慢性肾脏病患者左心功能和血磷、甲状旁腺激素的相关性研究

目的:探讨慢性肾脏病(CKD)2~5期患者心脏心脏射血分数、左心室质量分数及其与血清甲状旁腺激素水平、血磷的相关性。方法:收集CKD2~5期患者152例,男94例,女58例,根据肾小球滤过率分为CKD2、3、4、5期组,用彩色多普勒超声心动图检测左心室射血分数,应用Devereux公式计算左心室心肌重量(LVM),并用左心室心肌重量/体表面积计算左心室心肌重量指数。留取患者静脉血,检测血清全段甲状旁腺激素(i PTH)、血磷、血钙等指标。结果:在CKD2~5期患者中,随着CKD分期的进展,血磷、血i PTH水平逐渐升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。随着CKD分期的进展,左心室质量分数逐渐增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而各组间心脏射血分数无明显差异。Pearson相关性分析提示,i PTH、血磷与左心室质量分数呈正相关(P0.05),与左心室射血分数无相关性。结论:CKD2~5期患者中,随着CKD分期的进展,血磷、血i PTH水平逐渐升高,心脏超声提示随着CKD分期的进展,左心室质量分数逐渐增加,并且i PTH、血磷与左心室质量分数呈正相关。     

终末期肾脏病维持性血液透析患者微炎症与贫血和营养不良及左心室功能的关系

目的 探讨终末期肾脏病维持性血液透析患者超敏C反应蛋白与贫血、营养不良及左心室功能间的关系.方法 将患者分为微炎症组(超敏C反应蛋白＞3 mg/L)和非微炎症组(超敏C反应蛋白≤3 mg/L),检测100例维持性血液透析患者超敏C反应蛋白、血清白蛋白、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、脂蛋白(a)、血肌酐、血红蛋白及红细胞压积;用彩色超声多普勒显像仪测定左心房前后径、左心室前后径、左心窜舒张期后壁厚度、室间隔厚度、左室射血分数,舒张早期左室充盈峰速率与心房收缩期左室充盈峰速率比值、计算左心室质量指数,测不同时间(5次)血压并取均值,分析超敏C反应蛋白与上述各参数间的关系.结果 (1)微炎症组患者血红蛋白、红细胞压积、血清白蛋白脂蛋白(a)与非微炎症组比较差异有统计学意义(P分别＜0.01,＜0.05);(2)微炎症组患者左心房前后径、左心室前后径、左心室舒张期后壁厚度、室间隔厚度、左心室质量指数、左室射血分数、舒张早期左室克盈峰速率与心房收缩期左室充盈峰速率比值与非微炎症组比较差异也有统计学意义(P分别＜0.05,＜0.01);(3)相关分析结果表明,血清超敏C反应蛋白浓度与血红蛋白、红细胞压积、血清白蛋白呈负相关(r分别=-0.283、-0.308、-0.387,P分别＜0.05、＜0.01),与脂蛋白(a)呈正相关(r=0.427,P＜0.01);与左心室前后径、室间隔厚度、左心室质量指数呈显著正相关(r分别=0.277、0.394、0.307,P均＜0.05);与左室射血分数、舒张早期左室充盈峰速率与心房收缩期左室充盈峰速率比值呈显著负相关(r分别=-0.386、-0.543,P均＜0.01);(4)血清超敏C反应蛋白、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、Kt/V值、血清白蛋白、脂蛋白(a)、收缩压、脉压是维持性血液透析患者心脏结构及功能异常危险因素.结论 维持性血液透析患者存在微炎症状态时血清超敏C反应蛋门升高.血清超敏C反应蛋白可预测维持性血液透析患者的贫血程度、营养状态,并可用来评价左心室结构和功能,且是左心室结构和功能异常的独立危险因素.     

