江苏盐城海岸湿地景观生态系统研究

江苏盐城海岸湿地以其景观典犁性成为科学研究的理想区域。根据野外观测与文献资料分析及现场验证相结合的研究方法,基于区域景观格局演变规律进行景观生态分类,进而分析景观生态系统的动力因素、结构、格局、生物多样性特征等。结果表明：盐城海岸湿地景观生态系统生态多样性丰富,景观结构和格局的形成和演化是当地特定的非生物环境（气候、海洋水文和土壤等）、生物作用和人类活动等因素综合作用的结果：景观格局的显著特征是动态变迁的带状景观空间异质性,高、低对比度兼存的景观结构。     

辽河口湿地景观格局变化特征与驱动机制分析

在GIS/RS技术与景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS的支持下,利用1988、1995、2001和2007年的4期TM遥感影像数据,对辽河口地区的湿地景观格局的动态变化特征进行了定量分析。结果表明:自1988年以来,辽河口地区的湿地类型发生了重大变化,主要表现在大量的自然湿地转化为人工湿地或人工景观,具体表现在转化为建筑用地、水稻田、养殖区。驱动力分析表明:年平均气温升高,降水量的减少是导致辽河口地区湿地变化的主要自然因素;人口的急剧增长,经济开发等人类干扰是引起变化的主要驱动力。     

盐城海岸带湿地景观演变分析

为深入了解海岸带湿地景观演变过程和演变原因,对其进行有效保护和合理开发利用,以3个时期多光谱遥感影像和1个时期江苏省盐城市植被分布图为数据基础,结合现场调查数据,进行了研究区海岸带湿地景观演变分析并探讨了其变化的原因。研究结果表明:盐城海岸带湿地在近30a(1980-2008年)间,自然湿地(河口水域、盐蒿滩、芦苇沼泽、互花米草滩)的面积呈不断减小趋势,人工湿地(养殖水域、盐田)、建设用地和耕地面积则呈不断增长趋势,湿地景观演替方向总体上表现为自然湿地向人工湿地转移占主导,自然湿地之间的相互演替速度较缓慢,大面积自然湿地已消失且单个湿地景观斑块面积变小、形状趋于简单化,景观破碎化逐年加剧。造成这一结果的原因是人类活动与自然因素的综合作用,尤其是人口增长、经济利益驱使等,使人类对湿地的干扰力度不断增强,湿地围垦成为盐城海岸带湿地演变的主要原因。     

50年来北海市滨海湿地景观格局变化及其驱动机制

以1955~2004年遥感影像为数据源,结合野外调查,运用景观生态学原理,研究50 a间北海市滨海湿地的景观格局及其动态变化。结果表明,50 a间北海市滨海湿地呈整体退化趋势,潮间砂质海滩、潮间淤泥质海滩、红树林滩、小型岛屿湿地减少;景观格局指数显示1977年、1998年是北海市滨海湿地较明显变化的拐点。1977年人类活动影响增加,滨海湿地稍有退化,湿地景观多样性指数减小,优势度指数增加,均匀度指数减小、景观总面积指数降至最低值。1988年湿地保护力度加大,湿地略为好转,景观多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数则呈相反规律。1998年湿地受到的极端气候灾害、人类干扰程度加大,平均斑块分形维数下降,斑块密度指数、景观斑块数破碎化指数呈最高值。湿地景观格局指数的变化,反映了围垦改造、互花米草的生物入侵、城市污染、极端气候灾害等对景观格局的影响,人类活动是北海市滨海湿地景观格局变化的主要驱动因子。     

