DWI联合动脉自旋标记及MRA评价脑梗死缺血半暗带

目的 观察DWI联合动脉自旋标记（ASL）、MRA评价急性脑梗死缺血半暗带（IP）的价值。方法 对40例发病时间在24 h内的急性脑梗死患者行常规MR、MRA、DWI及ASL检查,根据ASL灌注异常区面积与DWI信号异常区面积分为ASL>DWI组、ASL≈DWI组、ASL结果 ASL>DWI组（即IP患者）25例（25/40,62.50%）,血管狭窄程度以0、1级为主;其病灶中心ADC值和rCBF信号强度值与IP区及健侧相比均显著下降（P<0.001）,IP区ADC值与健侧相比未见明显下降（P=0.59）,而rCBF较健侧下降明显（P<0.001）。ASL≈DWI组2例（2/40,5.00%）,ASL结论 ASL技术能探查大面积急性脑梗死的灌注情况;联合应用DWI、ASL、MRA 有助于判断IP。     

亚急性期脑梗死的体素内不相干运动扩散加权成像

目的 探讨体素内不相干运动（IVIM）成像评价亚急性期脑梗死弥散和灌注情况的价值。方法 回顾性分析35例亚急性期脑梗死患者的MR影像资料,包括常规DWI、IVIM成像及三维动脉自旋标记（3D-ASL）序列检查。通过常规DWI序列获得ADC图,IVIM序列获得纯水分子扩散系数（D）图、灌注相关扩散系数（D^*）图、灌注分数（f）图,3D-ASL序列获得脑血流量（CBF）图。分别测量脑梗死灶及对照侧镜像区ADC值、D值、D^*值、f值、CBF值及其相对值（rADC、rD、rD^*、rf、rCBF）。比较脑梗死灶与对照侧镜像区各参数的差异,并分析rADC值与rD、rD^*、rf值的相关性及rCBF值与rD、rD^*、rf值的相关性。结果 脑梗死灶ADC、D、D^*、f、CBF值均较对照侧镜像区减低（P均<0.05）。rADC值与rD、rf值呈正相关（r=0.687、0.601,P=0.005、0.018）;rCBF值与rf值呈正相关（r=0.581,P=0.022）。结论 IVIM成像能同时提供亚急性期脑梗死的灌注及弥散信息,有助于进一步阐明亚急性期脑梗塞的机制。     

动脉自旋标记联合区域性动脉自旋标记技术评估单侧大脑中动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者侧支代偿

目的 观察动脉自旋标记(ASL)联合区域性ASL(t-ASL)技术评估单侧大脑中动脉(MCA)重度狭窄或闭塞患者侧支代偿的价值。方法 回顾性选取52例单侧MCA重度狭窄或闭塞患者(病变组),根据相对脑血流量(rCBF)将其进一步分为侧支循环不良亚组(n=23)及良好亚组(n=29);以55名健康体检者为对照组。基于ASL 和t-ASL图像比较组间及病变组内亚组间脑血流量(CBF)、rCBF及CBF差值(PLD 2 525 ms下CBF－PLD 1 525 ms下CBF),观察侧支代偿来源;以Kendall相关性分析评估各参数与代偿的相关性。结果 病变组患侧与对照组左侧CBF、CBF差值的差异及组间rCBF差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.001),且2组PLD=2 525 ms下CBF均大于PLD=1 525 ms(P均＜0.05),病变组患侧CBF均小于对侧(P均＜0.05)。病变组内2亚组间CBF差值、患侧CBF及rCBF差异(P均＜0.001),以及侧支无代偿和对侧颈内动脉(ICA)+椎基底动脉(VBA)代偿占比差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05)。病变组rCBF(PLD=2 525 ms)与存在VBA侧支代偿呈低度正相关(r=0.397,P=0.004)。结论 ASL联合t-ASL有助于评估单侧MCA狭窄或闭塞患者侧支代偿情况。     

3.0TMR动脉自旋标记及扩散加权成像在足月新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病中的应用

目的 探讨动脉自旋标记(ASL)灌注加权成像及DWI在评价新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)中的应用价值。方法 对临床诊断为HIE的56例足月新生儿(HIE组)行常规MR(T1WI、T2WI、T2 FLAIR)及ASL、DWI,并以10例无HIE病史的轻度高胆红素血症足月新生儿为对照组。以临床诊断结果作为诊断金标准计算敏感度及特异度。选择双侧基底核区(尾状核头、豆状核)、丘脑、额叶白质(侧脑室上缘水平)为ROI,测量两组rCBF及ADC值,并分析两组各ROI的rCBF及ADC值的差异,并分析各ROI rCBF与ADC值的相关性。结果 常规MRI序列检测HIE的敏感度41.38%(12/29)、特异度55.56%(15/27);DWI序列的敏感度及特异度为50.00%(12/24)、46.88%(15/32);ASL检测HIE的敏感度及特异度为34.48%(10/29)、92.59%(25/27)。HIE组丘脑及豆状核rCBF较对照组明显升高(t=2.93、2.74,P=0.004、0.010),尾状核头部与额叶白质的rCBF较对照组差异无统计学意义。HIE组丘脑、额叶白质及豆状核ADC值较对照组减低(t=2.44、2.39、2.25,P=0.025、0.030、0.040)。丘脑和豆状核的rCBF与ADC值呈负相关(r=-0.355,P<0.01,r=-0.471,P=0.02)。结论 HIE时丘脑及豆状核血流量代偿性增加,局部脑组织水分子弥散受限。ASL及DWI技术联合应用有助于反映足月新生儿HIE的病理过程。     

