地下水源热泵回灌过程颗粒迁移-脱离模型及堵塞区判定

开展多孔介质中悬浮颗粒的迁移-脱离过程研究对地下水回灌工程、注浆工程和石油工程等具有重要意义。以地下水源热泵工程为依托,提出了描述颗粒迁移-脱离过程的波浪状曲面模型,研究不同的粒径组合以及不同压力对多孔介质中颗粒迁移以及脱离特性的影响。在此基础上,采用Comsol对典型地下水源热泵工程进行模拟,揭示了不同粒径及压力分布条件下回灌堵塞区分布规律。结果表明:在相同颗粒粒径组合(相同临界速度)下,压力越大,可以脱离的悬浮颗粒的范围越大;在相同压力下,临界速度越大,可以脱离的悬浮颗粒的范围越小;其他条件相同时,位置离抽水井和回灌水井越近,压力越大,渗流速度越大,悬浮颗粒越容易脱离。     

西北太平洋多金属结核矿区沉积物沉降特性研究

深海沉积物的沉降特性是计算多金属结核开采引起的羽状流影响范围的重要依据。通过沉积物静水沉降实验，得到了不同粒径组沉积物的沉降速度，并分析了西太平洋深海沉积物的沉降特性。研究结果表明：西太平洋深海海底沉积物主要由黏性细颗粒组成，中值粒径为3～4μm,最大粒径为240.3μm。粒径大于32μm的粗颗粒沉积物的沉降速度在3.33～8.33 mm/s之间，粒径小于32μm的细颗粒沉积物的沉降速度范围在0.01～3.33 mm/s之间。     

鄱阳湖入江水道和长江南京段泥沙表面特性研究

为探究泥沙分级后表面特性的变化规律,采集了鄱阳湖入江水道和长江南京段江心洲尾的泥沙,依据粒径分组对泥沙颗粒的级配和表面特性(比表面积、孔体积及孔径)进行了实验分析,结果表明,鄱阳湖入江水道和长江南京段泥沙颗粒均以黏粒、粉粒和细砂粒为主,比表面积范围为3.2²5.12m2/g,属于中孔材料;泥沙颗粒的比表面积随中值粒径的增大而减小,两者呈良好的幂指数关系,即在黏粒和细粉粒范围内,比表面积随中值粒径的减少而迅速减小;与分级沙样相比,混合沙样中值粒径与比表面积的关系与分级沙样趋势相近,量值略大于分级沙样;泥沙颗粒的相对比表面积和轴比较大,当粒径大于15μm时,相对比表面积和轴比随泥沙粒径增大而缓慢增加,而当粒径小于15μm时,随泥沙粒径增大相对比表面积和轴比急剧上升。     

鄱阳湖和长江泥沙的分级及其表面特性研究

泥沙的表面特性是了解泥沙环境效应的基础。为探究不同来源泥沙表面特性的变化规律和泥沙分级,采集了鄱阳湖入江水道和长江南京段的泥沙,依据粒径分组对泥沙颗粒的级配和表面特性（比表面积、孔体积及孔径）进行了实验分析,结果表明,鄱阳湖入江水道和长江南京段泥沙颗粒均以粘粒、粉粒和细砂粒为主,比表面积范围为3.2~25.12m2/g,属于中孔材料;泥沙颗粒的比表面积随中值粒径的增大而减小,两者呈良好的幂指数关系,即在粘粒和细粉粒范围内,比表面积随中值粒径的减少而迅速减小;与分级沙样相比,混合沙样中值粒径与比表面积的关系与分级沙样趋势相近,量值略大于分级沙样;泥沙颗粒的相对比表面积和轴比较大,当粒径大于15μm时,相对比表面积和轴比随泥沙粒径增大而缓慢增加,而当粒径小于15μm时,随泥沙粒径增大相对比表面积和轴比急剧上升。     

赤泥在多孔介质中渗透迁移过程的规律研究

基于山西交口赤泥滤液的土柱渗流实验结果,分析碱性和渗流速度对赤泥颗粒运移的影响及其原因。实验中分别采用3种注入速度(120 ml/min、200 ml/min和400 ml/min)、3种注入浓度(0.2 mg/ml、0.8 mg/ml和2.0 mg/ml)和2种碱度(pH=8.3±0.3和12.3±0.3)的赤泥悬浊液完成共计18组实验。结果显示,在相同注入速度和相同注入浓度下,强碱性赤泥滤液穿透曲线的峰值高于弱碱性。碱度影响赤泥滤液的分散度,由于OH~-离子含量增大导致赤泥水化反应逆向进行,加剧了赤泥颗粒在水中的分散,使得赤泥滤液更为浑浊,出流液整体峰值偏高。此外由于赤泥颗粒尺寸远大于OH~-离子,赤泥颗粒受对流过程中的物理冲刷影响较大,而OH~-离子迁移受弥散作用影响较大。因此当渗流速度较大时,赤泥穿透曲线的峰值普遍较高,OH~-离子的穿透曲线则未显示出这一规律;赤泥悬浮液中赤泥颗粒穿透过程较短,而OH~-离子穿透过程较长。     

