东太平洋CC区沉积物稀土元素特征及物源

对东太平洋CC区中西部33站表层沉积物进行了稀土元素(REE,包括Y)地球化学研究。结果表明,REE在沸石粘土中最富集,在硅质沉积物中含量明显偏低;所有沉积物样品中REE都存在Ce负异常和Eu正异常的轻稀土(LREE)亏损特征,表现为典型受到海水来源物质影响的REE配分模式;硅质粘土中Ce亏损程度、Eu正异常和REE富集程度都比硅质软泥更明显。与东区相比,西区沉积物中LREE、HREE(重稀土和钇元素)和∑REE(稀土元素总量)普遍偏高,LREE与HREE分异更明显,HREE相对更富集,LREE和Ce亏损更显著。研究区表层沉积物中REE主要来自海洋自生物质,同时受到陆源物质、海底火山物质的影响。     

海南岛三亚小东海岸礁礁坪沉积物的稀土元素分布特征

对海南岛三亚小东海东北岸礁礁坪表面沉积物的稀土元素进行了分析,结果表明,沉积物的∑REE为80.22mg/kg,稀土元素含量球粒陨石标准化分布模式呈现轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损,Eu明显负异常(0.58),Ce无异常,Y/Ho低(27.60)的陆相模式特征.根据小东海礁坪沉积样品稀土元素的空间分布情况可以推测出礁坪珊瑚表面...     

福建近岸海域表层沉积物稀土元素地球化学特征及其物源指示意义

对福建东部近岸海域173个表层沉积物进行稀土元素(REE)含量分析,探讨稀土元素分布特征及影响因素,揭示沉积物物源信息。结果表明,研究区表层沉积物稀土元素总量(ΣREE)分布范围为35.25~296.98μg/g,平均值171.05μg/g,与长江、闽江沉积物的ΣREE非常接近。轻重稀土元素含量比值(LREE/HREE)的变化范围为7.56~16.35,平均值11.27,轻稀土明显富集。REE球粒陨石标准化配分模式以及(La/Sm)CN、(Gd/Yb)CN比值显示,配分曲线为右倾负斜率,LREE内部分异明显,HREE内部分异小,存在中等程度Eu负异常(分布在0.55~1.06,平均值0.80),Ce异常不明显(分布在0.71~1.19,平均值1.00),与上陆壳REE特征相似。REE上陆壳标准化配分模式显示沉积物与上陆壳之间分异不明显,其源岩以上陆壳长英质岩石为主。综合分析认为,研究区表层沉积物REE富集和分布主要受沉积物粒度控制,REE趋向于在细粒组分中富集,局部可能受生物碳酸盐及重矿物含量制约。     

黄河沉积物稀土元素地球化学特征

本文以黄河口和小浪底水库表层沉积物、利津水文站悬浮沉积物为研究对象,在分析其物质组成特征的基础上,研究了稀土元素(REE)的含量、配分模式、分异特征及其制约因素,探讨了黄河沉积物REE的物源示踪意义。结果表明,黄河口和小浪底水库表层沉积物、利津水文站悬浮沉积物稀土元素总量(∑REE)平均值分别为178.16×10^-6、181.38×10^-6、158.26×10^-6;三种沉积物REE的上地壳标准化配分模式均为轻稀土富集的略右倾模式,轻稀土的分异程度与黄土相比较高,而重稀土未出现明显分异;Eu和Ce相对于上陆壳物质REE没有发生明显分异;黄河口表层沉积物REE配分模式和分异程度与利津站悬浮沉积物相似度较高,而与小浪底水库沉积物略有差异。黄河口沉积物中的∑REE除受到源岩和沉积物粒度的显著影响外,主要与碳酸盐、磷酸盐及Fe-Mn氧化物等矿物和物质相结合。黄河沉积物REE分异显著弱于长江沉积物,造成两者差异的因素主要为源岩不同导致的沉积物组成的差异,这可作为两类沉积物识别的重要标志。本研究结果可为进一步认识现代黄河沉积物REE组...     

