微米氮化硼-纳米氧化铝复合环氧材料的导热与绝缘特性

环氧树脂(epoxy resin, EP)以其粘附力强、绝缘性能好等优点,在电气领域中得到广泛应用。但环氧树脂的低热导率限制其在器件中的使用,尤其在高频条件下。文中通过多巴胺改性微米氮化硼和纳米氧化铝,将制备的微纳米二元填料填充环氧树脂,研究环氧树脂复合材料的导热性能和电气绝缘性能。结果表明,质量分数22.5%BN和7.5%Al2O3环氧树脂复合材料的导热系数可以达到1.35 W/(m·K),相比于纯EP增加了812.5%,而介电损耗维持在较低水平。高频击穿实验结果展示出复合材料击穿时间明显提高,比纯环氧树脂提高了387%。该种方法制备所得的环氧树脂复合材料,具有热导率高、介电损耗低、高频击穿强度大等优点,为开发适用于高频电力电子器件的导热绝缘材料提供参考。     

真空中不同温度下典型脉冲功率领域用有机绝缘材料介电特性的研究

针对脉冲功率领域最常采用的环氧树脂、交联聚苯乙烯和聚乙烯3种典型绝缘材料,设计了一套适用于真空中且可以控温的标准三电极系统。在真空中对不同温度和频率下的介电参数(介电常数、介质损耗、表面电阻率和体积电阻率)进行了测试,并研究了烘烤对其介电性能的影响。结果表明:在不同的温度和频率下,3种材料中聚乙烯的εr和tanδ最小,环氧树脂最大;交联聚苯乙烯的体积电阻率和表面电阻率最大,环氧树脂和聚乙烯次之。烘烤可在一定程度上降低绝缘材料的介电常数和电阻率。综合比较3种材料的电性能和耐热性能,其中交联聚苯乙烯的性能最好,适用于真空脉冲功率领域绝缘。     

Ultrasonic visualization method of electrical trees formed inorganic insulating materials

The only practical method to visualize electrical trees formed in organic insulating materials has been to section a specimen with a microtome or a diamond cutter, especially in translucent or opaque materials. In our experiment, a 25 MHz ultrasonic transducer was used to scan a specimen within which an electrical tree had been formed. Ultrasonic echo signals reflected from the treeing region were detected by the same transducer and fed to a electronic measuring system. By determining the horizontal coordinates at which each echo signal from the tree was detected, two-dimensional ultrasonic images were obtained for various types of electrical trees in polyethylene. Furthermore, three-dimensional ultrasonic images of bush-type trees were obtained by means of a new detection or measurement method developed by the authors. These images agree well with those obtained microscopically by sectioning the specimen with a microtome     

Characteristics of partial discharges in artificial simulated treechannels during tree propagation

In order to clarify partial discharge (PD) mechanism in an electrical tree, we investigated PD pulse sequence and light emission from a single PD in an artificially-simulated tree channel during the tree propagation in low-density polyethylene (LDPE). For positive PD, the light emission was observed near the needle-tip and there was a positive correlation between the PD magnitude and the length of luminous region. The pulse-sequence analysis showed that PD took place at constant voltage increments. These results suggest that PD starts at the needle-tip and the PD magnitude is determined by the PD length. On the other hand, for negative PD, there was no correlation between the PD magnitude and the length of luminous region. The PD pulse sequence can be explained by a simple PD model, since the voltage increment is related to the magnitude of preceding PD. These results suggest that there is a difference between positive and negative PD characteristics and their mechanisms in an artificial channel during tree propagation     

浮电位类型局部放电的高频传感特性的试验研究

为了了解局部放电类型对UHF传感方法灵敏度的影响,笔者采用10～80MHz、150～250MHz、300～800MHz3种频段的高频放大器对浮电位局部放电进行测量。试验选择了0.2、0.8、1.4mm3种浮电位放电间隙。随着放电间隙的增大,局部放电量增大,但300～800MHz频段检测信号的幅值减小。结果表明,UHF检测信号的幅值并不能准确反映局部放电的严重程度,建议采用多频段信号传感,根据多频段检测信号幅值的相对关系进行局部放电严重程度判别。     

Observations of seismic electromagnetic phenomena in VHF band by dual frequency method