大脑胶质瘤交叉性小脑神经机能联系不能的MR动脉自旋标记灌注成像

目的 采用MR三维动脉自旋标记（3D ASL）灌注成像技术探讨大脑胶质瘤患者交叉性小脑神经机能联系不能（CCD）现象。方法 回顾性分析31名大脑胶质瘤患者和31名正常人的MR资料,采用3D ASL灌注成像技术测量脑组织的脑血流量（CBF）,计算并比较患者小脑半球CBF值不对称指数（AI）改变。分析小脑半球AI与大脑半球肿瘤区域AI、肿瘤级别、病变体积的关系。结果 大脑胶质瘤患者肿瘤对侧小脑半球CBF值较同侧小脑半球降低（t=5.04,P<0.01）,胶质瘤患者小脑半球AI（AI_小脑）较正常人增高（t=4.13,P<0.01）,高级别与低级别胶质瘤间AI_小脑的差异无统计学意义（t=1.31,P>0.05）。患者AI_小脑与大脑肿瘤区域AI（AI_肿瘤：r=-0.28;AI_肿瘤实质：r=-0.24;AI_{肿瘤加水肿}：r=-0.19）、病变体积（r=0.18）均无相关性（P均>0.05）。结论 大脑胶质瘤可出现CCD现象,3D ASL灌注成像可无创定量评估小脑半球低灌注程度,但CCD现象与肿瘤的级别、病变范围及大脑半球AI无明显相关。     

酰胺质子转移成像和扩散加权成像鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变

目的 观察MR酰胺质子转移成像（APTWI）和扩散加权成像（DWI）鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的价值，并分析不同参数间的相关性。方法 对65例乳腺病变患者行APTWI及DWI，测量并比较乳腺良恶性病变间平均ADC（ADC_mean）、最小ADC（ADC_min）及非对称磁化转移率[MTRasym（3.5 ppm）]值的差异；采用ROC曲线评估各参数鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的诊断效能，并分析良恶性病变中各参数间的相关性。结果 共70个病灶纳入研究，包括32个良性（良性组）和38个恶性病灶（恶性组）。良性组ADC_mean、ADC_min及MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值均高于恶性组（t=－5.63、－5.94、－0.24，P均<0.05）；ADC_min、ADC_mean及MTRasym（3.5 ppm）鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的AUC分别为0.850、0.827及0.729（P均<0.01）；ADC_min的AUC大于MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值（Z=1.990，P=0.046），其余各参数AUC差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。恶性组MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值与ADC_mean（r=－0.325，P=0.046）和ADC_min值（r=－0.384，P=0.017）均呈负相关；良性组MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值与ADC_min值呈负相关（r=－0.357，P=0.045）。结论 APTWI及DWI均可用于鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变；相比DWI，APTWI的诊断效能有待进一步提高。     

DWI评价乳腺浸润性导管癌生物学特征

目的 探讨DWI评估乳腺浸润性导管癌（IDC）生物学特征的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的87个乳腺浸润性导管癌的DWI数据,测量ADC值,评价并比较ADC值在不同腋窝淋巴结状态、组织学级别及分子学分型间的差异,并分析ADC值与腋窝淋巴结状态、组织学级别及分子学分型的相关性。结果 淋巴结阳性病灶ADC值低于淋巴结阴性病灶（P=0.035）,高级别乳腺癌ADC值低于中级别、低级别乳腺癌（P=0.021、0.002）,ADC值在不同分子分型间差异无统计学意义。ADC值与组织学分级呈低度负相关（r_s=-0.357,P=0.001）,与腋窝淋巴结转移及分子分型呈弱的负相关（r_s=-0.227,P=0.034;r_s=-0.093,P<0.001）。结论 DWI能够反映乳腺浸润性导管癌的生物学特征。     

基于动脉自旋标记及DTI评价脑小血管病患者脑灌注及白质微结构变化

目的 应用动脉自旋标记（ASL）及DTI技术探讨脑小血管病（cSVD）患者常规扫描表现正常白质（NAWM）区脑灌注及白质微结构变化。方法 对23例cSVD患者（cSVD组）及13名年龄、性别匹配的健康志愿者（对照组）行常规MR、ASL及DTI检查,测量双侧额叶、顶叶、半卵圆中心、胼胝体膝部及压部常规扫描NAWM区的各向异性分数（FA）值、表观扩散系数（ADC）值、脑血流量（CBF）值,比较cSVD组与对照组间的差异,并进一步分析cSVD组FA值及ADC值与CBF值的相关性。结果 cSVD组双侧额叶、顶叶FA值较对照组减低,ADC值升高（P均<0.05）;双侧半卵圆中心FA值及右侧半卵圆中心CBF值均较对照组减低（P均<0.05）。双侧额叶、顶叶白质及右侧半卵圆中心的FA值与CBF呈正相关（r=0.51、0.46、0.22、0.27、0.33,P均<0.05）,双侧额叶ADC与CBF值呈负相关（r=-0.50、-0.38,P均<0.05）。结论 DTI能反映cSVD患者早期隐匿性脑白质损伤,以双侧额叶FA值改变最为明显。     

