心静脉导管术后发生上肢静脉血栓的危险因素分析

目的对老年患者经外周置入中心静脉导管(PICC)术后上肢静脉血栓发生的多因素分析。方法选择我院PICC术的650例患者,分为血栓组233例和对照组417例,对2组患者的临床资料进行回顾性单因素分析和logistic多元回归分析。结果 650例患者中,发生上肢深静脉血栓233例,血栓发生率35.8%。血栓组患者的年龄[(86.2±6.3)岁vs(78.9±9.7)岁]和体质量指数[(24.5±3.5)kg/m2 vs(23.3±3.0)kg/m2]显著高于对照组(P0.01),血栓组恶性肿瘤(44.2%vs 22.8%)、血栓史(18.0%vs 8.4%)、慢性肾功能不全(23.6%vs 6.0%)、近期手术外伤史(25.3%vs 0.7%)、年龄80岁的比例(89.3%vs 50.8%)明显高于对照组(P0.01)。logistic多元回归分析显示,年龄、慢性肾功能不全和近期手术外伤史是老年患者PICC术后上肢静脉血栓形成的独立危险因素(P=0.000)。结论老年患者PICC术后上肢静脉血栓形成的危险因素很多,有年龄、体质质量指数、恶性肿瘤、血栓病史、慢性肾功能不全、近期手术外伤史、置管手臂、PICC管尖端位置,其中年龄、慢性肾功能不全和近期手术外伤史是老年患者PICC术后上肢静脉血栓形成的独立危险因素。     

中心静脉导管置管治疗胸腔积液的临床疗效观察

目的观察应用中心静脉导管胸腔内留置闭式引流配合间断负压吸引(压力为20～25mmH2O,1mmH2O=0.098kPa)治疗胸腔积液的疗效和安全性。方法选择2000年7月—2011年7月我科收治的126例胸腔积液患者,回顾性分析其应用中心静脉导管行胸腔留置闭式引流治疗的疗效和不良反应。结果完全缓解106例(84.13%),部分缓解16例(12.70%),无效6例(3.17%),有效率为96.83%;未出现严重不良反应。结论中心静脉导管胸腔留置闭式引流并配合间断负压吸引治疗胸腔积液操作简单、取材方便、创伤小、并发症少、安全性高、可明显减轻患者痛苦,值得临床基层医院推广。     

中心静脉置管与深静脉血栓的关系

目前深静脉置管被广泛应用于临床,主要由于它具有方便、操作简单、减少患者因反复穿刺引起静脉炎,并且拔管后静脉仍可复通等优点,为患者抢救、治疗开通了快速输液通道,并可监测中心静脉压.但是该操作也存在一些潜在的危险,如感染、导管阻塞及血栓形成等并发症,严重栓塞者甚至会危及生命.目前在深静脉血栓形成之前是否需要使用抗凝剂预防、血栓形成后抗凝药的规范使用以及手术时机的选择等方面还没有定论.本文主要针对中心静脉置管相关性血栓的原因、临床表现及防治进行分析,寻找与血栓形成最相关的因素,进而能够更好地预防深静脉血栓的形成.     

中心静脉导管胸腔穿刺置管引流术在胸腔积液治疗中的临床应用

目的探讨中心静脉导管胸腔穿刺置管治疗胸腔积液的可行性及安全性。方法我科2010年10月—2012年6月对35例胸腔积液患者应用中心静脉导管穿刺引流。观察一次穿刺置管成功率。结果 35例一次穿刺置管成功,导管留置时间为5～15d,胸闷、喘憋等症状缓解率为100%;5例出现穿刺点周围皮肤轻度红肿,经加强消毒护理好转,未出现发热、全身感染等。结论中心静脉导管胸腔穿刺置管引流术在胸腔积液治疗的应用中效果显著,与传统的胸腔穿刺比较,具有安全、简便、损伤小、可反复使用等优点。     

外周中心静脉导管穿刺置管的临床教学

外周中心静脉导管，简称PICC，以其独特的优势在临床广泛应用，因PICC穿刺比一般外周静脉穿刺有较大的难度，而穿刺准确、熟练与否直接关系护理质量的好坏。为此护士长对其做好临床教学至关重要，以便使护士较快地掌握此项穿刺技术并提高一次穿刺成功率。现将我病房在此临床教学中总结的经验介绍如下。     