Seismic electromagnetic (EM) phenomena have been observed at many laboratories with specially designed systems. Recently we can utilize radio receivers, personal computers, and communication systems with higher performances and reasonable cost. It is possible to observe seismic EM phenomena not only by specially designed systems but also by a simple observation system integrated by these devices and systems. We have created an observation system for seismic EM phenomena with them in the very high frequency (VHF) band, from 76 MHz to 90 MHz, assigned for FM broadcasting exclusive use in Japan. We are surrounded by many EM waves, such as broadcasting, communication usage, and man‐made noises. Thus, we have newly developed the dual frequency observation method. In this paper, we describe an observation method that can identify whether a received signal is a broadband EM wave or an artificial FM radio wave. Next, the observation results for broadband EM waves from galactic noise and solar flares are presented. Then, the observation results for FM radio waves reflected from sporadic E layer and the Leonid meteors are shown. Finally, the observation results for the detected broadband EM waves associated with the Geiyo earthquake are described. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 36–44, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20350     

Understanding discharges initiated by water droplet on epoxy nanocomposites under DC voltages adopting UHF technique

Corona inception voltage due to a water droplet on epoxy resin in an electrode gap is high under DC voltage compared to AC voltage. It is observed that, as the contact angle of the epoxy nanocomposite material becomes higher, the corona discharge inception voltage increases. The droplet movement is observed, using a high‐speed camera, on application of the voltage. It is seen that a droplet moves toward the ground electrode under an AC or a negative DC voltage, whereas it moves toward the high‐voltage electrode under a positive DC voltage. It is also observed that carbonization occurs near the ground electrode under AC and negative DC voltages, and near the high‐voltage electrode under a positive DC voltage. During the evaporation of the water droplet (during arcing) on the surface of the insulating material under AC and DC voltages, carbonization of material occurs and is high both in pure epoxy resin and in nanocomposites with 5 wt% epoxy clay. The magnitude of the arcing current is nearly the same irrespective of the percentage of clay in the epoxy nanocomposites. The magnitude of discharge current flow is high under negative DC voltage compared to positive DC/AC voltages. The rise time of injected current pulses, at the time of corona inception and during arcing, under AC/DC voltages, is a few nanoseconds. Ultrahigh‐frequency signals were emitted as a result of the corona discharge from the water droplet on epoxy nanocomposites and at the time of arcing between the droplets and the electrodes, both under AC and DC voltages, with its dominant frequency in the range 1–2 GHz. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Increase in capacitance and tan δ between conductors onprinted circuit board at low frequency due to ionic migration

An endurance test for a printed circuit board to ionic migration was carried out for 2000 h in a chamber controlled at 85°C and 85%RH. The capacitance C and tan δ between the conductors on the board were measured to find their correlation with ionic migration in the board. The measurement frequency of C and tan δ ranged from 1 to 1000 Hz. The configuration of the test circuit was designed according to IPC-SM-840. The material of the insulating board was fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin. The distance between the Cu conductors was 0.165 mm, and 70 V dc was applied continuously. In the low frequency region (<30 Hz), C and tan δ gradually increase after ~800 h voltage application. During the gradual increase, steeply transient increases in C and tan δ are detected at about the same time when a deposit was seen to have formed on the board between the conductors, although no significant decrease in insulating resistance between the conductors is observed. It was confirmed that the deposit could be detected early from the steep increases in C and tan δ in the low frequency region. In the high frequency region (>30 Hz), on the other hand, gradual slight increases are observed from ~1100 h after voltage application, but no steep increases. The dependence of C and tan δ on frequency at the measurement is due to the low mobility of Cu ions in the water film on the insulating board     

异型波电压下气隙缺陷的局部放电检测方法设计

设计了三种异型波,将其应用于含气隙缺陷的交联聚乙烯绝缘材料局部放电检测试验中,旨在探索一种便捷、无损、准确、可靠的针对气隙缺陷进行局部放电检测的方法.首先,制作了含气隙缺陷的绝缘试样模型,在工频交流电压下对气隙缺陷试样进行局部放电试验;其次,设计并制作了三种异型波,利用所设计的异型波对相同的试样进行局部放电试验;最后,...     

