哺乳动物异种间体细胞核移植技术进展

自1997年绵羊体细胞核移植成功后,克隆技术发展迅速,克隆技术与胚胎干细胞的结合,产生了治疗性克隆的理念.文中对克隆技术的研究进展、方法和意义作了综述,并重点对哺乳类动物异种间核移植的方法技术和伦理学进行讨论.     

花背蟾蜍内胚层细胞核在核移植胚胎LDH表达上的等能性

研究了花背蟾蜍发育不同阶段内胚层细胞核为供体的核移植胚胎的LDH同工酶。发育20期之前的核移植胚胎整体的LDH同工酶谱均与发育同期正常受精的胚胎结果一致。发育20期之后,分别取肝、鳃、脑及肠进行分析,核移植胚胎的LDH同工酶表现也与对照组基本一致,表明花背蟾蜍早期发育不同阶段的内胚层细胞核在核移植胚胎LDH同工酶表达上具有全能性。     

克隆动物的过去、现在和将来

1999年 1 1月 1 5日 ,由北京实验动物学学会和北京生物工程学会联合举办“克隆动物的过去、现在和将来”的学术报告会 ,报告人为中国科学院发育所研究员杜淼先生。杜淼先生多年从事核移植的研究 ,1 995年他领导的课题组成功地获得了连续细胞核移植的克隆羊。在此报告中 ,杜先生分别向听众介绍克隆动物的发生、发展和目前国内外的研究现状 ,克隆动物在农业、畜牧业和医学上的应用以及基因工程中乳腺反应器的转基因动物制备和细胞工程中细胞核移植的互相结合。最早进行动物克隆的是德国科学家Ｓｐｅｒｍａｎｍ于 1 93 8年进行的。随后 ,克隆动…     

牛核移植技术通过鉴定

牛核移植技术通过鉴定由我校谭丽玲研究员主持的广东省科委“八五”农业重点攻关项目“牛核移植技术研究”于１９９６年４月１日通过鉴定．该项目是我校与广西农业大学共同合作研究，于１９９５年７月１４日成功获得我国首例核移植犊牛出生的．该研究采用高新技术进行牛核...     

兔桑椹胚胎细胞周期同步化及核移植后的发育能力

进一步改进兔供体桑椹胚Ｇ１期可逆性同步化方法，并比较Ｇ１期核移植胚胎和未同步化核移植胚胎在体内的发育能力。将兔早期１６细胞胚用秋水仙胺和ａｐｈｉｄｉｃｏｌｉｎ处理适当时间，这时期胚胎细胞处于３２细胞期的Ｇ１期。经扫描显微分光光度法测定表明，没有ＤＮＡ合成。经两种药物同步化处理，胚胎正常细胞周期、分裂及移植前发育均不受影响。与用未同步化３２细胞胚细胞核移植相比，用同步在Ｇ１期胚胎细胞进行核移植后，显     

影响体细胞核移植重构胚发育的因素

目前已有多种动物被成功克隆,但存在着诸多未知因素,使体细胞核移植重构胚发育至囊胚阶段的比例过低,克隆动物存在早衰等异常现象.该文围绕这产生这些现象的根本原因、高度分化的体细胞核移入卵质后所发生的分子事件以及其影响因素如体细胞的来源和培养代数、细胞周期、核质相互作用、细胞核再程序化、线粒体等方面对体细胞核移植重构胚发育的影响等进行综述.     

小鼠体细胞核移植及ES细胞样集落分离

利用小鼠皮肤成纤维细胞为核供体进行体细胞核移植并从重构胚中分离胚胎干细胞(ES)样集落,以便对体细胞核移植重构胚来源的ES细胞样集落进行研究.结果显示,小鼠皮肤成纤维细胞作为核供体,核移植重构胚激活率为60.48%(254/420),囊胚发育率为6.90%(29/420),6个囊胚中分离出ES细胞样集落,分离率为1.43%(6/420),3个ES细胞样集落能够稳定传代,至第5代时核型正常率分别为77.84%,75.18%,77.20%.分离出的ES细胞样集落具有岛屿状团状隆起结构,碱性磷酸酶染色呈阳性,体外可自发分化成上皮样或梭形细胞.实验证实小鼠唇部皮肤成纤维细胞能够支持体细胞核移植重构胚发育至囊胚,并能分离出可以稳定传代的ES细胞样集落.     

