TBM滚刀回转破岩性能数值分析

针对隧道掘进机(tunnel boring machine,TBM)刀盘设计过程中盘形滚刀布局的刀间距和贯入度问题,综合岩石力学、弹塑性力学和断裂力学,并运用有限元方法建立了TBM刀盘滚刀的动态破岩三维模型.通过与线切割实验对比验证了模型的正确性和有效性,并在此基础上分析了滚刀的回转破岩,得到刀间距和贯入度对滚刀切削力及比能的影响规律.结果表明:随着刀间距的增加,滚刀所受法向力将会逐渐增大,而其切向力基本保持不变,比能增加先减小后变大,在刀间距为60 mm附近取得最小值;法向力和切向力随着贯入度的增加而增大,比能随着贯入度增加而减小.     

预切缝对滚刀破岩裂纹扩展的影响规律研究

针对硬岩地质条件下传统滚刀破岩出现贯入度低、磨损严重等问题,许多新型辅助破岩方法被提出,如通过激光、水射流等非接触式破岩方法在岩石上制造预切缝来辅助滚刀破岩。为了明晰预切缝条件下滚刀破岩机理,采用颗粒离散元方法建立预切缝在滚刀侧面(侧置式)和滚刀前面(前置式)两种辅助破岩仿真模型,探究了预切缝深度和间距对滚刀破岩裂纹拓展的影响规律。研究结果表明：1）侧置式模型中预切缝主要影响裂纹的拓展,诱导破岩过程中侧向裂纹向预切缝底端扩展,前置式模型中预切缝主要影响裂纹的萌生起裂,在贯入初期只产生侧向裂纹,并促使侧向裂纹向两侧扩展;2）滚刀垂直力和裂纹数量均随着预切缝深度的增加而减小,但滚刀垂直力随着刀间距的增大而增大,裂纹数量则随着刀间距的增加先增大后减小;3）同等条件下,侧置式模型的破岩效率要高于前置式模型,但前置式模型中滚刀的垂直力要远小于侧置式中的滚刀垂直力,可通过进一步增加前置式模型中滚刀贯入度来充分利用预切缝的辅助作用;4）滚刀贯入度一定时,侧置式模型适用于预切缝深度大于滚刀贯入度的情况,而前置式模型适用于预切缝深度小于滚刀贯入度的情况。     

双节理岩体TBM滚刀破岩过程数值模拟

为了研究节理特征对全断面掘进机(tunnel boring machine, TBM)盘形滚刀破岩的影响,采用颗粒流方法建立盘形滚刀与含平行双节理岩体的二维数值模型,进行不同节理倾角和间距的30组数值试验,根据数值试验结果研究岩体破裂模式、滚刀竖向接触力峰值随节理倾角和间距的变化规律、滚刀破岩过程中细观裂纹扩展规律。研究结果表明:不同的节理特征下,滚刀破岩可以分为4种基本的破裂模式;滚刀竖向接触力峰值随节理倾角的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势,在节理倾角为30°或45°时最小,在节理倾角为90°时最大;滚刀竖向接触力峰值随节理间距的增大总体上呈现增大趋势;随滚刀的贯入,滚刀竖向接触力与细观裂纹个数有3个关联的变化阶段。通过研究TBM滚刀与节理岩体相互作用机制,揭示不同节理特征对滚刀破岩的影响规律,对TBM滚刀的合理设计和施工有一定的指导意义。     

不同模式下 TBM 刀群三维回转切削仿真与优化设计

针对TBM刀群回转切削问题,建立了17寸盘形滚刀刀群切削岩石的数值仿真模型,使用有限元仿真分析软件ANSYS LS-DYNA对不同工作模式下的盘形滚刀回转切削岩石工作过程进行仿真。仿真结果表明,通过对盘形滚刀刀间距进行优化设计,分析不同刀间距下滚刀的力学参数,得到在该地质条件下,中心滚刀最优刀间距为75 mm、正滚刀最优刀间距为80 mm;通过对边滚刀安装角度进行优化,分析不同安装角度下滚刀的力学参数,得到边滚刀最优安装角度为6．5°;通过对滚刀切削岩石的顺次切削角度进行优化,分析不同顺次切削角度下滚刀的力学参数,得到正滚刀最优顺次切削角度为30°、边滚刀为20°。     

多滚刀顺次作用下岩石破碎模拟及刀间距分析

相邻滚刀刀间距设计是全断面岩石掘进机(TBM)刀盘设计的关键技术之一,刀间距设计的合理与否直接关系到刀盘刀具掘进效率和寿命.刀间距设计不仅与岩石边界条件、刀盘掘进参数及刀具参数有关,而且与刀盘结构相互耦合相互影响,且相邻滚刀之间是一种顺次破碎岩石的过程.基于有限元岩石破碎仿真平台RFPA2D,考虑相邻多滚刀的顺次约束关系,分别以2种典型岩石(泥质粉沙岩和花岗片麻岩)为边界条件,建立多滚刀顺次作用下垂直压入岩石的破碎仿真模型,模拟多滚刀在顺次压入和同时压入岩石的仿真过程,建立了刀间距与岩石破碎能量之间的映射关系,进而建立了多滚刀最优刀间距下顺次角度与岩石破碎能量之间的映射关系,通过此映射关系可以确定滚刀在刀盘上不同位置的最优刀间距和最优的顺次角度,并为下一步滚刀在刀盘盘面上的布置设计提供设计依据.     