长江口滨海湿地景观格局变化及其驱动力分析

长江口地区是我国经济比较发达的地区之一,滨海湿地为该区的发展提供了大量的后备土地资源和生态资源。通过对长江口地区的实地调查,将该区滨海湿地分为光滩沼泽、潮间沼泽、河口和浅海水域、河流湿地、湖泊湿地5种自然湿地景观,水塘、水田、水库3种人工湿地景观及居民地、建筑用地等非湿地景观类型。在景观分类的基础上,以1986年和1995年的TM影像、2005年的SPOT影像为主要材料,结合其他数据资料,利用相关软件生成了长江口滨海湿地的景观分布图。运用景观生态学原理,选择了景观斑块数(NP)、景观多样性指数(H)、优势度指数(D)、景观形状指数(LSI)等几个生态意义比较明确的景观格局指数来分析研究区景观格局的变化特征,并分析了该区景观格局变化的驱动因素。结果表明:1986~2005年,长江口滨海湿地的面积增加了5.81个百分点;景观斑块数(NP)由1986年的2 213块增加到2005年的2 667块,增加了20.51个百分点;景观多样性指数(H)由1986年的1.730 9上升为2005年的1.876 5;优势度指数(D)自1986年的1.122 7上升为2005年的1.293 4;景观形状指数(LSI)自1986年的44上升为2005年的48。其中面积的增加主要是长江所携带的泥沙在长江口不断淤积的结果,泥沙的淤积同时造成了长江口滨海湿地景观格局的变化,但是目前由于三峡大坝的截流和长江中上游植被面积的增加,长江携带的泥沙明显减少,使得长江口淤积速率有所减慢。上述几个景观指数的变化表示长江口滨海湿地的景观破碎化程度在加剧,景观格局在时间序列上也存在明显差异,调查研究表明,自然驱动力和人为驱动力同时作用于该区景观格局的变化。近20年来,随着经济的发展、人口数量的增加、围垦等活动的加剧,人类活动对研究区的改造导致了自然湿地的面积相对减少,滨海湿地的生态功能不断下降。     

南流江口洲滩景观过程研究

热带小河口洲滩景观格局对外部环境作用的影响极为敏感,是潮滩水沙、地貌及植被耦合作用的结果。本文将遥感技术和景观生态学方法相结合,探讨了北部湾南流江口洲滩的景观特征及时空变化过程。主要结果表明：2005-2019年南流江河口洲滩景观要素自陆向海呈现红树林（桐花树、秋茄）、茳芏及光滩格局,在此期间内的洲滩景观多样性指数低、景观破碎化指数高。红树林、茳芏与光滩景观类型优势度Do值大致相等。同时,红树林与茳芏的扩张导致其面积持续增加而光滩面积减少。红树林、茳芏与光滩三者相互竞争又相互促进,河口潮滩景观处于快速发育阶段。研究结果有助于对热带小河口洲滩植被演化格局的认识,为热带河口地区生态恢复与湿地管理提供理论支撑。     

中国河口湿地的一般特点

河口湿地以其独有的海陆生态交错区的功能而引起各方研究。本文可口湿地的概念和特征后,分别论述了我国四大河口湿地：长江河口湿地、黄河河口湿地、珠江河口湿地和辽河河口湿地的组成、沉积物特点、环境以及生物资源等,并指出了目前河口湿地开发利用的状况及今后开发目标。     

基于犌犐犛／犚犛的旅顺滨海湿地景观格局时空动态变化研究

文章以地理信息系统与遥感作为技术支持,以2000年和2009年两个时相的ETM/TM影像为主要数据,以马尔科夫模型为预测方法,对旅顺滨海湿地景观格局的演变趋势进行了分析和预测。研究结果表明,旅顺滨海湿地景观总体呈减少趋势,主要转化为建设用地,滨海湿地景观受到了人类活动的严重干扰。预测到2020年海岸湿地将减少331 hm2,到2030年将减少571 hm2,减幅分别高达到23．6％和40．7％,湿地保护形势非常严峻。     

基于GIS/RS的旅顺滨海湿地景观格局时空动态变化研究

文章以地理信息系统与遥感作为技术支持,以2000年和2009年两个时相的ETM/TM影像为主要数据,以马尔科夫模型为预测方法,对旅顺滨海湿地景观格局的演变趋势进行了分析和预测。研究结果表明,旅顺滨海湿地景观总体呈减少趋势,主要转化为建设用地,滨海湿地景观受到了人类活动的严重干扰。预测到2020年海岸湿地将减少331hm2,到2030年将减少571hm2,减幅分别高达到23.6%和40.7%,湿地保护形势非常严峻。     