慢性肾脏病患者血清肝细胞生长因子与左心室结构和功能的关系

目的:探讨慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者血清肝细胞生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)水平的变化及其与左心室结构和功能的关系。方法:入选CKD非透析患者75例,性别、年龄相匹配的健康体检者20例作为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清HGF水平;心脏超声评定心脏形态结构和功能。结果:(1)CKD患者血清HGF水平显著高于健康对照组(P0.05),且随着肾功能的减退,HGF水平进行性升高(P0.05)。(2)CKD各期患者的室间隔厚度(IVST)和左室后壁厚度(LVPWT)升高,左室射血分数(LVEF)下降(P0.05)。(3)CKD患者左室肥厚组血清HGF显著高于非左室肥厚组(P0.05);以血清HGF浓度中位数(1 099.50 pg/ml)为界,分为HGF高浓度组(1 099.50 pg/ml)和HGF低浓度组(≤1 099.50 pg/ml)。HGF高浓度组的左心室质量指数(LVMI)、左室内径(LAD)、左房内径(LA)、IVST和LVPWT的变化与HGF低浓度组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(4)相关分析:HGF与LVMI、LA、IVST、LVD、LVPWT、收缩压、肌酐、尿素氮、尿酸、三酰甘油、总胆固醇呈正相关(P0.05),与LVEF、血红蛋白、估算肾小球滤过率呈负相关(P0.05)。多元线性逐步回归分析:肌酐是HGF的独立相关因素(P0.05)。结论:CKD患者血清HGF水平显著升高。HGF与CKD患者心脏结构和功能改变密切相关,它可能在CKD患者心血管事件的发生发展过程中起重要作用。     

血浆不对称二甲基精氨酸对慢性肾脏病患者心脏结构及功能的预测价值

目的 探讨血浆不对称二甲基精氨酸(ADMA)水平对慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者心脏结构及功能的预测价值.方法 选取100例非透析CKD患者为研究对象.依照K-DOQI指南的分期标准,将患者分为5组.选取年龄匹配的健康体检者20例为健康对照组.用高效液相色谱法检测血浆ADMA水平和超声心动图检测心脏结构及功能.结果 CKD患者血浆ADMA水平(μmol/L)随着肾功能的减退而增高.CKD3、4、5期患者血浆ADMA水平(1.3318±0.4684、1.5712±0.4210、2.1093±0.7714)显著高于健康对照组(0.4611±0.1615)及CKD1、2期患者( 0.4387±0.2575、0.4809±0.2846)(均P＜0.01);而CKD5期患者血浆ADMA又高于CKD3、4期患者.CKD4、5期患者左心室心肌质量指数(LMVI)( 140.24±40.52、150.21±46.23)显著高于健康对照组及CKD1 ～3期患者(均P＜0.01).ADMA与LMVI呈正相关(r=0.476,P=0.028),与心脏射血分数(EF)呈负相关(r=-0.327,P=0.041).多因素逐步回归分析结果显示血浆ADMA是EF降低的独立危险因素(OR=0.984,P＜0.01).结论 CKD患者血浆ADMA水平在CKD3期开始升高,并随着肾功能的减退而增加.血浆ADMA与左心室肥厚呈正相关,且是EF降低的独立危险因素,对心血管并发症有预测价值.     

慢性肾脏病非透析患者脑钠素与动脉粥样硬化及心功能的关系

目的 研究脑钠素（BNP）与慢性肾脏病（CKD）非透析患者动脉粥样硬化及心功能不全的关系。 方法 采用双抗夹心免疫荧光法检测203例CKD非透析患者与16例高血压患者对照组全血BNP水平，分析其与颈动脉超声结果、心脏彩超结果及既往心血管疾病史的关系。 结果 CKD非透析患者BNP水平与对照组相比显著升高[M（范围）：54.40(15.10～ 173.00) ng/L比9.35(7.35～15.00) ng/L，P < 0.01]。Spearman相关分析显示CKD患者BNP与颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）、左室心肌重量指数（LVMI）等呈正相关。存在颈动脉斑块、左室肥厚或既往发生过心血管事件的患者血BNP水平显著增高。多元回归分析显示LVMI、既往心血管事件均是影响BNP水平的独立因素。 结论 CKD非透析患者BNP水平和动脉粥样硬化性疾病、左室肥厚及心功能不全相关，提示BNP水平可作为一项评价CKD非透析患者心功能及动脉粥样硬化的敏感生物学指标。     

