Optimization of the Acoustic Pressure Distribution in a Resonant Photoacoustic Cell

The size of a cylindrical photoacoustic cell with suitable size was selected so that the resonant frequency of the first radial mode was equal to that of a longitudinal higher mode. By maintaining two thin coaxial tubes at each end, a enhanced photoacoustic cell was constructed with two tubes of 1/2 and 1/4 of the wavelength. In this enhanced photoacoustie cell, both the first radial resonance and the higher longitudinal resonance were excited adequately. Coupling of two acoustic modes makes the acoustic energy concentrating in the middle of the cell. The surface loss was decreased, the acoustic quality factor and pressure amplitude increased obviously as compared with conventional cylindrical cell.     

光声池径向共振模式耦合系数理论分析

光声光谱法是基于红外吸收光谱原理的一种高灵敏度的微量气体探测技术。它使用声共振腔来实现微弱声信号的共振放大。通过调节激光的调制频率,当它等于腔的某个共振频率时,在腔内形成声驻波,而腔本身的作用相当于一声放大器。共振腔的放大作用取决于当前被激活的共振模式、腔的品质因素、声传感器的状态以及电磁辐射与腔共振模式的耦合作用。值得关注的是,红外激光相对于声共振腔的入射方位不同则激励产生的光声信号幅值也不同。采用理论推导与数值计算相结合的方法,以圆柱形光声池为例,研究了径向共振模式下耦合系数受激光入射方位的影响。研究表明,激光入射角在0～π/2范围变化时耦合系数存在2个零点和2个极大值：入射角为0或tan-1(0.859 2×2R/L)时,耦合系数为零而径向共振失效;入射角为tan-1(0.556 8×2R/L)或tan-1(2R/L)时,耦合系数极大而径向共振最强。此处R为池径而L为池长。结果可用于指导光声池结构优化设计与安装调试,增强光声法检测微量气体的信号幅值,提高检测灵敏度。     

光声光谱检测装置中光声池的数值计算及优化

利用光声光谱技术进行痕量气体的检测具有独特的优势,光声池是系统装置中最为重要的核心部件,它决定着整机性能的优劣.以一圆柱形共振型光声池为研究对象,基于声学与吸收光谱学的基本理论,建立了光声池声场激发的数学模型;利用数值模拟方法对光声池空腔结构进行了声学模态仿真,获得了前8阶声学模态值以及声压可视化振型;在考虑热黏性声学损耗的作用下,对光声池进行了热-声耦合多物理场仿真计算;将仿真结果与解析计算和实验结果进行对比,明确了利用数值模拟方法来计算光声池有关指标的可靠性与可行性;针对光声池的优化问题,提出了一种将响应面代理模型与遗传算法相结合的优化算法,在将原光声池中的谐振腔两端形貌更改为喇叭口形的情况下,通过优化算法获得了以光声池品质因数Q及池常数C_(cell)为最大值寻优的Pareto最优解集;选取一组解进行考察,结果表明,代理模型预测值与数值模拟值指标最大误差仅为1.3%,优化后的新型光声池Q较之前增长了48.9%, C_(cell)增长了34.4%.研究方法可为光声光谱中光声池的优化设计提供参考借鉴.     

Modulated resonant versus pulsed resonant photoacoustics in trace gas detection

Modulated resonant photoacoustics is a sensitive technique widely used for trace gas sensing. Generally, a continuous-wave laser is modulated at a frequency corresponding to an acoustic resonance of a photoacoustic cell. Another mode of operation—which we propose to call the pulsed resonant mode—consists in matching the frequency repetition rate of a pulsed laser to an acoustic resonance of the cell. We present a theoretical model to compare the performance of these two configurations. For a given average power of the incoming light inside the cell, the pulsed resonant mode of operation (nanosecond pulses or shorter) produces π/2 times higher photoacoustic signals than the modulated resonant scheme (the latter is optimized for a 50% duty cycle). This result agrees with experiments during which both cases were investigated at 532 nm using the same photoacoustic cell containing trace concentrations of NO₂.     