辽河口湿地生态景观格局形成机制分析

利用2007年景观格局图、DEM数据、人口、GDP等数据,运用地理信息系统(GIS)和Logistic回归分析模型相结合的分析方法,揭示辽河口湿地景观格局形成机制。结果表明:建筑用地、芦苇地、水稻田和养殖区的Logistic回归模型具有较好的拟合优度。模拟结果表明,转为建筑用地的Logistic回归模型的重要的解释变量是农村人口密度和城镇人口密度;转为芦苇地的Logistic回归模型的重要的解释变量是农村人口密度和过境水资源量;转为水稻田和养殖区的Logis-tic回归模型的重要的解释变量都是农村人口密度和第一产业值。在这4种生态景观格局的二元Logistic回归模型中最重要的解释变量都是农村人口密度,这表明辽河口湿地景观格局形成最主要的驱动因素是农村人口密度。     

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong Estuary in China

Surface water was collected from the Jiulong Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions, namely, greater than 53, 10 -53, 2 - 10, 0.4 -2 μm, 10 000 u -0.4 μm and less than 10 000 u fractions by microfihration and cross-flow uhrafiltration technologies. Results indicated that most of the dissolved uranium （ 〈 0.4 μm） exis- ted in the low molecular mass fraction （ 〈 10 000 u）, and the colloidal uranium-238 （10 000 u -0.4 μm） only contributed less than 1% of the dissolved uranium-238. The fractions of colloidal uranium in the dissolved phases decreased with the increasing sa- linity. A positive linear relationship between uranium-238 activities and salinities was observed for the dissolved, colloidal and low molecular mass fractions, indicating a conservative behavior of uranium in the Jiulong Estuary. In the particulate phases （ 〉 0.4 μm）, the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations. In the regions with salinities below 20, the partitioning of uranium-238 among different size fractions was as follows： 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm 〉 0.4 - 2 μm greater than above 53 μm. However, the order at the offshore station with salinities above 30 changed as follows ： 0.4 - 2 μm 〉 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm greater than above 53 μm. The fraction of the 0.4 - 2 μm particles increased at the offshore station, suggesting the increased contribution of the authigenic uranium. The activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phases, including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction, was larger than unity, showing the occurrence of excess uranium-234. In contrast, the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value （1.0）. The observed different values of the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phase and the partic     

夏季珠江口沉积物中营养盐剖面分布和界面交换通量

通过对夏季珠江口区域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面分析,调查了营养盐含量分布和特征,探讨了有机物的降解特性、营养盐的底部通量估算和作用.结果表明,珠江口沉积物间隙水中营养盐以高含量铵盐为主要的存在形式,沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在厌氧状态下进行,底部水体铵盐的增加来源于底部沉积物有机质的降解释放,而且对水体的营养盐循环有较大的贡献.     

Recent progress in submarine geosciences in China

In China submarine geosciences represents a newly established discipline of oceanography, focusing on the oceanic lithosphere, and its interface with the hydrosphere and biosphere. Recently, supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program and other high-tech development projects, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced technologies and equipment. This en- ables the scientists in China to carry out explorations of the international seabed area in the Pacific Ocean and on the Southwest Indian Ridge. In addition, they have been active in the research activities associated the mid-ocean ridges and western Pacific marginal seas. It is anticipated that this research field will continue to be highly fruitful in the near future.     

湄洲湾夏季的初级生产力

湄洲湾１９９２年夏季的叶绿素ａ，三磷酸腺苷，碳比积累速率，初级生产力的变化范围和均值分别为０．４５－４．７２，１．４９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；０．１２－１．０７，０．３１μｇ／ｄｍ＾３；０．０６－０．５８，０．３４ｄ＾－１；０．０７－０．３４，０．２１ｍ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。叶绿素ａ与三磷酸腺苷之间。初级生产力与碳比积累速率之间均呈正相关关系。叶绿素ａ三磷本能腺苷的比值为４．８，湄洲湾夏季浮游植物的生长受氮不足     

