膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌的诊断与治疗(附5例报告)

目的:提高膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌的诊治水平。方法:对5例膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌患者的临床资料进行分析。结果:5例患者平均年龄66.2岁,术前均经膀胱镜检查及活检病理证实为膀胱移行细胞癌(均为II至III级)。1例术前既往诊断为前列腺癌,4例术后病理证实为前列腺癌,前列腺癌Gleason分级4级至6级;2例行膀胱全切,输尿管皮肤造口术。1例行膀胱前列腺全切加回肠膀胱术。1例行径尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术,1例因身体原因仅行姑息性输尿管皮肤造口术。术后随访8个月至26个月。1例术后20个月后死于全身广泛转移;1例随访14个月带瘤存活;余3例经胸片、CT、同位素和PSA等检查未见肿瘤复发或转移。结论:膀胱癌患者,如合并的前列腺癌,如果重视不够容易被漏诊。血清PSA测定、前列腺直肠指诊、经直肠前列腺B超检查、活检及膀胱镜检查是诊断膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺腺癌的主要方法,当诊断膀胱癌同时存在局限性前列腺癌时,治疗方案应根据膀胱癌和前列腺癌的分期、分级综合而定。膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌并不提示预后不良。     

膀胱移行细胞癌伴发前列腺腺癌的临床与病理

目的探讨膀胱移行细胞癌伴发前列腺腺癌的临床及病理学特点,提高对本病的诊治水平。方法结合文献回顾性分析9例膀胱移行细胞癌伴发前列腺腺癌患者的临床和病理资料。年龄51～75岁,平均68岁。9例均有肉眼血尿,呈间歇性发作;8例有尿频尿急症状;1例有进行性排尿困难;2例有尿痛。直肠指诊：前列腺增生8例,正常1例。2例质硬并可触及结节者行穿刺活检,均为前列腺低分化腺癌,经直肠前列腺超声检查示前列腺包膜下低回声结节。PSA阳性5例,阴性2例,未查2例。膀胱镜检查肿瘤0．5 cm×0．5 cm×0．5 cm～3．0 cm×3．5 cm×5．0 cm大小,病理检查均为膀胱移行细胞癌。结果2例在术前明确诊断为膀胱移行细胞癌伴发前列腺腺癌,余7例均为膀胱前列腺全切术后病理检查证实。1例行膀胱部分切除并前列腺癌根治术,余8例行根治性膀胱前列腺切除。病理结果：9例均为膀胱移行细胞癌,Ⅰ～Ⅱ级1例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅱ～Ⅲ级3例,Ⅲ级3例;前列腺腺癌,高分化6例,中分化1例,低分化2例。7例随访2～28个月。2例术后1年内死于转移和并发症,5例无瘤存活时间平均17．5个月。结论膀胱移行细胞癌伴发前列腺腺癌是较少见的一种多发性原发癌,包括膀胱移行细胞癌伴发临床期前列腺癌及伴发偶发性前列腺癌2种。膀胱移行细胞癌伴发前列腺癌预后并不差于单纯膀胱癌和前列腺癌。     

膀胱移行细胞癌伴发前列腺腺癌五例

为了提高膀胱移行细胞癌伴发前列腺癌的诊断水平，对１９８６年至今收治经病理证实的５例膀胱移行细胞癌伴发前列腺腺癌患者，与膀胱肿瘤浸润前列腺及前列腺癌浸润膀胱两种疾病相比较。术前明确诊断需要注意：（１）前列腺直肠指诊必不可少；（２）术前前列腺穿刺活检可防止漏诊，尤其对可疑前列腺癌者更有必要；（３）膀胱镜检查、活检，前列腺特异性抗原检测具有一定意义。明确诊断对指导治疗及判断预后具有重要意义。     