长江与黄河黏土粒级沉积物地球化学特征及其物源指示意义

本文对长江与黄河口黏土粒级沉积物主微量元素的地球化学特征进行了研究。结果表明:长江相对富集Al、K、Fe、Ti等常量元素以及Cr、V、Li、Zn、Ni和Rb等微量元素,黄河以高Ca、Sr和Ba为特征;长江沉积物中稀土元素含量高于黄河沉积物,长江与黄河黏土粒级沉积物中稀土元素的分馏程度相同,均具有轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的右倾的球粒陨石标准化配分模式,上陆壳标准化配分模式为中稀土元素富集,黄河沉积物的Ce负异常和Eu正异常程度较长江沉积物偏弱。长江沉积物中元素含量变化较大,而黄河沉积物中元素含量较为稳定。黏土粒级沉积物的稀土元素更接近其物源区,2μm的黏土粒级沉积物中的REE可以作为判识长江与黄河沉积物的地球化学指标。ΣREE、δCe可以作为长江、黄河入海沉积物的判别指标。长江与黄河黏土粒级沉积物的地球化学特征受源区岩石类型、化学风化、水动力分选等因素的控制。化学风化引起河流沉积物相对其源岩发生地球化学分异,水动力分选使矿物在不同粒级沉积物中富集,从而引起地球化学组成在不同粒级沉积物中的分异。     

山东半岛南部近岸海域表层沉积物稀土元素的物源指示

通过对山东半岛南部海域147个表层沉积物样品和周边入海河流46个表层沉积物样品粒度与稀土元素(REE)测试分析,系统地研究了该区稀土元素分布、δEu和δCe异常以及稀土元素的球粒陨石标准化和上陆壳标准化配分曲线特征等。结果表明,研究区沉积物REE呈现轻稀土元素(LREE)富集、重稀土元素(HREE)平坦以及中等程度的Eu异常等特征。对代表站位与长江、黄河及周边中小入海河流沉积物的稀土元素分析对比,利用以Ce/La和Sm/Nd作为对比元素的FD判别函数分析,以及对一些在地球化学环境中比较稳定元素的比值进行了验证比较,初步判别研究海区的表层沉积物物质来源以现代黄河沉积物质为主,周边中小河流也对其物源产生一定的影响。     

贵州威宁草海第四系窑上组沉积物微量元素地球化学特征及其古环境意义

分析了贵州威宁草海第四系窑上组剖面微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征,结合前人研究的介形类、孢粉等资料,探讨了沉积物微量元素垂直变化反映的沉积环境.结果表明,Li、Ba、Sr等14种微量元素有着很好的相关性.∑REE高,δCe、δEu呈现负异常的总体特征,但δCe在第7、11层表现为正异常;轻重稀土分馏较大,具有轻稀土富集...     

孟加拉湾中部表层沉积物稀土元素特征及其物源指示意义

通过对孟加拉湾中部110个表层沉积物进行稀土元素(REE)测试分析,揭示了研究区稀土元素含量和分布特征,并讨论了其物质来源。结果表明,研究区稀土元素含量介于93.90×10-6~220.80×10-6之间,平均含量为138.25×10-6,接近上陆壳含量。REE整体表现出轻稀土富集、重稀土含量相对均一的特征,Eu呈明显负异常,无明显Ce异常。应用富集系数、判别函数及∑REE-(La/Yb)N等方法判别其物质来源,结果证实研究区沉积物主要为喜马拉雅山和青藏高原来源,还有一部分物质来自中印度半岛,而伊洛瓦底江物质对研究区沉积物组成影响不明显。G-B(恒河-布拉马普特拉河)沉积物标准化后的稀土参数聚类分析表明,印度源区的主要影响范围位于研究区西侧,其控制因素主要是物质供应方式及孟加拉湾表层环流,尤其是东印度沿岸流(EICC)对印度源区物质的输运。     

黄海YA01孔沉积物稀土元素组成与源区示踪

黄海YA01孔沉积物稀土元素总量（∑REE）变化范围较大，接近于全球沉积物平均稀土元素含量的下限，略高于黄海、东海、明显低于渤海，南海表层沉积物的平均含量，∑REE和δEu、δCe值的变化受岩性和沉积环境变化的控制，各类沉积物的稀土元素配分模式非常一致，表明这些沉积物具有相同的物源区，Ce/La、Sm/Nd比值的DF值判别结果表明，钻孔沉积物与现代黄河沉积物更为接近。     

海底水－沉积物界面系统中稀土元素的变化及配分特征

本文利用”大洋多金属结核调查“期间”海洋4“号调查船HY₄-871、881航次在东太平洋海盆取得的底层水、沉积物、间隙水及多金属结核样品,对比研究了稀土元素(REE)在海底水-沉积物界面系统不同物质相中的分布变化及配分特征。结果表明,在大洋氧化性沉积物间隙水中REE相对于底层水亏损。除Ce外,沉积物与多金属结核REE含量较为接近。底层水、沉积物、间隙水REE配分特征极为相似,都表现出中稀土相对于轻、重稀土的轻度分离和富集,Ce表现为负异常。多金属结核中中稀土也有类似的富集倾向,但Ce主要表现为正异常。随深度的增加,沉积物REE含量增加,但其配分模式不变。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.