Seasonality in nutrient concentrations in Galveston Bay

In order to investigate factors controlling nutrient cycling in the shallow and turbid coastal ecosystem of Galveston Bay, data from: (1) the Texas Water Commission (TWC) database 1980–1989, and (2) salinity transects in 1989 and 1993 are presented and analyzed. Statistical regression and time-series analysis were carried out on data acquired by TWC between 1980 and 1989, in an attempt to establish seasonally of nutrient and chlorophyll-a (chl.-a.) concentrations in the bay and to determine factors which regulate these concentrations.A strong seasonality was found for phosphorus and chl.-a. in the upper and mid-bay stations. A recurring maximum for phosphate occurred in September and a chl.-a. maximum occurred regularly in March–April. It is hypothesized that benthic regeneration of phosphorus at the end of summer is responsible for the phosphate maximum. The inverse correlation of the partition coefficient (K_d) for phosphate with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), coupled to a strong enrichment of phosphate in suspended particles at low SPM concentrations, indicates additional control by geochemical and physical processes such as particle sorting and/or particle-colloid interactions. Nitrate is inversely correlated with salinity at the upper and mid-bay stations, indicating the Trinity River is a major source.Nutrient concentrations in the lower bay (East and West Bay stations) are considerably lower and less predictable, as they are not correlated with salinity or temperature. Data from the 1989 and 1993 transects confirm the yearly maximum in phosphate concentration in late summer months, with peak concentrations in the upper Trinity Bay. It is concluded that despite possible phosphate buffering by physical and geochemical mechanisms, relatively large concentration maxima recur regularly every year during the summer, possibly caused by a benthic source of phosphate.     

Mesozooplankton in the Arctic Ocean in summer

The biomass, species and chemical composition of the mesozooplankton and their impact on lower food levels were estimated along a transect across the Arctic Ocean. Mesozooplankton biomass in the upper 200 m of the water column was significantly higher (19–42 mg DW m^-3) than has previously been reported for the Arctic Ocean, and it reached a maximum at ca. 87°N in the Amundsen Basin. The lowest values were recorded in the Chukchi Sea and Nansen Basin, where ice cover was lower (50–80%) than in the central Arctic Ocean. In the deeper strata (200–500 m) of the Canadian and Eurasian Basins, the biomass was always much lower (4.35–16.44 mg DW m^-3). The C/N (g/g) ratio for the mesozooplankton population was high (6.5–8.5) but within the documented range. These high values (when compared to 4.5 at lower latitudes) may be explained by the high lipid content. Mesozooplankton accounted for approximately 40% of the total particulate organic carbon in the upper 100 m of the water column. Mesozooplankton species composition was homogeneous along the transect, consisting mainly of copepods (70–90% of the total number). It was dominated by four large copepod species (Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, C. finmarchicus and Metridia longa), which together accounted for more than 80% of the total biomass. According to measurements of gut pigment and gut turnover rates, the mesozooplankton on average ingested between 6 and 30% of their body carbon per day as phytoplankton. Microzooplankton may have provided an additional source of energy for the mesozooplankton community. These data emphasize the importance of mesozooplankton in the arctic food web and reinforce the idea that the Arctic Ocean should no longer be considered to be a “biological desert”.     

微生物对土壤中镉的固定作用

镉是一种重要的环境污染物,它通过沉淀作用、磷酸肥料的使用等排放到农田中。由于镉具有较高的蒸气压,因此,人为排放的镉大部分来自工业的挥发。排放到大气中的镉通过沉积作用转移到植物、土壤及水体中。在污染的土壤中镉被植物吸收并且在植物体内富集,通过这种机制镉进入了食物链。镉是一种诱导有机体突变的物质,能对动物和人类产生有害影响,并能够抑制植物的光合作用,因此,环境中镉的存在一直被人们所关注。     

海水双壳类受精生物学研究进展

1 研究概况,在海水双壳类中开展的大量受精生物学研究表明,绝大部分的海水双壳类为卵生型,雌雄配子被排放到海水中完成受精。排放的卵子处于第一次减数分裂前期(生发泡期)或中期。精子入卵后,受精卵恢复减数分裂,先后排放出两个极体,形成雌雄原核并最终启动卵裂。     

海水黄色物质研究进展

叙述了海水黄色物质的研究历史、研究动态和研究方法,并且指出黄色物质荧光性质研究的重要性.海水中黄色物质在海洋生态系统、光学遥感和海洋碳循环等方面具有广阔的应用前景.