膀胱前列腺共存肿瘤的诊断和治疗（附14例报告）

目的：提高对膀胱前列腺共存肿瘤的诊断与治疗水平。方法：结合文献回顾性分析14例膀胱前列腺共存肿瘤患者的临床和病理资料。结果：以膀胱肿瘤首诊11例,术前均经膀胱镜活检病理证实为膀胱移行细胞癌（9例）、鳞癌（2例）,该组有3例行经直肠前列腺穿刺活检,结果2例为前列腺癌,1例为前列腺增生症,该例与余8例行膀胱前列腺切除或TURBT＋TURP后病理证实为前列腺癌。术后随访6～37个月。1例术后23个月死于心梗;1例术后10个月死于全身广泛转移和并发症;1例失访;8例无瘤生存。以前列腺肿瘤首诊3例分别行膀胱部分切除术＋双睾丸切除术、前列腺癌根治术＋TURBT、姑息性输尿管皮肤造瘘术,随访42、16、25个月,2例术后死于多发性转移,1例无瘤生存。结论：膀胱前列腺共存肿瘤是较少见的一种多原发肿瘤,临床上易漏诊。直肠指检、经直肠B超、PsA测定、活检和膀胱镜检的综合应用是目前诊断膀胱前列腺共存肿瘤的主要方法。两者共存并不提示预后不良。     

膀胱憩室癌5例报告

目的：探讨膀胱憩室癌的临床特征，提高其诊治水平。方法：对5例膀胱憩室癌患者均行CT和膀胱镜检查确诊。3例行根治性膀胱全切、尿流改道手术．2例行膀胱部分切除术。结果：病理诊断移行细胞癌2例，鳞状细胞癌2例，恶性神经鞘瘤1例。3例于术后2个月内死亡，均为非移行性细胞癌；另外2例术后随访10个月，无局部复发和远处转移。结论：CT和膀胱镜检查是确诊膀胱憩室癌的重要方法；膀胱憩室癌的临床分期不同，预后明显不同，非移行细胞癌病理类型有早期浸润行为．预后差。     

前列腺癌合并膀胱癌4例分析

目的探讨前列腺癌合并膀胱癌的诊断和治疗。方法总结156例前列腺腺癌患者资料，对其中4例合并膀胱移行细胞癌的患者进行分析。结果4例前列腺腺癌患者均接受B超、尿镜检和膀胱镜检查，发现同时合并膀胱移行细胞癌。其中2例接受经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术和双侧睾丸切除术；1例接受经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术和药物去势；1例接受经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术和耻骨后前列腺根治切除术。术后均接受膀胱灌注治疗。随访12。36个月，除1例膀胱癌复发接受再次电切手术外，其余均无肿瘤复发。结论有血尿、排尿刺激症状和长期吸烟史的前列腺癌患者以及准备行前列腺癌根治手术的患者应进行膀胱镜检查以除外合并膀胱肿瘤。     

前列腺肉瘤样癌二例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨前列腺肉瘤样癌的临床表现、病理特点和诊治方法. 方法 前列腺肉瘤样癌患者2例.例1,51岁.因排尿困难、会阴部不适2个月,急性尿潴留入院.实验室检查PSA值2.31 ng/ml,CT检查示前列腺密度不均,左叶弥漫性增大、浸润膀胱.经直肠穿刺活检诊断为前列腺肉瘤样癌.行全膀胱、前列腺切除加尿流改道(Bricker手术),术后行局部放射治疗和内分泌治疗.例2,54岁,因排尿困难伴间歇性肉眼血尿1个月入院.实验室检查PSA 2.61 ng/ml.B超检查示低回声块.CT检查示前列腺密度不均.经直肠穿刺活检诊断为前列腺肉瘤.行全膀胱、前列腺切除加尿流改道(Bricker手术). 结果 2例术后病理均诊断为前列腺肉瘤样癌.镜下肿瘤组织由上皮癌细胞和肉瘤样间质2种成分组成,之间可见移行区过渡.免疫组化:2种成分中细胞角蛋白、上皮膜抗原均呈阳性表达.癌细胞波形蛋白阴性,肉瘤样细胞阳性.例1术后41个月出现广泛转移,2个月后死亡.实验室检查PSA正常.例2术后16个月出现骨转移并有局部复发,手术去势联合比卡鲁胺最大限度雄激素阻断治疗3个月无效,术后19个月死亡.实验室检查PSA<4.0 ng/ml.结论前列腺肉瘤样癌是一种罕见、高度恶性的肿瘤,预后不良,确诊需依赖病理表现及免疫组织化学检查.根治性切除辅以局部放射治疗和内分泌治疗可行.     

