鄂尔多斯盆地纸坊组微量元素地球化学特征及沉积环境指示意义

沉积岩中的微量元素对沉积环境的水介质变化有着较高的敏感度,是研究沉积物沉积时的古气候、古环境的有效手段。鄂尔多斯盆地纸坊组是三叠系具有油气显示的新层系,其古气候及古水体环境对于恢复该时期盆地沉积格局、重建古地理及成藏研究具有重要意义。采用ICP-MS对鄂尔多斯盆地纸坊组剖面及岩芯21件泥岩及粉砂岩样品进行了微量元素测试,选择对沉积环境介质较为敏感的锶（Sr）、钡（Ba）、钍（Th）、铀（U）、钒（V）、镍（Ni）、钴（Co）等元素作为判别指标,并结合沉积学标志及孢粉分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地纸坊组沉积环境及古气候特征进行研究。结果表明:通过Li、Sr、Ni、Ga含量及Sr/Ba值判别研究区为淡水-微咸水沉积环境;U/Th值分布在0.09~0.38,δU值分布在0.43~1.07,V/（V+Ni）值分布在0.69~0.89,V/Cr值分布在0.87~5.57、Ni/Co值分布在1.21~2.93,指示水体分层不强的氧化-弱还原过渡环境;纸坊组水体深度平均深度小于30 m,大型"汇水"湖泊尚未形成;Sr/Cu比值在0.85~16.7之间,大部分小于10,仅个别值大于10,表明纸坊组古气候已由和尚沟组干热气候趋于温暖气候。     

四川盆地中部中侏罗统沙溪庙组沉积期古环境与古气候演化——以永浅1井为例

四川盆地中部中侏罗统沙溪庙组沉积期古环境与古气候研究对揭示该时期盆内的沉积格局、重建古地理及油气形成与演化具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文以四川盆地中部永浅1井的47件泥岩样品为研究对象,通过主微量元素的变化特征恢复研究区沙溪庙组沉积期的古环境与古气候演化过程。研究结果表明,Sr/Ba比值、Rb/K2O比值、Ca/Mg比值和Ca/(Ca+Fe)比值指示川中地区中侏罗统沙溪庙组沉积期整体为淡水环境,但在沙溪庙组一段沉积中、晚期出现了短暂的水体盐度升高;V/(V+Ni)比值、U/Th值、V/Cr比值与Ni/Co比值指示沙溪庙组沉积期整体为间歇暴露的浅水氧化环境,局部为弱氧化或还原环境;C值、CIA值和Rb/Sr比值等指标显示,沙溪庙组沉积期古气候总体为温暖湿润的气候环境,但期间发生波动性干旱,在温暖湿润和半干旱—半湿润之间频繁波动。多元地球化学参数为川中地区中侏罗统沙溪庙组沉积期的古气候演化和区域性古气候对比提供了新的证据。     

大兴安岭中段索伦地区林西组岩石地球化学特征与沉积构造环境

大兴安岭中段林西组是重要的含烃源岩层位,烃源岩的形成与生烃母质生物活动和埋藏时的古气候、古构造、古环境息息相关。通过岩石地球化学分析可以恢复林西组沉积时期的气候与构造环境,利用Sr、Li、Ga 含量、Sr/Ba 值、U/Th 值、δU及Sr/Cu 值,从古盐度、氧化还原环境、古气候等方面分析了索伦地区林西组的沉积环境,认为林西组沉积时可能经历了中等—较强风化后的再沉积作用,总体为淡水—微咸水的氧化环境,气候温湿; Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃)值、K₂O/Na₂O- SiO₂关系以及稀土元素特征表明: 林西组形成于靠近大陆岛弧的活动大陆边缘,由早期弧后盆地的海陆过渡相半咸水环境向陆相的淡水环境演变,有利于有机质的富集和保存,是寻找烃源岩的有利层位。研究成果可为该区烃源岩勘查提供指导。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部石盒子组盒8沉积环境的地球化学表征

采用Sr、Sr／Ba、Rb、Rb／K、K＋Na质量分数、K／Na、B／Ga、B元素法、V／Cr、Ni／Co、U／Th、V／（V＋Ni）、铈异常（Ce_anom）值、Fe^2＋／Fe^3＋、Cu／Zn、Sr／Cu、Fe／Mn、Mg／Ca、 Mg／Sr和Al₂O₃／MgO等微量元素和常量元素等地球化学方法对鄂尔多斯盆地东部盒8期沉积环境的古盐度、氧化还原态和古气候进行综合判断。结果表明：古盐度介于2.76‰～14.32‰之间,平均值为8.62‰,显示沉积水介质以淡水—微咸水为主;铈异常（Ce_anom）值主要集中在-0.05～0.1之间,整体表现为Ce富集,指示缺氧弱还原的古水体环境;Sr/Cu比值为1.66～9.41,平均值为4.60,环境为温湿气候。纵向上盒8_下古盐度高于盒8_上,盒8_下比盒8_上气候略微干旱。平面上研究区南部米脂榆79井—榆28井一带和研究区北部通岗浪沟—什汗水利一带古盐度较大,大于10‰,属半咸水—咸水沉积,相对应地这两个区块古气候比其它区块较为干旱,这一规律和沉积体系在研究区的分布高度吻合。分析认为：盒8期研究区湖岸线分布于南部米脂榆79井—榆28井一带,受湖水和干旱气候的影响,造成古盐度较高;北部通岗浪沟—什汗水利一带发育辫状河沉积,受干燥气候、蒸发环境的影响,古盐度增大。研究区微咸水—半咸水—咸水的沉积环境有利于绿泥石膜胶结发育,也有利于储层的发育。该认识对鄂尔多斯盆地盒8沉积环境研究起到一定的补充作用,同时也对该区盒8段天然气勘探具有重要意义。     