血浆维生素D与慢性肾脏病患者心血管疾病的相关性研究

目的了解慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者维生素D状态及缺乏原因,并探讨血浆维生素D缺乏是否独立影响CKD患者心血管疾病(cardiovasculardisease,CVD)的发生。方法选取北京医院肾脏内科住院的CKD 1~5期非透析患者80例为研究对象,门诊健康查体人群10例为对照组,测定其血浆25-OH-D_3、1,25(OH)_2D_3水平并进行相关实验室检查。根据血浆25-OH-D_3水平将患者分为维生素D缺乏组和非维生素D缺乏组,比较组间临床和实验室检查资料以及心脏超声检查相关参数差异;根据超声心动图结果,将患者分为左室肥厚(1eft ventricular hypertrophy,LVH)组和非LVH组,比较组间患者相关临床资料差异,并采用多因素分析CKD患者LVH的独立危险因素。结果 CKD组及对照组25-OH-D3分别为(15.09±2.44)μg/L和(18.60±1.88)μg/L;2组维生素D水平均较低,但CKD组较对照组更低,组间有统计学差异(P0.05)。CKD患者维生素D水平普遍偏低,血浆25-OH-D_3波动于10.29~20.51μg/L,1,25(OH)2 D3波动于16.23~54.32 ng/L,两者之间存在线性相关,两者与CKD患者肾功能分期均无线性相关。CKD患者维生素D缺乏组(≤15μg/L)和非维生素D缺乏组(15μg/L)组间比较,发现2组血磷、左心室质量指数存在统计学差异(P0.05)。维生素D水平与左心室质量指数无线性相关;比较LVH组及非LVH组相关临床资料,单因素分析发现血肌酐、尿素氮、估算肾小球滤过率、脑钠肽、肌钙蛋白、血红蛋白、红细胞比容、24h尿蛋白定量、高密度脂蛋白均存在统计学差异(P0.05);多元逐步Logistic回归发现BNP升高(≥1 000 ng/L),24h尿蛋白定量(≥3.5 g),LDL升高(≥2.59 mmol/L)可进入方程(P0.05)。结论 CKD患者25-OH-D_3水平低于普通人群,但与CKD患者肾功能水平无线性相关;BNP升高、24h尿蛋白定量、高低密度脂蛋白血症是CKD患者左室肥厚的独立危险因素,目前尚不认为25-OH-D_3水平下降影响CKD患者左室肥厚的发生。     

维持性血液透析患者甲状旁腺素水平与左心室肥厚关系的研究

目的探讨维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者甲状旁腺素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)水平与左心室肥厚(1eft ventrieular hypertrophy,LVH)的关系。方法选择同济大学附属同济医院血液透析中心MHD患者50例,根据患者PTH水平分成L-PTH组(PTH300 ng/L)、H-PTH组(PTH300 ng/L)。通过对2组患者进行心脏超声及临床生化检测,比较2组患者的心脏超声结构及LVH发生率,并作相关性分析。结果 2组患者的性别构成、年龄、血压、脑钠肽、血红蛋白、血钙和血白蛋白均无统计学差异(P0,05)。H-PTH组的透析时间、血磷均明显高于L-PTH组[(8,66±4,91)年比(5.4±5.73)年、(1.81±0.37)mmol/L比(1.51±0.32)mmol/L,P0.05]。H-PTH组的左室舒张末内径、左室收缩末内径、室间隔厚度与左室心肌质量指数均明显高于L-PTH组[(49.56±4.59)rmm比(45.84±5.65)mm、(32.44±4.26)mm比(29.6±5.00)mm、(11.12±1.45)mm比(10.16±1.41)mm、(144.29±31.82)g/m~3比(122.83±38.34)g/m~3,P0.05];2组的左房内径、左室后壁厚度及射血分数均无统计学差异[(43.96±3.98)mm比(42.52±5.86)mm、(9.56±1.58)mm比(9.08±1.29)mm、(63.16±6.97)%比(65.72±6.67)%,P0.05]。H-PTH组的LVH发生率明显高于L-PTH组(72%比40%,P0.05)。Spearman相关性分析表明,PTH水平与左室心肌质量指数、左室舒张末内径、左室收缩末内径、室间隔厚度呈正相关(r=0.325,0.330,0.348,0.310,P0.05),而与左房内径、左室后壁厚度、射血分数相关性无统计学意义(r=0.088,0.115,-0.210,P0.05)。结论MHD患者PTH水平增高可能是导致左心室肥厚的重要因素之一。     