生产转基因动物的技术方法及效率

目前世界上生产转基因动物大致有四种方法 ,其中原核显微注射、体细胞的核移植、反转录病毒侵染未受精卵是三种常用的技术方法     

免疫外科法分离牛卵巢颗粒细胞核

实验旨在用制备的兔抗牛脾脏细胞免疫血清去除牛颗粒细胞膜,将得到的完整的细胞核分离纯化以应用于核移植胞质内注射.首先用牛脾脏细胞免疫健康成年兔,注射五周后将兔子放血,分离得到高效价的免疫血清,分装冷藏;然后,解冻适量血清,与牛颗粒细胞反应,观察凝聚现象和破膜反应.结果表明,免疫学方法可以批量破除细胞膜,该法为体细胞核移植方法的改进提供了一条新的思路,值得为相关研究所借鉴.     

克隆人技术与法律

克隆的基本过程是先将含有遗传物质的供体细胞的核移植到去除了细胞核的卵细胞中,利用微电流刺激等使两者融合为一体。克隆动物具有巨大的经济效益和重要的科学意义。克隆技术是一把双刃剑,既可以给人们带来利益也给人带来问题。克隆人的问题更是牵动着很多人的神经,伦理学视角、哲学认识论视角、伦理学视角、法律学角度等等对人类社会都存在很大的挑战     

Nuclear reprogramming by nuclear transplantation and defined transcription factors

In the past ten years, great breakthroughs have been achieved in the nuclear reprogramming area. It has been demonstrated that highly differentiated somatic cell genome could be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state, which indicates that differentiated cell fate is not irreversible. Nuclear transplantation and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell generation are the two major approaches to inducing reprogramming of differentiated somatic cell genome. In the present review, we will summarize the recent progress of nuclear reprogramming and further discuss the potential to generate patient specific pluripotent stem cells from differentiated somatic cells for therapeutic purpose. Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2005AA210930)     

Developmental reprogramming after chromosome transfer into mitotic mouse zygotes

Until now, animal cloning and the production of embryonic stem cell lines by somatic cell nuclear transfer have relied on introducing nuclei into meiotic oocytes. In contrast, attempts at somatic cell nuclear transfer into fertilized interphase zygotes have failed. As a result, it has generally been assumed that unfertilized human oocytes will be required for the generation of tailored human embryonic stem cell lines from patients by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Here we report, however, that, unlike interphase zygotes, mouse zygotes temporarily arrested in mitosis can support somatic cell reprogramming, the production of embryonic stem cell lines and the full-term development of cloned animals. Thus, human zygotes and perhaps human embryonic blastomeres may be useful supplements to human oocytes for the creation of patient-derived human embryonic stem cells.     

Molecular basis and genetic improvement of economically important traits in aquaculture animals

Aquaculture has been believed to be a major Chinese contribution to the world. In recent 20 years, genome and other genetic technologies have promoted significant advances in basic studies on molecular basis and genetic improvement of aquaculture animals, and complete genomes of some main aquaculture animals have been sequenced or announced to be sequenced since the beginning of this century. Here, we review some significant breakthrough progress of aquaculture genetic improvement technologies including genome technologies, somatic cell nuclear transfer and stem cell technologies, outline the molecular basis of several economically important traits including reproduction, sex, growth, disease resistance, cold tolerance and hypoxia tolerance, and present a series of candidate trait-related genes. Finally, some application cases of genetic improvement are introduced in aquaculture animals, especially in China, and several development trends are highlighted in the near future.     

Prospect of creating transgenic animals by using spermatogonial transplantation

Transgenic animal technology is a powerful tool for researching bioscience, biomedicine, bioreactor, and agriculture. There are various ways to produce transgenic animals. The most common ways currently available are pronuclear microinjection and nuclear transfer techniques. However, these methods usually result in low efficiency, causing mosaic （in pronuclear microinjection）, or developmental abnormalities （in nuclear transfer）. In 1994, Brinster and his colleagues reported an original method to transfer spermatogonial stem cells from donor to recipient mice. The donor spermatogonia were able to form spermatozoa in recipient testes, and to produce progeny carrying the donor＇s genetic characters. Since then, a series of novel methods were invented by using spermatogonia transplantation. These new methods facilitate the research and application of spermatogonia. Some of these methods, when combining with genetic modification methods, will form a novel methodology for creating transgenic animals. The present paper reviews the achievements of research on spermatogonia transplantation related to creating transgenic animal. Such as, transplantation techniques, cryopreservation of spermatogonia, preparation of recipients, long-term proliferation of spermatogonia in culture, genetic modification of spermatogonia, and characterization of germ line transmission of the modified gene, etc. Furthermore the methodologies for creating transgenic animals by using spermatogonia transplantation were described. Based on the difference between donors and recipients used, the methodology is categorized into two groups： allogeneic transplantation, and autologous transplantation. Although progress in this research area has been swift, potential difficulties remain to be overcome in each approach. The advantages and existing problems in the methodology are discussed.     