前列腺小细胞癌二例报告并文献复习

目的探讨前列腺小细胞癌的临床、病理特征及治疗方法。方法总结2例前列腺小细胞癌患者的临床资料并进行文献复习。例1,50岁,因排尿困难伴会阴部疼痛3个月入院。直肠指检前列腺Ⅲ度(5．0 cm×6．0 cm)增生,质硬,表面欠光滑。血清PSA 0．31 ng／ml,fPSA 0．09ng／ml。B超示低回声块,CT示前列腺密度不均。经直肠穿刺活检示前列腺癌,行前列腺癌根治术。例2,82岁,因排尿困难伴间歇性血尿4个月入院。直肠指检前列腺Ⅱ度(4．0 cm×5．0 cm)增生,质硬伴多发性结节,表面欠光滑。血清PSA 2．61 ng／ml,fPSA 0．05ng／ml。B超示低回声块,CT示前列腺密度不均,精囊及膀胱颈部受侵犯。经直肠穿刺活检示前列腺小细胞癌,行双睾切除术加TURP。结果2例术后病理均诊断为前列腺小细胞癌。肿瘤呈弥漫性片巢状结构,伴大片凝固性坏死,核小、燕麦状或圆形、染色深、核仁不明显、胞质少,类似肺小细胞癌。精囊及膀胱颈部均有肿瘤细胞浸润。免疫组化染色检查:LCA、L-26、34βE12(-),PSA、AE1／AE3、AR(+),CA、S-100(±)。例1术后1个月死于广泛肺转移,例2术后3个月发现后腹膜转移,仍在随访中。结论前列腺小细胞癌少见,确诊依靠临床及病理表现。对早期前列腺小细胞癌,根治性前列腺癌切除术加激素及化疗是可行的,晚期患者则无较满意的治疗方法,且预后差。     

膀胱憩室癌临床分析(附五例报告)

目的　探讨膀胱憩室癌的临床病理特点和诊治方法。　方法　膀胱憩室癌 5例。男 4例 ,女 1例 ;平均年龄 73岁。术前膀胱镜下活检确诊 3例 ,术中冰冻切片确诊 2例。其中移行细胞癌2例 ,行膀胱部分切除术 ;鳞状细胞癌、腺癌和混合性癌 (鳞状细胞癌和移行细胞癌 )各 1例 ,均行根治性膀胱全切加回肠膀胱术。术后辅以化疗 3例 ,化疗加放疗 1例。　结果　 5例随访 6～ 72个月 ,平均 2 3个月。 2例移行细胞癌分别于术后 6、8个月局部复发 ,行根治性膀胱全切加回肠膀胱术 ,术后 1例死于肿瘤转移 ,1例随访 6年无瘤存活。鳞癌者术后 14个月死于多器官转移。腺癌者术后 11个月死于心肌梗死。混合性癌者目前术后 6个月无瘤存活。　结论　膀胱憩室癌的诊断以膀胱镜和影像学检查为主 ,治疗应采取外科手术特别是根治性膀胱全切术 ,必要时辅以放、化疗。     