长光程共振式二氧化碳气体光声传感器研究

二氧化碳(CO₂)是植物光合作用的原材料,也是一种温室气体,其过量地排放会影响动植物的生态环境。在碳达峰、碳中和的背景下,研制高灵敏度的CO₂检测装置具有重要意义。为了监测大气环境中CO₂含量的变化,设计了一种长光程共振式CO₂气体光声传感器,并以此搭建了光声检测装置。以中心波长为2 004 nm的分布式反馈激光器(DFB)作为激发光源,激光射入由漫反射材料制成的球型吸收腔,在腔内多次反射以增加气体的吸收路径。吸收腔外部被两个高热传导率的铝制半球包裹,降低由池体吸收光能后产生的热噪声。吸收腔上耦合一根声学管,当其工作在一阶纵向共振模态时,光声信号被放大,在管子末端达到极大值。为了进一步增大光声信号,通过饱和加湿样品的方式来加快CO₂气体的弛豫速率,加湿后的样品产生的光声信号是干燥样品的2.1倍左右。使用一系列浓度的湿润CO₂样品标定光声检测装置,结果表明,光声信号与浓度之间呈现良好的线性关系。在此基础上,通过对标准气体的检测实验,验证了装置的准确性与稳定性...     

共光声池腔芯轴型空气衬底光纤麦克风

声传感器和光声池是激光光声光谱技术的核心组件。结合光纤迈克耳孙干涉仪、相位载波解调技术和纵向共振光声池,提出一种共光声池腔的芯轴型空气衬底光纤麦克风。光纤麦克风中的铜毛细管被用作光声池的共振腔,传感臂由10 m长的超细光纤缠绕在铜毛细管上构成,参考臂为5 cm长的短臂且已进行隔声隔振处理。基于结构共振频率稳定的特点,优化光纤麦克风的共振频率,使其略低于光声池的一阶纵向共振频率,以实现准双共振。实验结果表明,麦克风在共振频率为1443 Hz处的最小可检测声压为0.69μPa√Hz。在1 kHz处,声压电压响应线性度为99.98%(5 mPa~3 Pa),动态范围为112.52 dB。该光纤麦克风适用于高温、易爆和高电磁干扰等特殊环境下痕量气体的高精度检测。     

圆柱形光声池结构及环境因素对声学本征频率的影响

以典型的圆柱形光声池为研究对象,建立光声池声学仿真有限元模型,并在此基础上,研究了光声池中谐振腔、缓冲腔、进出气孔结构参数以及温度、湿度因素对其声学本征频率的影响规律.研究结果表明:圆柱形光声池的进、出口孔对其声学本征频率影响极不敏感,设计计算中可以忽略不计,谐振腔的长度影响最为敏感,其次为谐振腔的直径.此外缓冲腔的长度与直径对其亦有一定影响,因而在准确计算时需要加以考虑.温度与湿度对光声池声学本征频率的影响均呈现正线性增长规律,温度的影响随着谐振腔长度的增大而减小,湿度的影响随着温度的升高而增大,仅计算光声池的声学本征频率时,湿度的影响在室温环境下且湿度变动较小的条件下可以忽略.     

阶梯复合形光声池声-流特性计算与评估

为了提高光声池的检测性能,提出并分析了一种阶梯复合形光声池。以传统圆柱共振型光声池为基准模型,通过对比解析与模拟计算结果,验证了所采用模拟方法的可靠性,基于模拟方法求解并获得了阶梯腔半径、阶梯腔长度和阶梯腔数量对阶梯复合形光声池声-流特性的影响规律。结果表明:减小阶梯复合形光声池中阶梯腔半径,光声信号相对增强,阶梯腔长度存在最佳尺寸使得光声信号达到最强,阶梯腔数目应选1为宜;流场方面,阶梯复合形光声池构型特征改善了腔内气体涡漩回流的情况,若进一步对其腔内过渡处进行圆角或倒角处理,腔内流速梯度将变得更为平稳。选择一组设计参数进行构型与计算,得到阶梯复合形光声池腔体容积降低为对应圆柱共振型光声池的39.7%,光声信号相对提升约18.7%,同时其频响带宽变窄,品质因数相对得到提升,整体结果显示阶梯复合形光声池声-流特性要优于对应的圆柱共振型光声池。研究内容可为光声光谱光声池的结构优化与改进提供参考。     

Theoretical analysis of off beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy sensor

Off beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (OB-QEPAS) sensors are based on a recently developed approach to off-beam photoacoustic (PA) detection which employs a quartz tuning fork (QTF) as an acoustic transducer. A microresonator (mR) with a side slit in the middle is used to enhance PA signal. This paper describes a theoretical model of an OB-QEPAS-based sensor. By deriving the acoustic impedances of the mR at two ends and the side slit in the middle in the model, we obtain a formula for numerically calculating the optimal mRs' parameters of OB-QEPAS-based sensor. We use the model to calculate the optimal mRs' lengths with respect to the resonant frequency of the QTF, acoustic velocities inside mRs, inner diameters of mRs, and acoustic conductivities of the mRs' side slits, and found out that the calculated results closely match experimental data. We also investigated the relationship between the mR selected in “on beam” QEPAS, OB-QEPAS, and an acoustic resonator (AR) excited in its first longitudinal mode used in conventional photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS).     