持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者微炎性反应状态及其与动脉硬化和心脏功能的关系

目的 研究持续性非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者血清炎性反应标志物水平与动脉硬化和心脏功能的关系。 方法 以27例慢性肾脏病（CKD）5期非透析患者及27例健康人为对照，对我院腹膜透析中心随诊的67例CAPD患者进行微炎性反应状态的横断面调查与分析。收集相关的临床及实验室资料。ELISA法检测血清白细胞介素6（IL-6）、IL-10水平。免疫透射比浊法检测超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）水平。颈动脉彩超和超声心动图分别检测颈动脉硬化和心脏功能。 结果 与健康对照组血清IL-6(ng/L)、IL-10(ng/L) 及hs-CRP(mg/L)比较（中位数为0.698、0.277及0），CAPD患者（2.400、1.988及1.090）和CKD5期患者（1.515、1.958及1.345）均显著升高；颈动脉硬化（44.8%、 33.3%比14.8%）和左心室肥厚（LVH，70.1%、81.5%比3.7%）的发生率显著增加；左心室重量指数（LMVI）和心脏功能综合指数（Tei，0.75±0.31、0.66±0.27比0.52±0.23）亦显著升高（P < 0.01）。但CAPD患者与CKD5期患者上述指标间差异无统计学意义。IL-6、SDS抑郁量表评分和脉压差是CAPD患者发生颈动脉硬化的独立危险因素。IL-6与Tei指数呈正相关；IL-10与LVMI呈负相关，与心脏射血分数（EF）呈正相关。IL-6和原发性高血压病是CAPD患者Tei指数升高的独立危险因素。结论 CKD5期非透析和CAPD患者存在微炎性反应状态，且与颈动脉硬化和心脏功能异常有关。IL-6是腹膜透析患者发生颈动脉硬化和Tei指数升高的独立危险因素。     

维持性血液透析患者血清β_2微球蛋白与左心室结构和功能的关系

目的回顾性观察维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者血清β_2微球蛋白(β_2-microglobulin,β_2-MG)水平及心脏形态、结构和功能的变化,分析β_2-MG与左心室结构和功能的关系,初步探讨血清β_2-MG水平对预测MHD患者左心室肥厚的作用。方法选择2016年1月至2016年6月青岛市城阳区人民医院血液净化中心规律血液透析治疗的患者147例。按照纳入与排除标准筛选出受试对象。入选出符合要求的71例MHD患者作为研究对象。根据左心室后壁厚度(left ventricular wall,LVPWT)和室间隔厚度(interventricular septum,IVST)同时≥12 mm作为诊断左心室肥厚的标准,将受试对象分为左心室肥厚组和非左心室肥厚组。采用酶联免疫吸附技术(ELISA法)检测血清β_2-MG水平;采用飞利浦iu22超声诊断仪评定心脏形态、结构和功能。结果 (1)MHD患者左心室肥厚组血清β_2-MG水平、C-反应蛋白水平均显著高于非左心室肥厚组(P0.05)。(2)MHD患者左心室肥厚组的左房内径、左室内径、室间隔厚度和左心室后壁厚度均升高,而左心室射血分数下降(P0.05)。(3)相关性分析显示:血清β_2-MG水平与左室内径(r=0.36,P0.01)、左心室后壁厚度(r=0.30,P0.05)呈正相关,与血红蛋白呈负相关(r=-0.30,P0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示,左室内径、左心室后壁厚度和血红蛋白是β_2-MG的独立相关因素(P0.05)。结论MHD患者血清β_2-MG水平与左心室结构和功能改变密切相关,它可能在MHD患者心血管事件的发生、发展过程中起重要作用。本研究提示血清β_2-MG水平可能有助于预测MHD患者左心室肥厚的严重程度。     