经皮中心静脉置管的感染状况分析

目的:观察经皮中心静脉置管后发生导管相关性感染(CRI)的情况,寻找可能导致感染的因素。方法:回顾性分析178例经皮中心静脉置管患者的临床资料。结果:CRI的发生率为4.5%,低于我院平均医院感染率(5%),主要病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,感染的发生与置管持续时间,患者的免疫水平,无菌操作,长期静脉高营养药物的使用有关。结论:应重视中心静脉置管术导管相关性感染。     

Risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection with peripherally inserted central venous catheters used in hospitalized patients

BACKGROUND: Peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) are now widely used for intermediate and long-term access in current-day health care, especially in the inpatient setting, where they are increasingly supplanting conventional central venous catheters (CVCs) placed percutaneously into the internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral veins. Data on the risk of PICC-related bloodstream infection (BSI) with PICCs used in hospitalized patients are limited. STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the risk of PICC-related BSI in hospitalized patients. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study using data from two randomized trials assessing the efficacy of chlorhexidine-impregnated sponge dressing and chlorhexidine for cutaneous antisepsis. METHODS: PICCs inserted into the antecubital vein in two randomized trials during from 1998 to 2000 were prospectively studied; most patients were in an ICU. PICC-related BSI was confirmed in each case by demonstrating concordance between isolates colonizing the PICC at the time of removal and from blood cultures by restriction-fragment DNA subtyping. RESULTS: Overall, 115 patients had 251 PICCs placed. Mean duration of catheterization was 11.3 days (total, 2,832 PICC-days); 42% of the patients were in an ICU at some time, 62% had urinary catheters, and 49% had received mechanical ventilation. Six PICC-related BSIs were identified (2.4%), four with coagulase-negative staphylococcus, one with Staphylococcus aureus, and one with Klebsiella pneumoniae, a rate of 2.1 per 1,000 catheter-days. CONCLUSION: This prospective study shows that PICCs used in high-risk hospitalized patients are associated with a rate of catheter-related BSI similar to conventional CVCs placed in the internal jugular or subclavian veins (2 to 5 per 1,000 catheter-days), much higher than with PICCs used exclusively in the outpatient setting (approximately 0.4 per 1,000 catheter-days), and higher than with cuffed and tunneled Hickman-like CVCs (approximately 1 per 1,000 catheter-days). A randomized trial of PICCs and conventional CVCs in hospitalized patients requiring central access is needed. Our data raise the question of whether the growing trend in many hospital hematology and oncology services to switch from use of cuffed and tunneled CVCs to PICCs is justified, particularly since PICCs are more vulnerable to thrombosis and dislodgment, and are less useful for drawing blood specimens. Moreover, PICCs are not advisable in patients with renal failure and impending need for dialysis, in whom preservation of upper-extremity veins is needed for fistula or graft implantation.     

High rate of complications associated with peripherally inserted central venous catheters in patients with solid tumours

BACKGROUND: Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) have been used extensively as a cost-effective and safe form of medium-term intravascular access. There are only limited data about complications of PICC lines in oncology patients despite theoretical concerns about the higher risks of complications in these patients as a result of cancer itself and cancer therapy. AIMS: To document the frequency and type of PICC complications in patients with solid tumours. METHODS: All patients with solid tumours who were treated at Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia between January 2000 and March 2001 were included in a retrospective review of PICC complications. RESULTS: Twenty-seven PICC lines were inserted in 17 patients; 40.7% (11/27) of PICC lines developed complications requiring early removal of the PICC. Complications encountered were sepsis (systemic and cellulitis), thrombosis, blockage and leakage. Septic complications were found at a rate of 8/1000 PICC days or 25.7% (7/27) of PICC inserted. The median dwell time was 20 days. The mean time for a complication to occur was 27.5 days. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates a high rate of complications, which is higher than the complication rates reported in studies of non-oncology patients. PICC lines should be used with caution in patients with solid tumours. Prospective studies of the factors influencing the incidence of complications might be warranted.     