膀胱根治性切除术后继发尿道癌的临床分析

目的总结膀胱癌行根治性膀胱切除术后继发尿道癌的临床特点,以提高诊治能力。方法回顾性分析2000年至2014年98例膀胱癌行根治性膀胱切除术后继发尿道癌6例的临床资料,其中3例行可控回结肠代膀胱术,1例行原位膀胱术,2例行回肠膀胱术。发生尿道癌时间为术后5~36个月。行尿道膀胱镜检查4例位于后尿道残端,2例位于前尿道,活检证实均为尿道尿路上皮癌,1例CT发现后尿道癌浸润周围组织及盆腔和腹股沟淋巴结的转移。4例行经会阴全尿道切除术,1例行经尿道肿瘤电切术,6例均行化疗或辅助性化疗。结果本组根治性膀胱切除术后尿道癌的发生率为6.1%,手术过程顺利。1例出现切口感染,经治疗后愈合。随访8~60个月,1例出现全身骨转移,1例出现双侧腹股沟淋巴结转移(经淋巴结活检证实),另4例未发现远处转移。结论根治性膀胱切除术后继发尿道癌发生率较低。尿道血性分泌物及肉眼血尿是尿道癌的主要临床表现。尿道膀胱镜检查是诊断尿道癌的重要手段,活检能够明确诊断,利用输尿管镜能提高活检的阳性率。CT和MR能明确肿瘤浸润的深度,并明确有无腹股沟及盆腔淋巴结的转移。全尿道切除术辅助化疗能提高膀胱癌行根治性膀胱切除术后继发尿道癌的生存期。     

What is the ratio of urethral recurrence risk after radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer?

Objective: There is always a risk of urethral recurrence after radical cystoprostatectomy in patients with bladder transitional cell cancer. Taking these risk factors of urethral recurrence into account, orthotopic neobladders or urinary diversions without using the urethra are performed. But urethral tumour recurrence occurs much less than the expected. We assessed the etiological factors that affect the urethral recurrence in orthotopic and nonorthotopic urinary diversion cases. Methods: Sixty-four patients with bladder cancer who underwent radical cystoprostatectomy and urinary diversion between 1994 and 2002 were included this study. Conventional risk factors effecting the selection of operation type and urethral recurrence were evaluated in these patients. Cystoscopy and biopsy were done and pathologic specimen was obtained preoperatively, and cystoscopy and urethral washout cytology were done postoperatively. Routine bladder biopsies were done in uncertain cases at follow-up. Risk factors increasing the urethral recurrence are as follows: papillary and multiple tumours, tumour invading bladder neck and trigone, extensive CIS, prostatic stromal and urethral invasion, positive surgical margin and history of upper urinary tract tumour. In 31 patients having one or more of these criteria, continent nonorthotopic urinary diversion was performed, but 33 patients without these risk factors underwent orthotopic urinary diversion. Simultaneous urethrectomy was not done in any of these patients. Results: Among the patients who underwent radical cystoprostatectomy, none was with positive surgical margin in the distal end of the prostatic urethra. In preoperative cystoscopy, tumoural mass was seen near to collum in eight patients and in the prostatic urethra in three patients. Histopathological examination of cystoprostatectomy specimen displayed transient epithelial cell carcinoma of prostatic urethra in three patients, transient epithelial cell metaplasia inside the prostate in five patients and invasion to the urothelium of bladder neck in three patients. There were not any transient epithelial cell cancer metastases in prostatic stroma in any of these patients. One patient underwent urethrectomy, since atypical cells were observed in postradical prostatectomy urethral washout cytology but there was no tumour found in pathological examination of the specimen. Therefore, urethral tumour recurrence did not occur after 25 months follow up. Conclusion: These findings suggest that some of the conventional risk factors of urethral recurrence were exaggerated. We may also conclude that there is no need for prophylactic urethrectomy unless there is urethral cancer or cancer in the surgical margin. But if utilization of urethra is planned, evaluation of prostatic stroma by TUR biopsies and urethral anastomose margin by frozen section during the operation is necessary.     

Transrectal ultrasound appearance of transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostate

Prostatic involvement with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is common. Surveillance for prostatic invasion consists primarily of cystoscopic examination of the urethra. Unfortunately, transitional cell carcinoma may involve other regions of the prostate that are inaccessible by cystoscopy. A total of 58 men with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder underwent transrectal ultrasound before cystoprostatectomy or, in some cases, ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies and subsequent cystoprostatectomy. Prostatic involvement was found in 20 patients (34.5%). Of those patients 10 (50%) demonstrated prostatic urethra invasion, 7 (35%) stromal invasion, 4 (20%) ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicle invasion, and 3 (15%) involvement of the periprostatic tissues. Invasion of the prostatic urethra was not detected by transrectal ultrasound but 5 of the 7 stromal lesions exhibited hypoechogenicity. All cancer-laden ejaculatory ducts were hypoechoic on ultrasound examination. All cases of periprostatic involvement were also detectable by corresponding areas of hypoechogenicity. Transrectal ultrasound may enhance the surveillance of men with transitional cell carcinoma.     