维持性血液透析患者脂肪因子和胰岛素抵抗与心脏结构及功能的相关分析

目的 探讨维持性血液透析患者脂肪因子(脂联素、瘦素)、胰岛素抵抗水平与心脏结构和功能的相关性.方法 选择79例维持性血液透析患者和16名健康对照者,测定血清脂联素、瘦素、血糖、胰岛素并计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数;行超声心动图测定左心房内径、左心室舒张末内径、左心室收缩末内径、室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度、左心室射血分数等,计算左心室心肌重量指数,并将维持性血液透析患者分成左心室肥厚组(43例)和非左心室肥厚组(36例).结果 维持性血液透析组患者的血清脂联素、瘦素、胰岛素、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数与健康对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);维持性血液透析组左心室心肌重量指数、左心室舒张末内径、室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度、左心房内径、舒张早期和晚期最大血流速度比、左心室射血分数与健康对照组比较差异也有统计学意义(P分别<0.05、0.01).维持性血液透析组左心室肥厚的发生率为54.4%,左心室射血分数<50%的发生率为10.2%、舒张早期和晚期最大血流速度比<1的发生率为71.9%;左心室肥厚组的血清瘦素、胰岛素、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数、左心室心肌重茸指数、血清脂联素与非左心室肥厚组比较差异有统计学意义(P分别<0.05、0.01).维持性血液透析组患者血清脂联素与血清瘦素、胰岛素、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数、左心室心肌重量指数、室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度呈显著负相关(r分别=-0.770、-0.693、-0.530、-0.483、-0.374、-0.320,P分别<0.05、0.01);血清瘦素与胰岛素、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数呈显著正相关(r分别=0.620、0.620,P均<0.01);血清瘦素、胰岛素、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数分别与左心室心肌重量指数、室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度呈显著正相关(r分别=0.513、0.381、0.149、0.617、0.359、0.293、0.483、0.359、0.320,P分别<0.05、<0.01);血清瘦素、胰岛素、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数分别与舒张早期和晚期最大血流速度比、左心室射血分数呈负相关(,分别=-0.225、-0.111、-0.215、-0.750、-0.198、-0.049,P均<0.05).结论 维持性血液透析患者脂肪因子(血清脂联素、瘦素)与胰岛素抵抗密切相关,并相互协同共同参与了维持性血液透析患者心血管并发症的发生和发展.     

Correlation between serum asymmetric dimethylarginine and blood pressure variability in chronic kidney disease patients

Objective To determine the correlation between serum asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and non-spoon-shaped blood pressure of non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, also to observe the impact of the serum ADMA level on the structure and function of left ventricle. Methods One hundred and twenty cases of non-dialysis CKD patients underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were divided into three groups: CKD1-2, CKD3, CKD 4-5. Serum ADMA concentration was measured using liquid chromatograph and other clnical data such as uric acid (UA), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), 24 h urine protein, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were collected for further statistical analysis. Results (1) With the decline of renal function, ADMA concentration was increased, from CKD 1-2 (1.70±0.48) μmol/L rose to CKD 4-5 (4.46±1.56) μmol/L (P＜0.05). (2)There were 42 cases of CKD patients with hypertension and 78 cases of CKD patients with normal blood pressure. The serum ADMA levels in hypertension group was significantly higher than those in non-hypertensive group [(3.53±1.70) μmol/L vs (2.01±0.65) μmol/L, P＜0.05]. (3)There were 50 cases of non-spoon-shaped normotensive CKD patients and 28 cases of spoon-shaped normotensive CKD patients. Serum ADMA level and LVMI in non-spoon-shaped group were significantly higher than that in spoon-shaped group when kidney functions appeared to be equal (P＜0.05). (4)Serum ADMA level was positively correlated with UA(r=0.352, P＜0.01), LVMI (r=0.345, P＜0.05), 24 h urine protein(r=0.200, P＜0.05), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (r=0.309, P＜0.01), but negatively correlated with the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)(r=-0.329, P＜0.01) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)(r=-0.011, P＜0.01). Multiple regression results showed that eGFR, UA, LVMI, hs-CRP, 24 h urine protein were associated with ADMA level. The regression equation was Y=1.991-0.011×[eGFR]+0.002×[UA]+0.008×[LVMI]+0.036× [hs-CRP]-0.084×[24 h urinary protein]. Conclusions Serum ADMA level begins to increase in early stage CKD and it progressively increases with the decline of renal function, also the non-spoon-shaped blood pressure ratio and the left ventricular damage increase. Kidney function, urine protein and microinflammatory state may impact on the serum ADMA level.     

