国家第九轮区试瑞丽点甘蔗新品系DTOPSIS法评价

为了客观、公正地评价参试甘蔗品种特性与生产利用价值,筛选优良新品系,采用DTOPSIS法对国家第九轮区试12个(含两对照)甘蔗新品系云南瑞丽点两新一宿的出苗率、单茎重、蔗糖分、有效茎数、蔗茎产量、出汁率、重力纯度等工、农艺性状进行综合评价。结果表明:福农1110、柳城05-136、云蔗05-49、福农0335、德蔗03-83、云瑞06-189、云蔗06-80的综合表现优于双对照ROC22(CK1)和粤糖93-159(CK2),粤甘40、闽糖01-77、粤甘42的综合表现比双对照低。评价结果与实际生产表现相吻合。     

云南瑞丽第8轮国家区试甘蔗品种（系）的灰色关联度分析

采用灰色关联分析方法综合评价第8轮国家区域试验的10个甘蔗新品种（系）。结果表明,加权关联度值大于新台糖22（CK2）的包括云蔗05-51、柳城03-1137、福农39和云蔗06-407共4个品种,亦是参试品种中含糖量优于或最接近CK,的品种;除了福农36含糖量约低于新台糖16（CK2）外其余新品种（系）含糖量均大于CK2赣南02-70、云蔗05-51、柳城03．1137、福农39、赣南02-70和福农02-5707等6个品种的加权关联度值均大于新台糖16（CK2）,亦是参试品种中蔗糖分优于或最接近CK2（高糖CK）的品种;其中赣南02-70是参试品种中蔗糖分表现最佳的品种,可用作高糖亲本。该评价结果与参试品种的田间综合表现相吻合。建议云蔗05-51、柳城03．1137、云蔗06-407、福农39等4个品种（系）可以在云南瑞丽及其气候相似蔗区推广应用。     

保山蔗区第3轮国家甘蔗品种集成示范试验初报

经过2012年国家甘蔗品种第3轮集成示范试验,保山点结果:参试的9个国家甘蔗品种中,粤甘26号、云蔗01-1413、桂糖29号、福农38号、柳城05-136的株高、茎径、有效茎数、蔗茎产量、蔗糖分等性状表现较好,综合性状优于对照.     

国家甘蔗体系第三轮集成示范试验德宏点评价

根据国家甘蔗产业技术体系的安排,2012、2013年在德宏综合试验站进行第三轮集成示范两新一宿试验,从糖分、产量、含糖量及抗逆性等指标分析,综合性状表现好的是柳城05-136;其次是福农40号、云蔗01-1413、桂糖29号;其余的桂糖30号、福农38号、粤甘26号、粤甘24号、云蔗03-258表现差。     

基于同异分析的云瑞系列甘蔗创新杂交组合评价

基于同异分析方法,对18个云瑞系列甘蔗创新杂交组合有性后代的株高、茎径、有效茎、单茎重、锤度、丛重和锤重7个性状的平均值进行分析,并以粤糖93-159和ROC22作为对照对参试组合进行评价。结果表明:云瑞10-509×德蔗03-68、云瑞10-498×粤糖91-976、云蔗03-194×云瑞06-4337、云瑞10-554×粤糖91-976和德蔗93-88×云瑞09-754这5个组合的综合同一度值大于双对照,评定为优组合;云瑞06-74×柳城03-1137、云瑞09-169×凉蔗-2、云瑞08-954×德蔗93-88、粤糖91-976×云瑞06-8270、云蔗03-194×云瑞06-8270、云蔗03-194×云瑞10-550、云瑞07-3081×桂糖96-211、云瑞07-569×云蔗05-51、云瑞07-596×桂糖96-211、云蔗03-194×云瑞10-554、云蔗99-124×云瑞06-8270这11个组合的综合同一度值介于双对照之间,评定为较优组合。这16个优良组合可根据单株表现适当扩大入选率,在今后的云瑞创新亲本和品种选育中可进行重点筛选利用;一般组合应适当减小种植规模,在节约试验用地的同时提高甘蔗育种效率。     

甘蔗新品种旱地示范试验总结

9个甘蔗新品种旱地1新1宿示范试验结果表明,云蔗05-49、05-51,云瑞06-189,德蔗09-78、09-84因工农艺性状表现较好,已在生产上进行示范扩繁;其余4个品种(云蔗06-407,德蔗09-38、10-70、10-79)由于工农艺性状表现不太理想,不进行示范扩繁。     

甘蔗新品种在耿马蔗区轻简栽培产量及经济效益的比较

在轻简栽培下,以‘新台糖22号’为对照,比较‘云蔗05-51’、‘云蔗05-49’、‘柳城05-136’、柳城03-1137、‘福农40号’、‘福农38号’、‘桂糖35号’、‘桂糖31号’、‘德蔗03-83’和‘粤糖60号’等10个甘蔗新品种的产量和经济效益指标。结果表明:‘福农40号’的理论蔗茎产量显著高于对照,‘福农38号’显著低于对照,其他品种与对照没有显著差异;‘云蔗05-51’、‘云蔗05-49’、‘桂糖35号’的平均蔗糖分显著高于对照,‘福农40号’和‘桂糖31号’显著低于对照,其他品种与对照没有显著差异;除‘福农38号’外,种植其他9个新品种均有经济效益,达825.00~10 185.00元/hm2。综合分析表明,‘云蔗05-51’、‘云蔗05-49’、‘柳城05-136’、‘柳城03-1137’、‘桂糖35号’、‘德蔗03-83’和‘粤糖60号’在耿马蔗区的产量和经济效益与对照相当,建议在耿马蔗区或生态环境相似蔗区配套轻简栽培技术进行推广应用。本研究比较不同甘蔗新品种轻简栽培产量及经济效益指标,旨在进一步筛选适宜采用轻简栽培的甘蔗新品种,为甘蔗新品种轻简化栽培提供参考。     

国家甘蔗品种第四轮集成示范试验德宏点评价

9个参试甘蔗品种通过2年新植、3年宿根试验,结果表明:综合性状较优的有云蔗99-596、云蔗05-49、柳城03-1137,其中,云蔗99-596可在旱地上推广应用,云蔗05-49可在水田上推广应用,柳城03-1137可在冷凉蔗区的山田和旱地上推广应用;其余品种表现不够理想,不适合在本试验区域种植。     

云南省第11套甘蔗品种区试旱地组在保山的表现

通过对参试的14个甘蔗品种以ROC22和桂糖11号为对照进行2新1宿试验,经试验观察和结合品种工农艺性状分析,在保山试点旱地组表现较好的品种有云蔗01-1413、云蔗05-197。     

云南省甘蔗新品种生产示范德宏点评价

8个参试品种通过1年新植、2年宿根生产示范试验,6个品种云蔗03-194、VMC88-354、福农39号、柳城03-1137、德蔗07-36、云蔗01-1413表现较好,前5个作为旱地品种已在生产上进一步示范;云蔗01-1413作为水田品种已在生产上进一步示范;云蔗03-258、福农40号由于晚熟低糖不再进行生产示范。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.