Suppression of an acoustic mode by an elastic mode of a liquid-filled spherical shell resonator

The purpose of this paper is to report on the suppression of an approximately radial (radially symmetric) acoustic mode by an elastic mode of a water-filled, spherical shell resonator. The resonator, which has a 1-in. wall thickness and a 9.5-in. outer diameter, was externally driven by a small transducer bolted to the external wall. Experiments showed that for the range of drive frequencies (19.7-20.6 kHz) and sound speeds in water (1520-1570 m/s) considered in this paper, a nonradial (radially nonsymmetric) mode was also excited, in addition to the radial mode. Furthermore, as the sound speed in the liquid was changed, the resonance frequency of the nonradial mode crossed with that of the radial one and the amplitude of the latter was greatly reduced near the crossing point. The crossing of the eigenfrequency curves of these two modes was also predicted theoretically. Further calculations demonstrated that while the radial mode is an acoustic one associated with the interior fluid, the nonradial mode is an elastic one associated with the shell. Thus, the suppression of the radial acoustic mode is apparently caused by the overlapping with the nonradial elastic mode near the crossing point.     

Miniaturized resonant photoacoustic cell of inclined geometry for trace-gas detection

A photoacoustic cell intended for laser detection of trace gases is represented. The cell is adapted so as to enhance the gas-detection performance and, simultaneously, to reduce the cell size. The cell design provides an efficient cancellation of the window background (a parasite response due to absorption of laser beam in the cell windows) and acoustic isolation from the environment for an acoustic resonance of the cell. The useful photoacoustic response from a detected gas, window background and noise are analyzed in demonstration experiments as functions of the modulation frequency for a prototype photoacoustic cell with the internal volume ∼0.6 cm³. The minimal detectable absorption for the prototype is estimated to be ∼1.2×10⁻⁸ cm⁻¹ W Hz^−1/2.     

Stabilization mechanisms of longitudinal pulsations in rotating detonation combustors

This work investigates the stabilization mechanisms of two types of longitudinal pulsations in rotating detonation combustors. The first type is linked to operating modes with two counter-rotating waves in combustors with open outlets and appears as a minor peak in the pressure spectrum. The second type is observed as pulsed operation of the combustor when the outlet is restricted. Different combustor lengths are studied and the susceptibility to these longitudinal pulsations is investigated. Pressure measurements along the length of the combustor and around the perimeter are used to identify the operating mode and to describe the propagation and stabilization mechanisms of the two longitudinal modes. The results show that both modes are linked to the longitudinal acoustic resonance of the combustor. The length-to-perimeter ratio and the mass flux are identified as the driving parameters for the existence of these longitudinal modes. The first mode is shown to be an acoustic resonance supported by the intersections of counter-rotating waves. The second mode is controlled by the reflection of an explosion induced shock wave propagating through a high velocity bulk flow.     

Photoacoustic detection of nitric oxide by use of a quantum-cascade laser

A photoacoustic trace-gas sensor for the measurement of nitric oxide with a detection limit of 500 parts in 10(9) has been demonstrated. The radiation source was a thermoelectrically cooled distributed-feedback quantum-cascade laser operating in pulsed mode near 5.3 microm with an average laser power of 8 mW. A resonant photoacoustic cell was excited in its first longitudinal mode by the modulated laser light. Preliminary measurements have been performed to test the performance of our photoacoustic sensor; possible improvements to reach lower detection limits are discussed.     

Investigation and optimisation of a multipass resonant photoacoustic cell at high absorption levels

A theoretical and experimental investigation of photoacoustic (PA) signals in a resonant multipass PA cell with high background absorption (up to 29 m^-1) is presented. An analogous electric transmission line model including discontinuity inductances at cross section changes was used to model the first longitudinal acoustic mode of the multipass PA cell equipped with two buffer volumes. This model was validated with experimentally obtained results and used to predict the behaviour of the PA cell for different multipass arrangements and different buffer volume diameters. The highest PA signal is obtained for high pass number and large buffer radius. Increasing the absorption coefficient of the medium enhances the PA signal until a maximum is reached, leading to a minimum for the PA signal sensitivity. For a given background absorption, the number of passes required to maximise the sensitivity depends on the absorption coefficient. The model allows the determination of the best-suited number of passes for a given absorption coefficient and cell geometry. PACS 82.80.Kd; 42.62.Fi; 82.80.Gk     