An evaluation of peripherally inserted central venous catheters for children with cancer requiring long-term venous access

Long-term venous access is essential when treating malignant diseases. We reviewed our experience with peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICC) in children suffering from various malignancies with regard to catheter life, reasons for removal, and complications. Ninety-three PICCs were inserted in 78 children. Median catheter life was 162 days (range 6–575 days) with a total of 16,266 catheter days. Seventy-five PICCs (80.6%) had been placed until the elective removal or patients’ death, whereas 18 PICCs (19.4%) were removed due to PICC-related complications; a rate of 1.11 per 1,000 catheter days. Complications requiring removal of PICCs included infection (n = 12), occlusion (n = 3), dislodgement (n = 2), and phlebitis (n = 1) with rates of 0.74, 0.18, 0.12 and 0.06 per 1,000 catheter days, respectively. We conclude that PICC provides reliable long-term intravenous access in children suffering from malignancies.     

Bloodstream infection, venous thrombosis, and peripherally inserted central catheters: reappraising the evidence

The widespread use of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) has transformed the care of medical and surgical patients. Whereas intravenous antibiotics, parenteral nutrition, and administration of chemotherapy once necessitated prolonged hospitalization, PICCs have eliminated the need for such practice. However, PICCs may not be as innocuous as once thought; a growing body of evidence suggests that these devices also have important risks. This review discusses the origin of PICCs and highlights reasons behind their rapid adoption in medical practice. We evaluate the evidence behind 2 important PICC-related complications-venous thrombosis and bloodstream infections-and describe how initial studies may have led to a false sense of security with respect to these outcomes. In this context, we introduce a conceptual model to understand the risk of PICC-related complications and guide the use of these devices. Through this model, we outline recommendations that clinicians may use to prevent PICC-related adverse events. We conclude by highlighting important knowledge gaps and identifying avenues for future research in this area.     

Intravenous electrocardiographic guidance for placement of peripherally inserted central catheters

Background

Correct positioning of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) is essential to avoid complications. We evaluated intravenous electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings during PICC placement to assess the effectiveness of this guidance technique to reduce complications resulting from incorrect catheter placement.

Methods

Six patients undergoing PowerPICC catheter insertion were included in this pilot study. Venography through the PICC was performed to identify the superior vena cava-right atrial (SVC-RA) junction. Unipolar ECG recordings from the catheter stylet measured P-wave changes during PICC insertion.

Results

The peak P-wave amplitude was highest at the SVC-RA junction. With catheter insertion into the RA, P-wave amplitude decreased and eventually became negative. With catheter withdrawal into the SVC, P-wave amplitude decreased.

Conclusions

P-wave amplitude was highest when the PICC catheter was in the optimal location at the SVC-RA junction. Intravenous ECG monitoring during PICC insertion seems to be a promising technique to guide catheter positioning.     

Placement of peripherally inserted central catheters in the cardiac catheterization laboratory

This report describes our experiences with three patients requiring several weeks of central venous access for various intravenous therapies. These particular patients posed a considerable challenge for bedside placement of a peripherally inserted central catheter, so the catheters were placed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory by the cardiology team involved using a different technique for each patient. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 41:189–191, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Survey of the use of peripherally inserted central venous catheters in neonates with critical congenital cardiac disease

Neonates with congenital cardiac disease are a special population. They are often critically ill, and need prolonged intravenous access. To date, no study has evaluated the efficacy and safety of peripherally inserted central venous catheters placed in this unique population. Our goal was to evaluate the use of such catheters in neonates with critical congenital cardiac disease, and to study features such as duration of use, reasons for removal of catheters, and complications. We inserted a total of 124 catheters in 115 neonates with critical congenital cardiac disease who were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at Texas Children's Hospital from August 2002 to August 2004. The patients had a mean age of 10 days, and a mean weight of 3.1 kilograms. The peripherally inserted catheters were in place for a mean of 22.3 days. Therapy was completed in 76.6% patients at the time of removal of the catheter. The incidence of occlusion, dislodgement, and thrombus was 4.0%, 2.4%, and 1.6%, respectively. The infection rate was 3.6 per 1000 catheter-days, with a median onset on 37 days after placement. We conclude that central venous catheters, when inserted peripherally, provide reliable and safe access for prolonged intravenous therapy in neonates with critical congenital cardiac disease.