圆锥角膜的角膜地形图形态特征和早期诊断

目的:分析圆锥角膜的角膜地形图形态特征,探讨其早期诊断思路。方法:按照80例(136眼)圆锥角膜患者病情进展,将其分别纳入亚临床期组(41眼)、进展期组(95眼),选取同期30例(60眼)近视性屈光不正患者,纳入对照组。使用三维眼前节分析仪,对3组患者角膜地形图量化参数进行检测,并分析其角膜地形图形态特征,总结圆锥角膜的早期诊断思路。结果:对照组角膜地形图形态以蝴蝶结形为主,占56.67%;亚临床期组以梨形为主,占41.46%;进展期组以卵圆形为主,占54.74%。对照组、亚临床期组、进展期组角膜中央屈光力、双眼角膜曲率之差、I-S值、角膜散光值及SAI、SRI均依次升高,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论:亚临床期与进展期圆锥角膜的角膜地形图形态特征存在一定差异,且由亚临床期向进展期变化时,角膜地形变化包括角膜中央曲率增加、下方角膜变陡、角膜厚度变薄、双眼角膜曲率及厚度增加等,可据此进一步筛选早期诊断圆锥角膜的参考指标。     

基于鱼类运动行为的水质异常评价因子研究

针对利用鱼类运动行为进行异常水质评价的问题,本文对如何选取具有普遍性、全面性、代表性等特点且能够反映水环境与鱼类运动特征参数之间的主要相关性的因子进行了研究。首先通过研究水质变化对红鲫鱼运动轨迹的影响,引入基于鱼类运动轨迹的曲率、邻近特征这两个特征参数;其次分别提取正常和异常水质中红鲫鱼的速度、加速度、曲率、邻近特征4个特征参数,建立水质异常评价因子数据库;最后将不同评价因子输入支持向量机(SVM)进行分类识别,且采用ROC曲线考察鱼类运动特征参数和水质安全定性关系的准确性。实验结果表明,曲率、邻近特征作为水质评价因子明显优于速度、加速度,不但异常水质识别率达到90%以上,而且通过ROC曲线可知其建立的模型具有稳健性、普适性、高效性。     

基于CWT二次图像的缸套-活塞环摩擦振动分析研究

为通过摩擦振动分析缸套-活塞环的磨损状态,提出利用连续小波变换(CWT)时频谱和图像处理技术相结合提取摩擦振动信号特征的新方法。首先运用CWT变换获取摩擦振动信号的时频谱二次图像,然后运用图像分割技术提取摩擦振动特征体,根据特征体定义特征参数V、Gmean、HV、Mtf、N和e,探讨特征参数与磨损状态的内在联系。结果表明,特征参数V、Gmean、HV和N刻画了磨损行为的复杂和剧烈程度,特征参数Mtf和e反映了磨损表面状态。利用CWT二次图像和图像分割技术可对缸套-活塞环摩擦振动进行定量表征。     

基于多特征参数融合的文物碎片自动匹配方法

针对基于单一几何特征的文物碎片匹配方法的精度不高的问题，提出一种基于多特征参数融合的文物碎片自动匹配方法。首先，采用分割算法提取文物碎片的断裂面，并计算断裂面上点的四个特征参数：点到邻域点的平均距离、点到邻域重心的距离、曲率以及邻域法向夹角平均值；然后，融合四个特征参数得到特征判别参数，并通过判断特征判别参数值提取出特征点集；最后，采用基于尺度因子的迭代最近点（Iterative Closest Point, ICP）算法对特征点集进行匹配，从而实现文物碎片的断裂面匹配。实验采用兵马俑碎片的点云数据模型来验证该基于多特征参数融合的文物碎片匹配方法，结果表明该匹配方法可以克服基于单一几何特征匹配方法的精度不够高的问题，比已有算法的匹配精度提高15%以上，时间效率提高20%以上。因此说，该基于多特征参数融合的匹配方法是一种有效的文物碎片匹配方法。     

基于最小二乘支持向量分类机的齿轮泵 故障诊断研究

为了精确诊断齿轮泵故障,提出了基于马氏距离的传感器通道选择方法,采用多项式最小二乘法去除采集振动信号的趋势项和五点三次平滑法对信号进行平滑预处理,而后分别提取基于峭度的时域特征、小波包能量特征和经验模态分解特征,运用最小二乘支持向量机进行状态识别。以CB-KP63齿轮泵为例进行应用,结果表明传感器1通道识别率达到85%;采集振动信号趋势项干扰较弱,平滑处理效果较好;以EMD提取各频带能量作为特征参数的LS-SVC状态识别方法识别率达到90%以上,最终证明论文提出的方法有效可行。     