实验用小型猪胎儿成纤维细胞和骨髓间充质细胞为核供体生产转基因克隆胚胎

目的比较不同类型体细胞对生产转基因克隆胚胎效率的影响。方法利用脂质体介导的方法将质粒pEGFP-N1转染到五指山小型猪胎儿成纤维细胞和骨髓间充质细胞,经过G418筛选后均获得了阳性细胞株。然后分别以两种类型转基因细胞以及未转基因细胞为核供体进行体细胞核移植,比较不同类型供体细胞克隆胚胎的囊胚发育率。结果胎儿成纤维细胞和骨髓间充质细胞克隆胚的囊胚发育率差异不显著(P>0.05,8.3%vs.7.1%);转基因胎儿成纤维细胞(9.6%)和转基因骨髓间充质细胞(9.9%)克隆胚胎的囊胚发育率差异不显著(P>0.05,9.6%vs.9.9%);每一种类型供体细胞转基因与否对克隆胚的囊胚发育率无影响(P>0.05)。结论通过体细胞核移植技术,小型猪骨髓间充质细胞与胎儿成纤维细胞均可有效地生产转基因囊胚。     

Mice cloned from olfactory sensory neurons

Cloning by nuclear transplantation has been successfully carried out in various mammals, including mice. Until now mice have not been cloned from post-mitotic cells such as neurons. Here, we have generated fertile mouse clones derived by transferring the nuclei of post-mitotic, olfactory sensory neurons into oocytes. These results indicate that the genome of a post-mitotic, terminally differentiated neuron can re-enter the cell cycle and be reprogrammed to a state of totipotency after nuclear transfer. Moreover, the pattern of odorant receptor gene expression and the organization of odorant receptor genes in cloned mice was indistinguishable from wild-type animals, indicating that irreversible changes to the DNA of olfactory neurons do not accompany receptor gene choice.     

Comparative pluripotency analysis of mouse embryonic stem cells derived from wild-type and infertile hermaphrodite somatic cell nuclear transfer blastocysts

Therapeutic cloning, whereby embryonic stem cells （ESCs） are derived from patient-specific cloned blastocysts via somatic cell nuclear transfer （SCNT）, holds great promise for treating many human diseases using regenerative medicine. Teratoma formation and germline transmission have been used to confirm the pluripotency of mouse stem cells, but human embryonic stem cells （hESCs） have not been proven to be fully pluripotent owing to the ethical impossibility of testing for germ line transmis- sion, which would be the strongest evidence for full pluripotency. Therefore, formation of differentiated cells from the three somatic germ layers within a teratoma is taken as the best indicator of pluripotency in hESC lines. The possibility that these lines lack full multi- or pluripotency has not yet been evaluated. In this study, we established 16 mouse ESC lines, including 3 genetically defective nuclear transfer- ESC （ntESC） lines derived from SCNT blastocysts of infertile hermaphrodite F1 mice and 13 ntESC lines derived from SCNT blastocysts of normal F1 mice. We found that the defective ntESCs expressed all in vitro markers of pluripotency and could form teratomas that included derivatives from all three germ layers, but could not be transmitted via the germ line, in contrast with normal ntESCs. Our results in- dicate that teratoma formation assays with hESCs might be an insufficient standard to assess full pluripotency, although they do define multipotency to some degree. More rigorous standards are required to assess the safety of hESCs for therapeutic cloning.     

Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells

Since the first report of live mammals produced by nuclear transfer from a cultured differentiated cell population in 1995 (ref. 1), successful development has been obtained in sheep, cattle, mice and goats using a variety of somatic cell types as nuclear donors. The methodology used for embryo reconstruction in each of these species is essentially similar: diploid donor nuclei have been transplanted into enucleated MII oocytes that are activated on, or after transfer. In sheep and goat pre-activated oocytes have also proved successful as cytoplast recipients. The reconstructed embryos are then cultured and selected embryos transferred to surrogate recipients for development to term. In pigs, nuclear transfer has been significantly less successful; a single piglet was reported after transfer of a blastomere nucleus from a four-cell embryo to an enucleated oocyte; however, no live offspring were obtained in studies using somatic cells such as diploid or mitotic fetal fibroblasts as nuclear donors. The development of embryos reconstructed by nuclear transfer is dependent upon a range of factors. Here we investigate some of these factors and report the successful production of cloned piglets from a cultured adult somatic cell population using a new nuclear transfer procedure.     

哺乳动物卵子发生过程中细胞凋亡的研究进展

细胞凋亡是发育过程中的基本生命现象,是多细胞生物体一种重要的自我稳定机制．除各种体细胞凋亡外,生殖细胞在其发生过程中也有细胞凋亡现象产生．对许多脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的研究发现,有大量生殖细胞在其发育的不同阶段丢失．对近10年来哺乳动物卵子发生过程中细胞凋亡的研究进行了综述,主要描述了哺乳动物卵子发生过程中的细胞凋亡及其调控以及凋亡的意义．