TBM滚刀破岩过程的声发射特征

为了研究隧道掘进机(tunnel boring machine,TBM)滚刀破岩试验过程中的声发射特征,采用北京工业大学自主研制的大型机械破岩试验平台并结合声发射监测技术进行试验。试验中利用常截面盘形滚刀,对北山花岗岩进行不同贯入度下的线性切割破岩试验,并采集试验过程中的声发射信号。分析声发射能率与能量特征,对信号进行小波去噪处理后,利用Geiger算法给出岩石损伤的声发射定位。研究发现:声发射能率与滚刀法向力具有相近的变化趋势;声发射能量随贯入度增大而增加,可用于表征滚刀切削岩石所消耗的能量;声发射定位点大致描述损伤的分布范围,较好地反映出岩石在滚刀切割作用下损伤积累到形成岩片的过程。     

节理岩体下TBM单刃和双刃滚刀破岩特性研究

为了研究在考虑节理地质条件下的两种TBM滚刀破岩规律,采用颗粒离散元法建立不同节理特征下两种滚刀的侵入破岩模型,分析节理岩体下两种滚刀侵入破岩的动态过程、裂纹扩展等规律。研究表明:两种滚刀在侵入节理岩体时,裂纹形成和扩展分为两个典型阶段,两种滚刀在受力以及裂纹数目上存在差异;随节理特征的改变,节理对两种滚刀作用下的裂纹扩展呈引导和阻隔效应,节理间距超过80 mm后,双刃滚刀作用下的裂纹扩展依然受到节理的控制;依据两种滚刀破岩产生的岩碴方式分为常规破岩和节理面协同破岩两种形式;单刃滚刀作用下岩体内部的应力分布随节理倾角变化而偏转,双刃滚刀作用下的应力分布随节理倾角变化影响不大;两种滚刀破岩效率随节理特征改变而改变,当刀间距合适时,双刃滚刀相比单刃滚刀破岩效率要高;双刃滚刀侵入节理岩体存在一个最优刀间距使得破岩效率最高,最优刀间距随节理倾角增加先增大后减小。     

土压平衡盾构刀盘扭矩计算模型

针对目前刀盘扭矩计算模型不统一、考虑施工动态参数欠缺的问题,提出一种考虑刀具贯入度、土仓压力的刀盘扭矩计算模型.通过现场试验及理论计算结果的对比,分析刀盘摩擦扭矩的组成,在此基础上,提出土压平衡盾构在掘进过程中刀盘扭矩不断变化的关键因素,选取3处712组现场实测数据进行回归分析,探讨刀具贯入度、土仓压力2个因素对刀盘扭矩的影响,并应用力学推导、数值模拟方法对2个因素影响刀盘扭矩的机理进行解释,给出考虑施工需求的刀盘极限扭矩的计算公式.结果表明: 刀盘背面摩擦扭矩不能忽略;当刀盘贯入度增大时,刀盘扭矩明显增大的原因主要是刀盘对开挖面土体挤压的增大,而不是刀具切削扭矩的增加;土仓压力对刀盘扭矩的影响主要是增大了刀盘背面摩擦扭矩.     

TBM主轴承中径对滚刀轴向载荷分布的影响

基于弹性曲面微分方程以及硬岩掘进机刀盘变形与滚刀载荷的对应关系,根据支撑方式的不同得到了刀盘支撑直径的理论取值范围。基于相似理论设计了某型号TBM刀盘的缩尺实验台,测量了不同支撑直径下各测点的载荷值。以非线性弹簧模拟滚刀与岩石间的相互作用关系,则有限元计算结果与实验测量数值分布及变化规律一致。结果表明:刀盘支撑介于简支和夹支之间,支撑直径与刀盘直径的理论比值应位于0.444-0.707的范围内;支撑直径的变化对正滚刀及中心滚刀的载荷影响较大,而对边滚刀则相对较小;随支撑直径的增加,正滚刀载荷变异系数及最大载荷均增大。     

TBM盘形滚刀破岩过程的数值研究

采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对TBM(tunnel boring machine)滚刀切削岩石的过程进行动态模拟和动力学分析,研究了破岩过程中滚刀的受力情况和滚刀贯入度及滚动速度对切削力的影响规律.结果表明,当岩石单轴抗压强度为45 MPa时,滚刀承受的侧向力、滚动力及正向力的平均值分别约为0、0.45、4.5 k N,在该工况下滚刀的最佳贯入度及滚动速度分别为10 mm和3.6 r/min.研究结果为工程人员在次硬围岩的工况下设计工作参数提供了合理依据.     