无肉眼血尿膀胱恶性肿瘤的诊治

目的：探讨无肉眼血尿膀胱恶性肿瘤的临床表现和诊治效果,方法：总结分析了19例无肉眼血尿膀胱恶性肿瘤的临床特点和诊治方法。结果：本组19例无肉眼血尿膀胱恶性肿瘤中,8例是B超在诊断其他疾病时偶然发现,该组患者均为移行细胞癌,肿瘤体积小,单发,细胞分化好,治疗效果满意,另外在11例伴有膀胱刺激症状的膀胱恶性肿瘤中,4例为非移行细胞癌,7例为移行细胞癌,该组患者的肿瘤体积较大,多发,细胞分化差,治疗效果不佳,预后不良,结论：B超检查对发现不典型膀胱肿瘤起有重要的作用,伴有膀胱刺激素症状的恶性肿瘤由于预后不良在治疗中应引起重视。     

A prostatic duct carcinoma difficult to distinguish from transitional cell carcinoma: a case report

A 77-year-old male with a complaint of dysuria and gross hematuria for 3 months visited our hospital. Abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a prominent tumor from the bladder neck. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level was high (1,130 ng/ml) suggesting prostate cancer, but transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) was detected by transurethral biopsy. Bone scintigraphy revealed multiple bone metastasis. Since gross hematuria requiring bladder tamponade continued, simple cystoprostatectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy were performed. Pathological findings showed prostatic acinar carcinoma and prostatic duct carcinoma mimicking TCC, and PSA immunohistochemically weak positive. The final diagnosis was prostate cancer consisting of acinar and ductal component. Adjuvant hormonal therapy was performed, but was ineffective. The patient died 2.5 months after operation. We reviewed and discussed 66 cases of prostatic duct carcinoma, including our case, in the Japanese literature.     

晚期前列腺癌的诊断与治疗(附84例报告)

目的提高晚期前列腺癌的诊断和治疗效果。方珐回顾性分析采用睾丸切除术治疗84例晚期前列腺癌患者资料。其中22例行经尿道前列腺电切，3例前列腺癌根治治疗，3例介入化疗。结果78例患者获得3个月至5年随访，1例死亡。46例患者获得5年随访，19例生存。术后患者排尿不畅、尿频、尿急症状改善，下尿道梗阻情况明显缓解，血清前列腺特异性抗原迅速降低，骨痛缓解。结论晚期前列腺癌睾丸切除术和雄激素阻断疗法明显抑制肿瘤生长而延长生命，姑息性经尿道前列腺电汽化术，能解除下尿道梗阻。     

Prostatic duct adenocarcinoma with pagetoid spread on the glans penis: a case report

A 75-year-old male visited our division with asymptomatic erythema on the glans penis which he first noticed six months earlier. The patient underwent total cystoprostatectomy under the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder four years earlier. At the time, the prostatectomy specimen incidentally revealed a prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma at the bilateral peripheral zone. A skin biopsy of the erythema revealed intraepithelial Paget's cells, and the patient underwent total penectomy under the diagnosis of extramammary Paget's disease. Histopathological examination revealed continuous intraepithelial Paget's cells from the glans penis to the urethral navicular fossa, and a ductal carcinoma was detected beneath the urethral mucosa to the excisional margin. Because the Paget's cells expressed cytokeratin 20, the tumor was diagnosed as Pagetoid spread rather than Paget's disease. Re-examination of the previous prostatectomy specimen revealed prostatic duct adenocarcinoma with prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma. Therefore, the final diagnosis was prostatic duct adenocarcinoma with Pagetoid spread to the glans penis. Follow up at nine months revealed neither local recurrence, nor distant metastases, although no adjuvant therapy has been given.