XPLE电树枝生长过程中局部放电SHF信号特性研究

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆中电树枝的生长伴随局部放电(PD)的产生,二者间存在一定关联。XLPE材料绝缘强度较高,其中发生的PD在超高频(SHF,3～30 GHz)频段的信号幅值相对较高。文中采用基于针-板电极结构和XLPE绝缘材料的试样,在不同温度和电压下对电树枝生长过程中的形态和PD的SHF信号进行同步检测,分析了电压与温度条件对二者的影响,并研究了二者间的特征关系。研究表明XLPE中电树枝的长与宽和温度与电压呈正相关,电压较低时对分形维数较低,较高时分形维数无明显变化。SHF信号幅值也与温度和电压呈正相关关系,电压较高时,信号幅值呈现先增大再减小至平缓趋势,频率在电压较低时信号有一定程度下降。电树枝生长情况和SHF信号的幅值呈正相关关系,且当电树枝生长速度较快时,SHF信号的频率也会升高。     

XLPE绝缘电老化中局放特性试验研究

利用TE571局放检测仪和超宽频带局放(PD)检测系统研究了XLPE电缆绝缘试样加速电老化过程中判断试样老化状态的局放统计参量和单次放电波形特性。结果表明,电老化过程中单次放电时域波形的上升沿变陡,从老化前50 ns降低为老化50 h的8 ns;脉冲幅值从老化前的2 mV增加到老化50 h的17 mV;放电频谱中特征峰的位置随着老化程度的加剧向高频方向移动,从老化前<15 MHz增加到老化50 h的<50 MHz和125~200MHz。该研究为放电单次波形检测技术评估XLPE电力电缆绝缘状态的基础研究。     

F级快干绝缘漆的研制及应用

本文叙述的F级快干绝缘漆由环氧树脂改性耐热聚酯树脂和适量的交联剂组成,既能气干又能低温烘干,可以作为覆盖漆或浸渍漆用,该漆已在水轮发电机组及中小型电动机制造、修理上得到成功应用。     

Development of Low Loss Magnetodielectric Nanocomposites of Epoxy Resin and Iron Nanoparticles

To achieve the aim of developing a new insulating substrate that can exhibit both high permittivity and high permeability, ferromagnetic iron nanoparticles were dispersed uniformly in epoxy resin. Measurements of the electrical conductivity, permittivity, and permeability indicate that the composite can be a good candidate for an insulating substrate with negligibly small eddy‐current loss and sufficiently high permittivity.     

Application of a novel polypropylene to the insulation of an electric power cable

Cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) has been widely adopted as insulating material for high‐voltage power cables up to 500 kV. Further improvement of electrical and thermal properties on insulating material is required in order to increase cable operation efficiency. Therefore, the development of novel insulating material possessing high thermal properties will be necessary. Recent progress of catalysis technology contributes to obtain new polymeric materials which may be applied to electrical insulation. The authors investigated the basic properties of newly developed stereoregular syndiotactic polypropylene (s‐PP) which is synthesized with homogeneous metallocene catalyst. Though recycling of cross‐linked polymers such as conventionally used XLPE may be difficult because of their poor heat deformation, the s‐PP which is not cross‐linked must be suitable for recycling. A series of experiments on its physical and electrical properties gave the following results.

• (1) s‐PP has sufficient flexibility compared with isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP ).
• (2) Both AC and lightning impulse breakdown strength of s‐PP in spite of no cross‐linking are superior to those of XLPE in the temperature range from 25 to 90 °C.
• (3) Degradation by copper of s‐PP is less than that of i‐PP.
• (4) s‐PP/VLDPE blend shows sufficient brittleness temperature for use.

These results suggested that s‐PP should serve as insulating material for power cables at higher‐temperature operation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(1): 18–26, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002//eej.10210     

变压器局部放电超高频检测中的混频技术研究

信号的提取和分析是局部放电超高频检测中的重点和难点，文中提出用混频技术提取局部放电信号超高频分量的新方法。用混频技术进行超高频数字信号处理的仿真实验，结果表明该技术既可保留信号包络的峰值和相位特征，又降低了超高频信号的频率。基于混频技术建立变压器局部放电超高频在线监测系统，并对典型局放模型进行实验，结果表明混频技术的应用可以有效地提取中心频率在400—800MHz之间(最小步长5MHz)、带宽为10、20、40或80MHz的局部放电超高频信号，准确地计算放电相关参数，抗干扰性强且提取的放电信息丰富，可用于变压器局部放电超高频在线监测和智能化诊断。     

