精确双端故障测距新算法

提出一种利用线路双端故障数据进行精确故障定位的新算法。新算法利用了故障后线路两端 的电压电流相量，考虑了双端采样数据的非同步问题，通过采用分布参数模型，精确考虑了 分布电容对测距算法的影响，从而大大提高了测距算法的精确度。该算法通过EMTP仿真和实 际故障数据的验证，证明有很高的精确度。     

特高压长线路单端阻抗法单相接地故障测距

特高压长线路分布电容大，故障后波过程明显，基于集中参数模型的单端阻抗法故障测距无法适用。针对该问题，采用分布参数建模，经分析证明观测点处的负序电流可以很好地模拟故障支路负序电流（故障点电压）的相位信息。基于此，提出了一种新的阻抗法故障测距方法。该方法在故障点电压瞬时值过零点时刻计算测量阻抗，理论上不受过渡电阻的影响;基于分布参数模型，不受分布电容电流的影响。理论分析和仿真结果表明:所提出的算法具有较高的测距精度，能够满足现场应用的要求。     

同杆并架双回线准确参数未知时的故障测距新算法

比较分析了各种主要的测距算法，并在此基础上提出了一种同杆并架双回线的故障测距新算法。算法采用分布参数线路模型，利用了双端数据和六序分量法，并考虑了对不准确线路参数识别的问题。EMTP仿真表明了该算法的正确性和有效性，测距精度较高，不受故障过渡阻抗、负荷电流和系统运行方式的影响，不需要双端数据同步，对不准确的线路参数具有较好的自适应能力。该算法具有工程实用价值。     

一种使用两端电气量的高压输电线路故障测距算法

提出了一种使用两端电流、一端电压的高压输电线路故障测距算法。该算法从原理上克服了 对端系统助增电流和过渡电阻对故障测距的影响，并对高压长线的电容充电电流进行了迭代 补偿；EMTP仿真结果表明，算法有较高的精度。     

行波测距失效点处的故障测距研究

随着现代微电子技术的飞跃发展和对行波传播规律以及对暂态信号获取方法的进一步掌握，行波故障测距装置已广泛应用于超、特高压输电线路上，但行波测距方法有其固有的缺陷。文章在对行波测距盲区分析研究的基础上，提出了两种能消除行波故障测距盲区的故障定位算法。这两种方法都是利用故障线路重合脉冲来实现故障定位。算法1是将重合闸脉冲进行三次B样条分析后，根据合闸脉冲和合闸脉冲在故障点处的反射波之间的时间差来进行故障定位；算法2是利用故障线路重合过程中一端线路处于合闸而另一端处于断开状态，利用故障边界电流进行构造单端故障定位算法；并以特高压交流输电线路为研究对象，来进行算法的仿真验证。仿真结果表明，该方法能准确地进行故障定位，其精度不受故障点过渡电阻、故障类型、对端系统的阻抗及故障距离的影响。     

基于故障电流暂态分量的测距研究

提出利用故障生成的电流暂态分量进行故障定位的思想。通过与方向行波测距进行比较，指出两者在利用行波表示的时间-距离对应信息上的一致性。与传统的电流行波测距法相比，该算法无需相邻健全线路的电流，从而具有更 好的适应系统运行方式的能力,并节省了测距装置的模拟和数字输入通道。仿真试验表明， 在合适的小波滤波器和小波分解算法的作用下，暂态测距与利用方向行波测距的精度基本相 同。其在测距精度上同样不受故障类型、接地电阻、线路长度、采样率、系统运行方式的影响，具有良好的波头定位能力。     

适用于集中参数单端测距模型的距离修正方法

提出了一种能够有效提高基于集中参数输电线路模型的单端故障测距精度的修正方法。根据集中参数线路模型算法的实测距离，换算成与模型匹配的正序测量阻抗。另外，基于输电线路贝瑞隆模型，推导出金属短路时应测的故障环路正序阻抗与实际距离的对应关系。通过测量阻抗将实测距离和实际距离关联起来，形成修正公式，在理论上消除了线路分布电容带来的误差。该修正算法基于工频量，对采样率要求不高，具有较高的工程实用价值。大量的ATP仿真试验验证了距离修正的有效性。     

一种适合于同杆4回线的故障测距方法

在对同杆4回线解耦的基础上，提出了一种适合于同杆4回线的故障测距方法。同杆4回线内部发生故障时，可以将故障分量分解为12序分量，且利用该12序分量进行故障测距。考虑到在任何故障类型下，同杆4回线内部都会存在反序分量，所以提出了基于反序环流分量的故障测距方法。当同杆4回线内部发生故障时，从线路两端计算到故障点的反序环流分量电压相等，利用该关系可以求出故障点的精确位置。由于相互独立的12序分量完全能够解决线间耦合问题，文中提出的测距算法能够精确测距，测距精度不受故障类型影响。大量ATP仿真结果表明所提出的测距算法完全适用于同杆4回线的故障测距，测距精度不受过渡电阻、系统运行方式、线路两端功角的影响。     

双端不同步线路参数自适应时频域故障测距算法

故障测距时域法所需时间窗短,能弥补频域法的不足,但考虑线路参数不确定及双端不同步影响时,其精度和稳定性偏低。利用故障前正常状态的稳态工频相量,建立含双端不同步时间差和线路工频参数的自适应观测方程,利用粒子群优化 — 最小二乘混合算法求解;建立Bergeron模型的故障测距时域观测方程,应用粒子群优化算法求解,实现双端数据不同步及参数自适应的时频域故障测距。通过建立1 000 kV特高压输电系统模型进行全面仿真验证,结果表明,所提出的故障测距方案能在较短时间窗内实现准确故障测距,且不受线路参数变化及两端数据不同步的影响。     

基于参数识别的时域长线距离保护

对于传统距离保护用于远距离输电时受线路分布电容影响存在暂态超越的问题,给出了一种基于参数识别的时域距离保护新算法。在分布参数线路模型下,根据保护安装处电压、电流计算出保护整定点的电压、电流,再根据微分方程距离保护算法判别区内、区外故障,并利用插值法解决了长线距离保护在低采样频率下无法计算沿线电压、电流分布的问题。仿真结果表明,在特高压长线路末端故障情况下仍能够正确判别区内、区外故障,有效地防止了暂态超越。该方法对采样频率要求不高,不受线路分布电容和非周期分量的影响,提高了长线距离保护的动作可靠性。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.