基于视觉图像的二次曲线特征参数精密测量方法

为了满足视觉检测中对二次曲线参数(圆或椭圆)高精度测量要求,提出了一种基于视觉图像的二次曲线特征参数精密测量方法.该方法利用变结构元广义形态学边缘检测算法对图像中的二次曲线进行初始边缘定位,充分提取图像边缘细节信息的同时抑制图像噪声的影响.在亚像素图像处理中,基于Zernike矩边缘检测算法计算出的边缘参数,提出了对二次曲线特征进行亚像素边缘定位的边缘检测算法,建立了曲线边缘点与边缘参数之间的映射关系.利用检测出的二次曲线亚像素边缘点数据,通过定义的数据点分布优化的参数拟合算法,可以计算出二次曲线的特征参数.实验结果表明:该方法稳定性好且实时性强,定位不确定度优于0.03像素,可实现二次曲线特征参数的精密测量.     

基于Morlet小波-SVD和VPMCD的故障诊断方法研究

如何在含有噪声的振动信号中提取特征参数,是轴承故障诊断的关键问题,为此提出一种基于Morlet小波-奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD)和变量预测模型模式识别(Variable Predictive Model Based Class Discriminate,VPMCD)的故障诊断方法。首先对时域采样信号进行Morlet小波变换预处理,将所得时频系数矩阵进行SVD分析,根据奇异值曲率谱特征滤除噪声,以提取相应尺度下的微弱故障信息;然后自适应选取最佳尺度附近的分量信号,并将Shannon能量熵作为特征参数,以此构建特征向量,用于建立基于VPMCD的故障识别模型。实验采用5折交叉验证法及Jackknife检验法对所提方法进行检验,结果证明了所提方法的有效性。     

内燃机变分模态Rihaczek谱纹理特征识别诊断

针对内燃机故障诊断中振动响应信号强耦合、弱故障特征的问题,提出一种基于内燃机振动谱图纹理特征提取的故障诊断方法。首先,为了清晰地刻画内燃机振动信号时频联合分布中的非平稳时变分量,将变分模态分解(VMD)与Rihaczek复能量密度分布方法有效结合,得到了时频聚集性好、无交叉项干扰的内燃机振动谱图像;针对VMD分解过程中的参数选取问题,提出将功率谱熵作为目标函数,对VMD的分解参数进行网格寻优,提高了VMD分解的自适应性。为了实现对内燃机振动谱图像的自动识别及故障诊断,提出了改进的局部二值模式(ILBP)方法,用来对振动谱图中蕴含的纹理信息进行分析,提取低维特征参量并采用最近邻分类器对内燃机不同工况的振动谱图像进行模式识别。将该方法应用于内燃机故障诊断实例中,结果表明该方法能有效提取内燃机振动信号中的微弱故障特征,实现内燃机故障的自动诊断。     

基于Morlet小波变换的信号去噪及在轴承状态监测中的应用

为在强噪声背景下利用振动信号中隐含的冲击特征成分来反映轴承性能退化趋势,提出一种基于Morlet小波变换和时域特征参数提取相结合的轴承状态监测方法。通过引入谱峭度评估Morlet小波滤波的去噪效果,再从信号滤波结果构建的组合信息中提取时域特征参数。对轴承全寿命数据的应用结果表明,特征参数的变化趋势能够监测轴承状态的劣化过程,伴随的早期故障检测可以提高轴承使用的安全性。     

内燃机振动时频图像的编码特征提取与诊断

针对传统内燃机振动诊断方法在参数选择和特征提取方面的难题,提出一种将S变换和模块二维主成分分析(M-2DPCA)相结合的内燃机故障诊断方法。该方法首先利用S变换将采集到的内燃机缸盖表面振动信号生成振动谱图像;然后通过M-2DPCA对图像矩阵进行模块化处理,利用所有样本子图像构建总体散布矩阵,计算最优投影向量,进行图像特征参数提取;最后,利用最近邻分类器进行分类识别,完成诊断。将该方法应用于内燃机气阀机构8种工况下振动信号的诊断实例中,识别率可达到94.17%,证明了该方法的有效性。     