Analysis of impact factors of serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients with renal failure in non-dialysis phase

Objective To analyze the impac factors of serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients with renal failure in non-dialysis phase, and to determine the cut-off point of as a diagnostic values in these patients with heart failure (HF). Methods Cross-sectional study was applied. Clinical data of 145 patients (37 cases of CKD4, 89 cases of CKD5, and 19 cases of acute renal injury (AKI) with renal failure in non-dialysis phase were collected. Comparison between groups and lineal regression analysis were utilized to investigate the impact factors of NT-proBNP, and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) to select a better cut-off point of diagnosis in these patients with HF. Results (1) Compared with patients without HF, patients with HF had significantly higher edema, cardiac troponin I, serum phosphorus concentration, and left atrial diameter (LA), while ALB and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were decreased (P＜0.05). (2) The NT-proBNP was divided into 4 groups with four points: First groups of 36 cases, NT-proBNP 1 -862 ng/L, second groups 37 cases, 866-2670 ng/L, third groups 37 cases, 2790-20 000 ng/L, fourth groups 35 cases, 20 900-35 000 ng/L. With the increase of NT-proBNP levels, the occurrence of AKI and CKD4 decreased gradually while the occurrence of CKD and edema were significantly increased (P＜0.01). Systolic blood pressure, troponin I, uric acid, serum phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, 24 hours urine protein, LA, interventricular septum thickness (IVS), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPW) level gradually increased. Hb, ALB, calcium, CO2, eGFR, LVEF significantly decreased (P＜0.01). The serum NT-proBNP of patients with HF was significantly higher than that of patients without HF (19 150 ng/L vs 1530 ng/L, P＜0.01). The serum NT-proBNP of patients with edema was significantly higher than that in patients without edema (5460 ng/L vs 1630 ng/L, P＜0.01). (3) Single factor linear regression analysis indicated that higher NT-proBNP was positive correlated with HF, edema, cardiac troponin I, uric acid, serum phosphorus, LA, IVS and LVPW (P＜0.05), while negative correlated with Hb, eGFR, ALB, serum calcium, CO2, LVEF (P＜0.05), and not correlated with eGFR, uric acid, serum calcium (P＞0.05). (4) The best cut-off point of NT-proBNP predicting HF in patients with renal failure in non-dialysis phase was 3805 ng/L, AUC=0.848, 95%CI 0.786-0.910. Sensitivity was 82.4%, specificity 74.5%, positive predictive value 62.1%, negative predictive value 87.3%, positive likelihood ratio 3.2, negative likelihood ratio 0.24. Conclusions The level of NT-proBNP＞20 000 ng/L is mainly found in end-stage renal disease patients with HF. HF is a main factor for the increase of NT-proBNP in patients with renal failure in non-dialysis phase. High phosphorus viremia, anemia, and hypoalbuminemia are closely related to NT-proBNP. Therefore NT-proBNP predicting HF should take into account the effects of these confounding factors in these patients.     

Prevalence and correlation factors of cardiovascular damage in patients with diabetic nephropathy and non-diabetic nephropathy