基于泛频振动的石英增强光声光谱测声器优化设计

为了进一步提高基于泛频振动的石英增强光声光谱测声器探测灵敏度,在一次泛频振动模式下采用一个比商用标准音叉外形尺寸大5倍的定制大音叉,并对其性能进行优化.通过理论和实验研究得出了音叉与激光的最佳作用位置,发现音叉的一次泛频振动有两个波腹点,且在距离音叉根部8 mm处,音叉振臂的振动幅度最大.微型声音谐振腔由三种不同内径的不锈钢毛细管加工而成,与音叉组成共轴配置石英增强光声光谱光谱测声器,用来进一步增强信号幅值.在最佳微型声音谐振腔配置下,获得了30倍的信号增益因子,有效提高了石英增强光声光谱光谱测声器的探测灵敏度.     

Magnetoacoustic Oscillations of a Plasma Containing Two Species of Ions

Numerical calculations of linear magnetoacoustic resonant phenomena in a plasma containing two species of ions have been made for a cylindrical plasma with a model which includes the effects of collisional damping and radial non-uniformities in temperature and number density. At sufficiently high temperatures two frequencies are predicted at which magnetoacoustic resonances for the first radial mode will occur. These are expected from considerations of the effects of the ion-ion hybrid resonance.     

Direct observation of confined acoustic phonons in the photoluminescence spectra of a single CdSe-CdS-ZnS core-shell-shell nanocrystal

We report on the direct observation of confined acoustic phonons in the photoluminescence spectra of single CdSe-CdS-ZnS nanocrystals, whose ligands were exchanged to poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) before they were embedded in a PEO matrix. Modeling a nanocrystal as an elastic sphere, the confined acoustic modes can be assigned to purely radial vibrations: the breathing mode and its two first radial harmonics. In addition to acoustic modes, we also observe longitudinal optical modes of the core material and, remarkably, also of both shell materials.     

The mechanical excitation of an acoustic resonance in a constant volume cavity

A standing half wave was excited in the column of ambient air within a long cylindrical tube, closed at both ends, by a longitudinal oscillation of the tube at the fundamental resonance frequency. For low amplitudes of oscillation the resonant behavior was adequately described by using linear acoustic theory. At high amplitudes shock waves appeared and the preliminary results generally agree with results for stationary tubes excited with a piston.This excitation apparatus is easy to build and operate. The constant volume cavity feature permits an accurate means of studying the non-linear shock wave behavior in various fluids at different pressures in the tube.     

Theoretical analysis and experimental validation of radial cascaded composite ultrasonic transducer

A radial cascaded composite ultrasonic transducer is analyzed.The transducer consists of three short metal tubes and two radially polarized piezoelectric ceramic short tubes arranged alternately along the radial direction.The short metal tubes and the piezoelectric ceramic short tubes are connected in parallel electrically and in series mechanically,which can multiply the input sound power and sound intensity.Based on the theory of plane stress,the electro-mechanical equivalent circuit of radial vibration of the transducer is derived firstly.The resonance/anti-resonance frequency equation and the expression of the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient are obtained.Excellent electromechanical characteristics are determined by changing the radial geometric dimensions.Two prototypes of the transducers are designed and manufactured to support the analytical theory.It is concluded that the theoretical resonance/anti-resonance frequencies are consistent with the numerical and experimental results.When R_2 is at certain values,both the anti-resonance frequency and effective electromechanical coupling coefficient corresponding to the second mode have maximal values.The radial cascaded composite ultrasonic transducer is expected to be used in the fields of ultrasonic water treatment and underwater acoustics.     

The SNR improvement for quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy using wavelength calibration and fiber reflector

Wavelength calibration technique combined with a fiber reflector was used to improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS). A distributed feedback laser diode (DFB-LD), driven by sawtooth wave and high frequency sinusoidal wave, was used to excite the second harmonic signal of a quartz tuning fork (QTF) through laser-gas molecular interaction. Two collimators conducted the laser alignment through the spacing gap of QTF forks. Central wavelength of the DFB-LD was locked to the target gas absorption center by identifying the second harmonic signal maximum and applying calibration feedback on the driving current. The gas absorption center calibration and gas concentration measurements are conducted at a specific interval. The SNR of the photoacoustic signal was further acoustically enhanced by using a pair of on-beam acoustic resonators through increasing the photo-acoustic conversion efficient, and optically enhanced by using a fiber reflector to improve the laser power for photoacoustic signal excitation. The experimental results show that the SNR in wavelength calibration mode is 15 times higher than the conventional wavelength scanning mode and QEPAS signal with fiber reflector is 1.37 times stronger compared with that without a fiber reflector.