Real-time confocal microscopy of keratocyte activity in wound healing after cryoablation in rabbit corneas

A modified tandem scanning confocal microscope was used for real-time in vivo examination of the rabbit cornea following a cryogenic injury. The corneas of New Zealand white rabbits were frozen with a probe that had been cooled by immersion in liquid nitrogen, effectively destroying keratocytes in a central 5 mm diameter zone throughout the total thickness of the cornea. In these eyes, keratocyte repopulation and corneal stromal wound healing proceeded similarly to that which occurs after epikeratophakia, a refractive surgical procedure designed to change the curvature and optical power of the cornea. In epikeratophakia, a cryolathed donor corneal stroma lenticule is sutured onto the bare stroma of the recipient cornea. The collagen tissue lenticule is repopulated by keratocytes (corneal fibroblasts) that migrate in from the host cornea. In our study, the confocal microscope permitted sequential, noninvasive examination of the corneal stroma in the treated animals. Necrosis of the keratocytes, followed by activation of the remaining viable cells in the corneal periphery, was observed in the first 2 to 3 days after cryo injury. A fine stromal fibrous network was seen to develop; in three eyes, this network progressed to the development of a retrocorneal fibrous membrane and dense stromal fibrosis, both of which resulted in significant loss of corneal clarity. Our results suggest that the confocal microscope may be a valuable tool to provide much needed information on wound healing processes at the cellular level after corneal surgery and injury.     

Real-time confocal microscopy of keratocyte activity in wound healing after cryoablation in rabbit corneas

A modified tandem scanning confocal microscope was used for real-time in vivo examination of the rabbit cornea following a cryogenic injury. The corneas of New Zealand white rabbits were frozen with aprobe that had been cooled by immersion in liquid nitrogen, effectively destroying keratocytes in a central 5 mm diameter zone throughout the total thickness of the cornea. In these eyes, keratocyte repopulation and corneal stromal wound healing proceeded similarly to that which occurs after epikeratophakia, a refractive surgical procedure designed to change the curvature and optical power of the cornea. In epikeratophakia, a cryolathed donor corneal stroma lenticule is sutured onto the bare stroma of the recipient cornea. The collagen tissue lenticule is repopulated by keratocytes (corneal fibroblasts) that migrate in from the host cornea. In our study, the confocal microscope permitted sequential, noninvasive examination of the corneal stroma in the treated animals. Necrosis of the keratocytes, followed by activation of the remaining viable cells in the corneal periphery, was observed in the first 2 to 3 days after cryo injury. A fine stromal fibrous network was seen to develop; in three eyes, this network progressed to the development of a retrocorneal fibrous membrane and dense stromal fibrosis, both of which resulted in significant loss of corneal clarity. Our results suggest that the confocal microscope may be a valuable tool to provide much needed information on wound healing processes at the cellular level after corneal surgery and injury.     

Laser and tandem scanning confocal microscopic studies of rabbit corneal wound healing

The process of corneal endothelial wound healing was studied using laser and tandem scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM and TSCM). Following transcorneal freeze (TCF) injury, rabbit corneas were observed using ex vivo LSCM and in vivo TSCM. LSCM revealed the intracellular actin filament organization which, stained with phalloidin-FITC, in migrating endothelial cells, transformed fibroblast-like cells, stroma keratocytes, and epithelial cells during wound healing in corneal tissue. The TSCM provided sequential spatial observation of morphologic changes from endothelium to epithelium of the cornea during in vivo cellular repair of wound healing noninvasively on the same cornea without animal sacrifice. Ex vivo LSCM supported the morphologic analysis of the in vivo TSCM observations.     

Laser and tandem scanning confocal microscopic studies of rabbit corneal wound healing

The process of corneal endothelial wound healing was studied using laser and tandem scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM and TSCM). Following transcorneal freeze (TCF) injury, rabbit corneas were observed using ex vivo LSCM and in vivo TSCM. LSCM revealed the intracellular actin filament organization which, stained with phalloidin-FITC, in migrating endothelial cells, transformed fibroblast-like cells, stroma keratocytes, and epithelial cells during wound healing in corneal tissue. The TSCM provided sequential spatial observation of morphologic changes from endothelium to epithelium of the cornea during in vivo cellular repair of wound healing noninvasively on the same cornea without animal sacrifice. Ex vivo LSCM supported the morphologic analysis of the in vivo TSCM observations.     