Objective To investigate the prevalence and correlation factors of cardiovascular damage in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and non-diabetic nephropathy (NDN). Methods A total of 278 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University from January 2014 to May 2016 were enrolled, including 78 case of DN and 200 case of NDN. Patients had cardiac and carotid ultrasonography test by colour doppler ultrasonography, and their clinical and biochemical data were collected. Multiple linear regression analysis and multivariable logistic regression analysis were applied to study the correlation factors of cardiovascular damage in CKD patients. Results Mean age was 48.22 years in the 278-patient cohort, which included 178(64.03%) men. Compared with NDN group, DN patients had higher left atrial dimension, interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, left ventricular mass index (LVMI), carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and carotid plaques ratio. Their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the ratio between the peak speed of the early filling wave and that of the atrial contraction wave (E/A ratio) were however lower (all P＜0.05). Prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), left ventricular relaxant function reduction and cIMT thickening in DN group were 67.95%, 70.27% and 57.14%, higher than those in NDN group (40.00%, 42.31% and 17.39%, respectively) (all P＜0.05). Along with the progress of CKD, LVMI and LVH proportion in patients with DN and NDN increased gradually. LVMI and LVH proportion in DN patients in CKD 1-2 phase and CKD 3-4 phase were higher than those in NDN patients (all P＜0.05). In all CKD phases, cIMT and cIMT thickening proportion in DN group were higher than those in NDN group (all P＜0.05). Just in CKD 1-2 phase, DN group had lower E/A ratio and higher proportion of left ventricular relaxant function reduction than NDN group (all P＜0.05). After multiple linear regression analysis, gender, BMI, hemoglobin, eGFR and DN were related with LVMI; age, serum calcium and DN were related with E/A ratio; age and DN were related with cIMT (all P＜0.05). In multivariate logistic regression, DN, hemoglobin and eGFR decrease were independently associated with LVH; age and BMI were independently associated with reduction of left ventricular relaxant function; age and DN were independently associated with cIMT thickening in all CKD patients (all P＜0.05). Conclusions DN patients have more severe cardiovascular damage than NDN patients, and DN may be associated with LVMI, E/A ratio, cIMT, LVH and cIMT thickening in all CKD patients.     

Assessed value of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T for cardiovascular disease among CKD patients

Objective To analyze the relationship between serum high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, and to further explore its value of evaluating and predicting CVD in this population. Methods Five hundred and fifty-seven non-dialysis CKD patients were involved in this cross-sectional study. The relationship between serum hs-cTnT and CVD was analyzed using comparison between groups and regression analysis, and its value on assessing cardiac structure and function was evaluated by ROC curves. Results Median level of hs-cTnT was 13 (7–29) ng/L, with 1.7% undetectable, 46.4% greater than 99th percentile of the general population. Multivariate analysis suggested that compared with the lowest quartile of hs-cTnT, the highest quartile was approximately six times as likely to develop into LVH (OR, 6.515; 95% CI, 3.478–12.206, p?<?0.05) and 18 times as likely to progress to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction(OR, 18.741; 95% CI, 2.422–145.017, p?<?0.05). And Ln cTnT level had a more modest association with LVEF (OR, ?1.117; 95% CI, ?5.839 to ?0.594; p?<?0.05). When evaluated as a screening test, the area under the curve of ROC curves for hs-cTnT was 0.718, 0.788 and 0.736, respectively (p?<?0.05). With a specificity of 90% as a diagnostic criterion, the value of hs-cTnT to evaluate LVH, LVEF?Conclusions In CKD non-dialysis population, hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP were valuable for evaluating LVH, left ventricular systolic dysfunction and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.     

甲状腺素片补充治疗对慢性肾脏疾病患者甲状腺激素水平的影响研究

目的 探讨小剂量甲状腺素补充治疗对慢性肾脏疾病患者的甲状腺激素水平、营养不良及左心功能的影响.方法 湖南省人民医院2013年2月至2015年2月间收治的慢性肾脏疾病患者210例,A组为eGFR＜ 15mL ·(min·1.73m2)-1的患者(n=70),B组为15＜ eGFR＜30mL·(min·1.73m2)-1的患者(n=70),C组为30 ＜eGFR ＜60mL·(min·1.73m2)-1的未透析患者(n=70).选择同期本院体检的正常人群为正常对照组(D组,n =70).收集4组患者血液、生化临床资料,检测游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine,FT3)、游离甲状腺素(freethyroxine,FT4)、促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)、C反应蛋白(C reactive protein,CRP)、左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)及左心室质量指数(Left ventricular mass index,LVMI),并计算主观综合性营养评估法(subjective global assessment of nutritional act,SGA)等指标.每组根据甲状腺激素水平分为正常组Ⅰ、异常组Ⅱ,观察各组间各指标差异,再给予异常组小剂量甲状腺激素干预后观察各项指标改变.结果 A、B、C组FT3均显著低于D组(P＜0.05),低T3综合征的发生率随eGFR下降而升高;正常组Ⅰ与异常组Ⅱ相比,ALB、CRP、SGA、LVEF、LVMI比较有显著差异(P＜0.05);异常组的FT3与eGFR、SGA、ALB、LVEF呈显著正相关(r=0.912,P＜0.001;r =0.721,P＜0.001;r =0.810,P＜0.001;r=0.903,P＜0.001);FT3与CRP、LVMI呈负相关(r=-0.981,P＜0.001;r=-0.442,P＜0.001);异常亚组给予小剂量甲状腺素治疗后FT3及LVEF较治疗前明显改善(P＜0.05),治疗后eGFR水平只有C2组患者有提高(P＜0.05).结论 甲状腺素水平下降与肾功能严重程度相关,以血清FT3水平降低为主;低水平FT3与营养、左心功能有显著相关性;予以小剂量的甲状腺激素治疗后的低T3及亚临床甲减者的左心收缩功能有提高,中度肾功能损伤的患者eGFR有提高.     