黄土高原土壤特性及对河道泥沙特性的影响

黄土高原地区是黄河泥沙的主要来源区,黄土的特性也直接影响黄河泥沙的特性。2005年至2012年,共采集表底层黄土样本18个和河道泥沙样本28个,采样区域涵盖了黄土高原北部、中部和南部地区以及黄河中下游干支流河道。样本分析表明,底层黄土自北向南中值粒径逐渐变小、黏土含量逐渐增加,反映了黄土的原始沉积特征。表层黄土反映了风化和侵蚀的综合作用,其黏性矿物含量普遍高于底层原状黄土。在受侵蚀作用较大的地区,由于表层细颗粒的流失,导致中值粒径略大于底层黄土。受黄土分布特性的影响,黄河中游支流自北向南挟带泥沙的中值粒径也呈减小趋势。距离河口越远,黄河干流泥沙的中值粒径越大,反映了泥沙的沿程分选沉积特性。河道泥沙中值粒径和黏性矿物含量之间存在良好的对数关系,可以通过此关系式在测得中值粒径的情况下估算其黏性和非黏性矿物含量。     

紊动对黏性细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降影响的试验研究

利用室内环形水槽及高倍摄像设备,定量研究了不同悬沙浓度及紊动剪切对黏性细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降特性的影响。试验中观测到的絮团粒径为分散颗粒的几倍到几十倍,絮团中值粒径随着水体紊动剪切的增大呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,最大的中值粒径约为150μm,出现在紊动剪切为30 1/s条件下。悬沙浓度的增大促进絮团的发育,在350 mg/L条件下形成的絮团整体粒径比150 mg/L条件下的更大。絮团中值沉降速度在0.7～3.4 mm/s之间,絮团最大的中值沉速出现在紊动强度最大时65 1/s,此时所形成的絮团结构密实,有效密度较大。絮团有效密度随着粒径的增大而减小,研究表明,采用变分形维数方法,对有效密度随粒径变化的模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

呼伦湖沉积物中环境敏感粒度组分提取

2015年3月在中国北方呼伦湖采集100 cm湖泊沉积物岩芯并进行粒度分析,揭示了呼伦湖岩芯粒度参数的垂向分布序列。研究区柱状沉积物粒度组成以18 cm、60 cm和86 cm为界限分4个主要的阶段,并且小于16μm组分含量和大于32μm组分含量基本呈反向变化趋势,中值粒径的变化趋势和砂质组分含量的变化趋势一致。通过粒径-标准偏差法,获得了呼伦湖沉积物岩芯中对沉积时期环境变化较为敏感粒度组分范围约为大于30μm。利用主成分分析法,得到两个主控因子F1和F2,它们贡献了湖泊沉积物近88.12%的粒度变化特征。这两种方法相互结合,可以有效的探讨呼伦湖沉积物沉积时的古气候(降水,季风等)信息,同时其它一些环境要素也有较好地体现。     

藻类残体颗粒的沉降特性与模型材料选择

南水北调中线干渠中藻类残体随流运动,容易在退水闸、分水口等突扩断面位置沉积,需要经常进行清淤工作。本文应用PTV粒子追踪测速技术,通过1组工况的藻类残体颗粒静水沉降试验和24组工况的不同模型材料、不同粒径的静水沉降试验,研究藻类残体颗粒的沉降和比重特性,探究不同模型材料沉降特性,并选择适宜野外漂流示踪试验的模型材料。结果表明,藻类残体颗粒的静水沉速为0.008 m/s,在水中的比重为1.004。同一比重的模型材料,粒径越大静水沉速也越大。相近或相同粒径的模型材料,比重越大静水沉速也越大,比重较小的模型材料,静水沉速随粒径增长的斜率较小。奇亚籽的平均粒径为3.5 mm、平均比重为1.05、平均静水沉速为0.017 m/s,其物理属性和水动力属性都与藻类残体颗粒相近,可作为南水北调干渠等藻类残体颗粒的野外漂流示踪试验材料。研究成果可为南水北调中线干渠的藻类防控与高效清淤提供技术支持。     

浙江滨海流泥的探测及其沉积特性分析

流泥是滨海潮滩表部沉积的超软淤泥性土,其孔隙比大于2.4,含水率大于85%。流泥的目力鉴别可从颜色、形态、手感、刀切反映及形变等方面进行判断。流泥强度极低,采用柱状透明采泥器可获取流泥样品及其沉积厚度。通过对流泥的沉积特性分析,流泥含水率随深度增加具有明显减小的特点,含水率和重度之间存在着良好的半对数关系,浙江滨海流泥的粒径均小于0.1 mm,中值粒径一般为0.005~0.009mm。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。