Observations of human corneal epithelium by tandem scanning confocal microscope

We applied the tandem scanning confocal microscope (TSCM) to 30 healthy human corneas of 3 normal volunteers and 27 patients with cataract and retinal detachment to observe normal corneal epithelial cells in vivo. All corneas were normal under slit lamp microscopic examination. The superficial and basal epithelial cells close to the basal lamina in the central cornea were recorded on videotape and analyzed by a computer-assisted digitizer. The mean cell areas of superficial cells exposed at the surface and basal cells at the horizontal section were 624 ± 109 μm² and 66 ± 5 μm², respectively. The ratio of superficial to basal mean cell area was 11.0 ± 4.5. TSCM was thus useful in evaluating the relationship between superficial and basal cells in human corneal epithelium in vivo.     

Three-dimensional imaging of corneal cells using in vivo confocal microscopy

Confocal microscopy is a unique and powerful imaging paradigm which allows optical sectioning through intact tissue. Real-time tandem scanning confocal microscopy has previously been used to generate high-magnification two-dimensional (2-D) images of cells in living organ systems. Inherent problems with movement, however, have prevented the in vivo acquisition of complete 3-D datasets. The development of a new objective lens, used in combination with specialized real-time image acquisition procedures, has allowed sequential serial sections to be obtained in vivo from the rabbit cornea for the first time. These sections can be digitially registered and stacked on the computer to provide a 3-D reconstruction of the corneal cells. This technique should serve as a useful method for studying 3-D structures and analysing 4-D phenomena at the cellular level in living animals. Three-dimensional images of a stromal nerve in normal rabbit cornea and of fibroblasts within a rabbit corneal wound are presented as examples of current capabilities.     

Observations of human corneal epithelium by tandem scanning confocal microscope

We applied the tandem scanning confocal microscope (TSCM) to 30 healthy human corneas of 3 normal volunteers and 27 patients with cataract and retinal detachment to observe normal corneal epithelial cells in vivo. All corneas were normal under slit lamp microscopic examination. The superficial and basal epithelial cells close to the basal lamina in the central cornea were recorded on videotape and analyzed by a computer-assisted digitizer. The mean cell areas of superficial cells exposed at the surface and basal cells at the horizontal section were 624 ± 109 μm² and 66 ± 5 μm², respectively. The ratio of superficial to basal mean cell area was 11.0 ± 4.5. TSCM was thus useful in evaluating the relationship between superficial and basal cells in human corneal epithelium in vivo.     

Automated assessment of keratocyte density in clinical confocal microscopy of the corneal stroma

Cell density in the corneal stroma is typically determined by counting the number of bright objects, presumably keratocyte nuclei, in images from clinical confocal microscopy. We present a program that identifies bright objects and counts those that most likely represent cells. Selection variables were determined from 125 normal corneas with cell densities that had been assessed manually. The program was tested on 17 corneas of patients before and at several intervals to 5 years after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery. In these corneas, which showed a decrease in cell density after surgery, the program identified cells as well as human observers did.     

Quantitative three-dimensional confocal imaging of the cornea in situ and in vivo: System design and calibration

A new depth encoding system (DES) is presented, which makes it possible to calculate, display, and record the z-axis position continuously during in vivo imaging using tandem scanning confocal microscopy (TSCM). In order to verify the accuracy of the DES for calculating the position of the focal plane in the cornea both in vitro and in vivo, we compared TSCM measurements of corneal thickness to measurements made using an ultrasonic pachymeter (UP, a standard clinical instrument) in both enucleated rabbit, cat, and human eyes (n = 15), and in human patients (n = 7). Very close agreement was found between the UP and TSCM measurements in enucleated eyes; the mean percent difference was 0.50 ± 2.58% (mean ± SD, not significant). A significant correlation (R=0.995, n=15, p< 0.01) was found between UP and TSCM measurements. These results verify that the theoretical equation for calculating focal depth provided by the TSCM manufacturer is accurate for corneal imaging. Similarly, close agreement was found between the in vivo UP and TSCM measurements; the mean percent difference was 1.67 ± 1.38% (not significant), confirming that z-axis drift can be minimized with proper applanation of the objective. These results confirm the accuracy of the DES for imaging of the cornea both ex vivo and in vivo. This system should be of great utility for applications where quantitation of the three-dimensional location of cellular structures is needed.