辽宁北部秀水盆地白垩系九佛堂组沉积岩地球化学特征及其古沉积环境

采用X-荧光及ICP-MS方法对秀D1井白垩系九佛堂组的18件砂泥岩样品进行常量及微量元素测定和分析,以探讨九佛堂组的古气候、古水体环境及源区构造背景。研究表明:元素B、Sr/Ba、B/Ga组合及U/Th、V/Cr、V/(V+Ni)、Cu/Zn组合指示秀水盆地九佛堂组沉积时的水体为淡水还原环境,沉积相以开阔湖相沉积为主。元素Sr、Cu及Rb/Sr、Sr/Cu组合表明古气候为干旱气候,在九佛堂组时期存在一次波动性升温事件,整体趋势为"低-高-低"的波动性变化。CIA、ICV指数反映物源区的构造环境相对稳定,并处于中等-强的化学风化背景下。     

鄂尔多斯盆地志丹地区安定组泥灰岩地球化学特征及古环境意义

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地志丹地区安定组顶部泥灰岩系统的岩石学和地球化学分析,研究了安定组沉积末期湖盆的古盐度、氧化还原环境、古气候及物源区背景.结果表明:安定组泥灰岩主要由方解石和白云石组成,其中方解石含量26.5％～68.5％,平均42.5％,白云石含量10.1％～40.5％,平均25.3％;岩石具有较高的Sr丰度、Sr/Ba比值,指示沉积时水体盐度较高;碳氧同位素变化范围不大,δ13 CPDB为-3.5‰～2.2‰,平均0.55‰,δ18OPDB为-6‰～-1.2‰,平均-3.87‰,接近咸水湖碳酸盐沉积物,Z值范围为119.53～130.01,平均为126.51,显示安定组泥灰岩段形成于湖水咸化期;化学蚀变指数CIA及Sr/Cu、SiO2/Al2O3综合指示泥灰岩的物源区所受化学风化并不强烈,沉积于半干旱炎热的气候;氧化还原环境指标V/Cr、V/(V+Ni)比值及敏感金属元素U、Mo高度富集等特征指示泥灰岩沉积时的古水体条件整体处于还原环境;La/Yb-∑REE和La/Sc-Co/Th源岩属性判别图解显示泥灰岩主要沉积物源以长英质岩石为主,并混合有中-基性岩浆岩,与鄂尔多斯盆地北部阴山地区的古元古代变质岩系具有一定的亲源性.安定组末期半干旱炎热的气候条件,有利于蚀源区铀元素的活化迁移和含氧含铀流体形成和湖盆中铀的原始富集沉淀,为鄂尔多斯盆地大规模砂岩型铀成矿作用提供了重要条件.     

柴西上干柴沟组中上段介壳微量元素古环境古气候意义

介壳微量元素具有重要的沉积古环境古气候意义,结合介壳微量元素含量变化特征和介壳化石组合生态环境特征可得到柴达木盆地西部上干柴沟组中上段更为详尽的古环境古气候演化特征。柴达木盆地西部上干柴沟组中上段介壳微量元素比值Sr/Ca、Ba/Ca、U/Ca及元素Sr、Ba、U在A阶段（28.35~26.42 Ma）值较低,B阶段（26.42~23.08 Ma）值整体较高,段末值有所下降,C阶段（23.08~22.33 Ma）值明显上升,Mn/Ca和Mn值变化大致相反。A阶段Sr/Ca和Sr均值（分别为0.002 278、37.76×10-9）较低,B阶段均值（分别为0.003 347、41.46×10-9）较高,C阶段二者均值（分别为0.003 346、56.06×10-9）也较高,Ba/Ca、U/Ca、B、U有着类似的平均值变化特征,Mn/Ca和Mn值有着相反的平均值变化特征。同时相应各阶段介壳化石组合有所不同。通过介壳微量元素变化及化石组合特征,结合同期深海氧同位素及前人研究成果表明,上干柴沟组中上段柴西古湖古环境古气候演化特征为: A阶段,盐度较低和还原性较强,水位较高,气候相对温暖润湿;B阶段,整体盐度较高和氧化性较强,水位较浅,气候整体炎热干旱,段末气候干旱程度降低;C阶段,盐度和氧化性增高,湖水变浅,气候向冷干演化,响应了早中新世中国西北内陆干旱化。该地区该时段古气候主要受全球气候演化和青藏高原隆升的影响,与副特提斯海西退也有一定关系。     