Correlation analysis of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To analysis the distribution and influence factors of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP), and also its clinical significance though a cross-sectional survey of NT-pro BNP in maintenance hemodialysis patients in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University. Methods A total of 207 stable hemodialysis patients were enrolled. The clinical parameters, plasma NT-proBNP levels and echocardiographic parameters were analyzed. Results Level of plasma NT-proBNP in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) were significantly higher than those without LVH[M(1/4, 3/4): 3 104(1 626, 7 843) ng/L vs 1 291(772, 1 845) ng/L, P﹤0.01]. After logarithmic transformation for skewed variables NT-proBNP, log[NT-proBNP] was negatively correlated with hemoglobin (r=-0.212, P=0.004) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)(r=-0.202, P=0.003), and was positively correlated with left ventricular mass index (LVMI)(r=0.370, P=0.001), interdialysic weight gain (IDWG) rate (r=0.233, P=0.001), predialysis systolic blood pressure (r=0.345, P=0.001), predialysis diastolic blood pressure (r=0.152, P=0.032). The areas under curve(AUC) of NT-proBNP for diagnosing LVH and IDWG﹥4% were 0.786(95%CI 0.689-0.883, P﹤0.01) and 0.738(95%CI 0.667-0.810, P﹤0.01). When the threshold of NT-proBNP was set at 1 917 ng/L to diagnosis LVH, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.676 and 0.824. When the threshold of NT-proBNP was set at 2 872 ng/L to diagnosis IDWG﹥4%, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.704 and 0.758. Conclusions NT-proBNP levels are significantly abnormality in hemodialysis patients, mainly related with LVH, the high rate of IDWG, and the poorly controlled predialysis blood pressure. Proper dry weight assessment and strict control of IDWG may be effective way to intervene NT-proBNP.     

慢性肾脏病患者血清游离脂肪酸与心脏结构和功能的关系

目的：研究慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者不同时期血清游离脂肪酸（FFA）和高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）水平的变化及与心脏结构和功能的关系。方法：对188例CKD患者（非透析治疗130例,血液透析58例）的临床及实验室资料作回顾性研究,应用酶比色法检测血清FFA、免疫比浊法检测hs-CRP,并应用心脏超声心动图测定患者的心脏结构和功能,分析FFA水平的变化与心脏结构和功能的关系。结果：CKD患者无论透析与否,FFA水平较健康对照组显著升高[（492.63±143.59）vs（302.65±142.18）μmol/L,P〈0.01],hs-CRP水平较健康对照组显著升高[（8.11±3.85）vs（4.63±1.34）mg/L,P〈0.01],在非透析CKD患者中,随着肾功能的逐渐减退,血FFA和hs-CRP水平也逐渐升高,各组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,且HD组FFA和hs-CRP水平较非透析CKD各组更高（P〈0.05）;直线相关分析显示,血FFA水平与hs-CRP、左心室心肌重量指数（LVMI）、心脏功能综合指数（Tei指数）、TG呈正相关（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,与LVEF、GFR呈负相关（P〈0.05）;多因素逐步回归分析显示,FFA、hs-CRP和年龄是CKD患者心脏结构和功能异常的危险因素。结论：大约50%CKD患者FFA水平明显升高,且与hs-CRP及心脏结构和功能异常相关,提示高游离脂肪酸血症是CKD患者并发心血管疾病的危险因素之一。