Side force formation mechanism and change law of TBM center cutter

The center cutter of a hard rock tunnel boring machine(TBM) is installed on the cutterhead at a small radius and thus bears complex side force.Given this fact,the formation mechanism and change law of the side force suffered by the center cutter were studied.Based on the rock shear failure criterion in combination with the lateral rolling width,a model for predicting the average side force was set up.Besides,a numerical analysis model of the rock fragmentation of the center cutter was established,and the instantaneous load changing features were investigated.Results shows that the inner side of the center cutter can form lateral rolling annulus in rock during the rotary cutting process.The smaller the installation radius is,the greater the cutter side force will be.In a working condition,the side force of the innermost center cutter is 11.66 k N,while it decreases sharply when installation radius increases.Variation tends to be gentle when installation radius is larger than 500 mm,and the side force of the outermost center cutter is reduced to 0.74 k N.     

全断面盾构掘进机切削刀具的计算力学模型求解

以土力学及塑性力学理论为基础,深入分析了盾构刀具的切削机理,基于朗肯理论提出一种细化的刀具载荷的计算方法。通过建立切削刀不同部位与土相互作用的力学模型,推导出切削刀切削土体过程中切削阻力的表达式,并通过实例计算对切削刀所受的切削载荷进行了量化研究,为切削型刀具的地质适应性设计提供了一定的理论依据。     

混合遗传算法求解包含柔性工艺的作业车间调度问题

针对离散制造企业中通常采用柔性工艺设计这一类新的作业车间调度问题,对传统的柔性作业车间调度问题进行了扩展,建立了包含柔性工艺的作业车间调度问题的数学模型.针对问题中在作业调度同时进行柔性工艺选择的特点,设计了改进的遗传算法染色体编码方式和遗传算子,在此基础上,结合变邻域搜索算法,设计了4种不同的邻域结构以产生邻域解,从而提高遗传算法的邻域搜索性能.最后以某轴承公司的实际调度数据为实例,将该算法进行实例测试,并与其他现有的方法相比较,验证了所设计算法的有效性.     

全断面硬岩TBM滚刀磨损关键技术分析

目的研究全断面硬岩掘进机（TBM）刀盘上滚刀的相关关键技术,分析破岩机理及滚刀的磨损问题.方法以双护盾TBM刀盘为研究对象,将岩石的硬脆特性与压痕断裂力学相结合,确定破岩机理及影响滚刀磨损的因素.确定滚刀布置原则、运动特性、破岩机理和滚刀磨损形式及其主要影响因素.结果结果表明,TBM刀盘设计制造要满足耐磨性的要求,滚刀布置要符合空间力系平衡,刀具高度应一致,高度差不应大于15 mm,防止刀盘滚刀会发生大面积磨损.除常规的检测刀具磨损外还要注重掘进过程中的参数观测,一旦发生特殊情况,应及时检测及更换刀具,防止其他刀具也受到损坏.结论刀盘设计要符合耐磨性要求,同时应增强对常规磨损参数检测和掘进参数的观测,控制滚刀磨损量,优化TBM掘进参数,防止大面积刀具磨损发生.     

复合岩体的TBM破岩机理数值模拟

为了指导TBM刀盘刀具的研制和不同地质条件下刀盘刀具的选型,TBM破岩机理的研究成为核心。在TBM滚刀的作用下,岩体中裂纹的生成、扩展和连接规律是深刻理解TBM破岩机理的前提,因此,TBM滚刀破岩机理的研究具有重要的工程应用价值。目前,TBM滚刀破岩机理的研究主要集中在单一岩体中,但在TBM施工过程中会遇到各种复杂的地质条件。笔者采用离散元方法,研究了复合岩体的破岩机理,复合岩体中岩片的形成不同于单一岩体,其裂纹的最终连接是由起裂于复合岩体交界面上的微裂纹的扩展,将两滚刀之间的赫兹裂纹连接,最终形成岩片。因此,在一定情况下复合岩体更有利于TBM隧道施工。     

基于现场数据的TBM掘进速率研究

为了研究TBM掘进速率在不同地质条件下的变化规律,基于吉林引松供水隧道工程开敞式TBM现场掘进数据,将TBM刀盘破岩过程分为3个阶段：挤压阶段、起裂阶段和破碎阶段,并对破碎阶段应用统计回归方法,分析在不同岩石饱和单轴抗压强度、完整性系数的条件下,TBM刀盘贯入度与刀盘推力、刀盘扭矩的关系.研究表明,在特定施工条件下,刀盘贯入度随刀盘推力增大呈幂函数曲线增长,随刀盘扭矩增大呈线性关系增长,增长率与岩石饱和单轴抗压强度、完整性系数密切相关.进一步建立对于不同强度、完整性岩石的掘进机掘进速率模型,进行实际工程施工预测,预测结果的平均相对误差都低于16%,表明模型预测精度较高,可以为实际工程施工中操作参数的优化和不良地质条件的捕捉提供帮助.     