A novel technique for partial discharge and breakdown investigation based on current pulse waveform analysis

A novel technique for partial discharge (PD) measurement and analysis (PD-CPWA; PD current pulse waveform analysis) is developed and introduced in this paper. PD-CPWA is expected to be utilized to discuss PD mechanisms and physics in electrical insulating materials, focusing on the PD current pulse waveform and its time transition from PD inception to breakdown (BD). In this paper, the concept and principle of PD-CPWA are described, and the applications of PD-CPWA to (1) epoxy spacer samples under thermal and electric combined stresses in GIS, (2) creepage PD on epoxy spacers in SF/sub 6/ gas and (3) liquid nitrogen/polypropylene laminated paper composite insulation system for high temperature superconducting cables are introduced and discussed.     

真空浸渍环氧玻璃丝管绝缘件的表面闪络特性及设计要领

通过SF6气体中真空浸渍环氧玻璃丝管绝缘件耐受雷电冲击和工频电压的试验,确认了管沿面允许场强与高压电极允许场强之间的关系(0.5:1),并初步探讨了文[1]表4-1所列场强设计基准值的实际裕度。笔者还介绍了真空浸渍环氧玻璃丝管绝缘件的电气性能和机械强度设计要领:注意管两端金具形状和尺寸设计;消除楔形气隙的恶劣影响;清除楔形气隙的设计措施;金具与真空浸渍管的联结强度设计。     

基于PD信号提取的干式空心电抗器早期故障研究

在分析干式空心电抗器表面放电和匝间短路故障形成原因的基础上,通过在实验室对表面经轻微灼烧后的环氧树脂板的局放试验来模拟包封层表面放电现象,提出了一种通过从强干扰信号中利用自适应LMS算法滤波和小波包滤波联合去噪的方法,进而利用匝间局部放电信号来识别故障.通过对早期局放故障的识别来防止干式电抗器恶性故障的发生.     

外施电压频率对XLPE电缆绝缘中电树枝生长特性的影响

本文研究了半结晶交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆绝缘试样在50～2000Hz正弦电压下电树枝的结构特征与生长特性,发现由于XLPE的半结晶聚集态物理结构,在小于250Hz施压频率下会生成枝状、枝状与丛林混合状及纯丛林状三类电树枝,在500Hz以上高频下则只能生成稠密枝状电树枝,分别对应于不同的生长机理.低频下电树枝生长特性和电树枝结构与材料的聚集态密切相关,而高频下的电树枝生长特性与材料的聚集态关系不大.高频电树枝与环氧树脂、有机玻璃等高聚物材料中的生长规律相同.半结晶高聚物在低频下的电树枝生长特性主要取决于晶界与无定形界面的微孔、杂质集中情况以及针尖电极与晶块或无定形区所处的相对位置,而在高频下电极向介质中注入与抽出电荷的过程较低频下猛烈,会形成较均匀的介质弱区,因此高频电树枝引发与生长规律较为单一.     

Dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites

The dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites with insulating nano-fillers, viz., TiO₂, ZnO and AI₂O₃ were investigated at low filler concentrations by weight. Epoxy nanocomposite samples with a good dispersion of nanoparticles in the epoxy matrix were prepared and experiments were performed to measure the dielectric permittivity and tan delta (400 Hz-1 MHz), dc volume resistivity and ac dielectric strength. At very low nanoparticle loadings, results demonstrate some interesting dielectric behaviors for nanocomposites and some of the electrical properties are found to be unique and advantageous for use in several existing and potential electrical systems. The nanocomposite dielectric properties are analyzed in detail with respect to different experimental parameters like frequency (for permittivity/tan delta), filler size, filler concentration and filler permittivity. In addition, epoxy microcomposites for the same systems were synthesized and their dielectric properties were compared to the results already obtained for nanocomposites. The interesting dielectric characteristics for epoxy based nanodielectric systems are attributed to the large volume fraction of interfaces in the bulk of the material and the ensuing interactions between the charged nanoparticle surface and the epoxy chains.