川东北地区七里峡剖面须家河组泥岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

泥岩中对沉积环境敏感的元素或元素比值可以定性或半定量地反映古沉积环境。研究通过川东北地区七里峡剖面须家河组12件泥岩样品的扫描电镜观察,主微量元素、X射线衍射的测试分析,开展了该区古气候、古环境及物源特征研究。研究结果表明,七里峡剖面须家河组细粒泥岩样品中的粘土矿物以伊-蒙混层矿物为主(含量62%～88%),其次是绿泥石(3%～19%)、伊利石(3%～11%)、高岭石(1%～9%),Fe O/Mn O值为28. 08～104. 23,反映七里峡地区晚三叠世总体温暖潮湿的气候条件,其中须三、五段沉积期气候较为温湿,须一、二、四段沉积期气候略干热;较低的Li、Sr、Ni、Ga丰度及Sr/Ba值(0. 08～0. 24)揭示了须家河组泥岩沉积时水体盐度较低; V/(V+Ni)值(0.69～0.85)和Ceanom(0. 26～0. 30)等指示须家河组沉积时期为缺氧的还原环境,且须一段到须五段水体的还原性逐渐减弱;研究区样品的稀土元素配分曲线与南秦岭、龙门山和米仓山-大巴山地区类似,指示了区内早期物源主要来自南秦岭地区闪长岩、花岗岩和玄武岩的混合,部分来自龙门山地区的花岗岩,晚期物质来源以米仓山-大巴山花岗岩为主。     

囊谦古近纪盆地砂岩地球化学特征及其对物源和沉积环境的指示作用

砂岩地球化学特征对物质来源、古气候和沉积环境具有十分重要的示踪和指示作用。通过分析砂岩的微量元素和稀土元素含量的变化,研究了囊谦盆地沉积环境、古气候及物源特征。结果表明:囊谦古近纪盆地的古环境为气候干旱炎热、氧化环境;微量元素中的深源元素低于地壳粘土岩中的平均值,说明物源为陆源物质,而陆源元素则与地壳粘土岩中的平均值相当,反映沉积速度快;砂岩的REE北美页岩和球粒陨石标准化配分模式表现出轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损但变化平缓,反映典型的沉积成因特征;Th/Sc、Th/U、La/Th元素比值和La/Sc-Co/Th、Th-Hf-Co、La/Yb-∑REE以及砂岩函数判别图解显示囊谦古近纪盆地碎屑岩物源具有多样性,主要来自于上地壳长英质源区,源岩可能为沉积岩、酸性火山岩和拉斑玄武岩的混合。     

鄂西走马地区南华纪古城期-南沱早期古气候和古氧相演化：来自细碎屑岩元素地球化学的证据

新元古代后期地球经历了至少两次全球规模的冰川期,分别为Sturtian冰期和Marinoan冰期。鄂西走马地区南华系古城组与南沱组分别属于Sturtian和Marinoan冰期沉积,大塘坡组代表间冰期沉积,同时,大塘坡期是我国重要的成锰时期。本文通过对走马地区ZK702钻孔岩心古城组、大塘坡组、南沱组底部细碎屑岩样品元素地球化学的研究,计算了CIA、CIW、PIA、Al/Ca、Rb/Sr、V/Cr、U/Th等特征值,探讨了该区南华纪冰期至间冰期的古气候和古氧相演化过程,结合岩石学证据认为：古城冰期气候寒冷干燥(CIA值从底部的69. 2过渡至57. 8,均值为62. 2),大塘坡间冰期早期气候依然寒冷(CIA值介于54. 3～62. 7,均值59. 7),大塘坡中晚期气候恢复温暖湿润并趋于稳定(CIA值介于70. 2～81. 1,均值75. 8),南沱冰期气候又转向寒冷干燥(CIA值由78. 6降低至61. 9),CIW、PIA、Rb/Sr值等指标反映的古气候演化过程与CIA值反映一致,Al/Ca值的变化也反映了陆源碎屑输入量随着古气候波动;V/Cr、U/Th、Ni/Co等比值反映出研究区古海洋古城期-南沱早期总体处于氧化环境,其中大塘坡早期处于弱氧化环境,古城期、大塘坡中晚期和南沱早期处于氧化环境;研究区大塘坡锰矿形成于间冰期早期寒冷气候下的弱氧化环境,气候转暖后锰矿停止沉积,锰矿成矿与古气候和古氧相具有耦合关系。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.