Composite rock-breaking of high-pressure CO2 jet & polycrystalline-diamond-compact (PDC) cutter using a coupled SPH/FEM model

CO₂ drilling is a promising underbalance drilling technology with great advantages, such as lower cutting force, intense cooling and excellent lubrication. However, in the underbalance drilling, the mechanism of the coupling CO₂ jet and polycrystalline-diamond-compact (PDC) cutter are still unclear. Whereby, we established a coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics/finite element method (SPH/FEM) model to simulate the composite rock-breaking of high-pressure CO₂ jet & PDC cutter. Combined with the experimental research results, the mechanism of composite rock-breaking is studied from the perspectives of rock stress field, cutting force and jet field. The results show that the composite rock-breaking can effectively relieve the influence of vibration and shock on PDC cutter. Meanwhile, the high-pressure CO₂ jet has a positive effect on carrying rock debris, which can effectively reduce the temperature rising and the thermal wear of the PDC cutter. In addition, the effects of CO₂ jet parameters on composite rock-breaking were studied, such as jet impact velocity, nozzle diameter, jet injection angle and impact distance. The studies show that when the impact velocity of the CO₂ jet is greater than 250 m/s, the CO₂ jet could quickly break the rock. It is found that the optimal range of nozzle diameter is 1.5–2.5 mm, the best injection angle of CO₂ jet is 60°, the optimal impact distance is 10 times the nozzle diameter. The above studies could provide theoretical supports and technical guidance for composite rock-breaking, which is useful for the CO₂ underbalance drilling and drill bit design.     

Differentiation and analysis on rock breaking characteristics of TBM disc cutter at different rock temperatures

In order to study rock breaking characteristics of tunnel boring machine(TBM) disc cutter at different rock temperatures,thermodynamic rock breaking mathematical model of TBM disc cutter was established on the basis of rock temperature change by using particle flow code theory and the influence law of interaction mechanism between disc cutter and rock was also numerically simulated.Furthermore,by using the linear cutting experiment platform,rock breaking process of TBM disc cutter at different rock temperatures was well verified by the experiments.Finally,rock breaking characteristics of TBM disc cutter were differentiated and analyzed from microscale perspective.The results indicate the follows.1) When rock temperature increases,the mechanical properties of rock such as hardness,and strength,were greatly reduced,simultaneously the microcracks rapidly grow with the cracks number increasing,which leads to rock breaking load decreasing and improves rock breaking efficiency for TBM disc cutter.2) The higher the rock temperature,the lower the rock internal stress.The stress distribution rules coincide with the Buzin Neske stress circle rules: the maximum stress value is below the cutting edge region and then gradually decreases radiant around; stress distribution is symmetrical and the total stress of rock becomes smaller.3) The higher the rock temperature is,the more the numbers of micro,tensile and shear cracks produced are by rock as well as the easier the rock intrusion,along with shear failure mode mainly showing.4) With rock temperature increasing,the resistance intrusive coefficients of rock and intrusion power decrease obviously,so the specific energy consumption that TBM disc cutter achieves leaping broken also decreases subsequently.5) The acoustic emission frequency remarkably increases along with the temperature increasing,which improves the rock breaking efficiency.     

Influence of confining stress on fracture characteristics and cutting efficiency of TBM cutters conducted on soft and hard rock

Combined with numerical simulation, the influence of confining stress on cutting process, fracture conditions and cutting efficiencies of soft and hard rock has been conducted on the triaxial testing machine(TRW-3000) designed and manufactured in Central South University(China). Results are obtained by performing analysis on the fracture scopes of cement and granite plates,the characteristics of cutting force in cutting processes and the cutting efficiency. Firstly, the increase of latitude fracture scope and the decrease of longitude fracture scope are both more notable in the tests conducted on cement plates subjected to the increasing confining stresses; secondly, the increase tendency of peak penetration forces obtained from tests conducted on granite plates is more obvious, however, the increase tendencies of average penetration forces achieved from cement and granite plates are close to each other; thirdly, the cutting efficiency could be improved by increasing the spacing between cutters when the confining stress which acts on soft and hard rock increases in a certain degree, and the cutting efficiency of soft rock is more sensitive to the varying confining stresses.