DWI评估N-乙酰-5-羟色胺对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑水肿的影响

目的 采用DWI观察N-乙酰-5-羟色胺（NAS）对急性局灶性脑缺血再灌注（IR）大鼠脑水肿的神经保护作用。方法 将66只大鼠随机分为假手术组（n=10）、大脑中动脉阻塞（MCAO）组（n=28）和NAS组（n=28）。对MCAO组和NAS组大鼠IR后6 h、24 h、72 h、7天,对假手术组于72 h,分别行DWI和病理学检查,比较3组不同时间点脑梗死区相对ADC值（rADC）、相对指数ADC值（reADC）、水通道蛋白4（AQP4）阳性细胞数的变化。IR后72 h,测量各组脑组织含水量的变化。结果 假手术组大鼠MRI检测未见异常信号。NAS组与MCAO组大鼠DWI图均可见损伤侧大脑皮层及纹状体异常高信号,ADC图为低信号,eADC图为高信号。IR后6、24、72 h,NAS组rADC值均高于MCAO组（P均<0.05）,reADC值和AQP4阳性细胞数低于MCAO组（P均<0.05）;IR后7天,各组rADC值、reADC值及AQP4阳性细胞数差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。IR后72 h,NAS组大鼠脑组织水含量低于MCAO组（P<0.05）。结论 NAS可减轻急性IR脑损伤大鼠脑水肿,其机制可能与下调AQP4蛋白的表达有关;DWI对评价NAS的神经保护作用具有重要价值。     

功能MRI联合临床预后因素预测同步放化疗治疗宫颈鳞癌疗效

目的 探讨功能MRI联合临床预后因素（CPF）预测同步放化疗（CCRT）对于宫颈鳞癌疗效的诊断效能。方法 对59例宫颈鳞癌接受CCRT患者于治疗前及治疗后3个月行DWI和动态对比增强MRI（DCE-MRI）。根据治疗后MRI及临床检查结果，将其分为肿瘤残余组（n=19）和无肿瘤残余组（n=40），比较2组间MRI和CPF差异，绘制MRI参数的ROC曲线，并计算其AUC，评估其诊断效能；分析宫颈鳞癌CCRT预后因素。结果 肿瘤残余组治疗前肿瘤低强化区最大上升斜率（MSI_L）和信号强化率（SER_L）低于无肿瘤残余组（P均<0.01），而ADC和CPF中患者FIGO分期及淋巴结转移例数均高于无肿瘤残余组（P均<0.05）。MSI_L联合ADC值预测CCRT后肿瘤残余的诊断效能高于单一MRI参数；MRI多参数联合CPF可提高其诊断效能。治疗前MSI_L和ADC值是宫颈鳞癌治疗后肿瘤残余的独立预后因素。结论 治疗前MSI_L和ADC值是宫颈鳞癌CCRT治疗后肿瘤残余的独立预后因素。MRI多参数联合CPF可提高预测宫颈鳞癌CCRT疗效的诊断效能。     

现代残疾康复理念、政策与社区康复体系研究

本研究分析了当代残疾康复的理念和理论架构,构建了以国际公约、决议和政策、国内法律和政策以及操作性工具3个层次的康复理论体系;运用包容性发展,分析探讨了当代社区康复的体系和特点;就发展康复事业、为残疾人提供全面系统的康复服务提出相关的政策建议。     

国内外唇腭裂专科护理发展现状的文献研究及分析

目的了解和分析国内唇腭裂专科护理工作发展的现状。方法检索并分析万方医学网、中国知网、Springer Link及PubMed英文数据库近6年有关唇腭裂手术的围术期护理、患儿的喂养、手术安全管理、围术期疼痛研究以及心理护理的相关文献。结果共检索出国内文献89篇(核心期刊20篇)、国外文献22篇,其中围术期护理38篇、患儿的喂养16篇、手术安全管理10篇、围术期疼痛研究10篇、心理护理15篇。结论与国外文献相比,国内论文总结和回顾性居多,应增加研究探讨性论文,从而促进唇腭裂临床护理工作专科化的发展。     

城乡学童个性行为特征调查

目的探讨农村与城市儿童的个性行为特征。方法将97名农村学龄儿童设为农村组,97名城市学龄儿童设为城市组,采用艾森克个性问卷一儿童版和Achenbach’s 行为量表一儿童版进行评定分析。结果两组学龄儿童艾森克个性问卷各维度评分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）,且与全国常模相一致（P均〉0．05）;农村组男学童Achenbach’s行为量表违纪行为、攻击行为及外向型因子分均显著高于城市组,女学童退缩、社交问题因子分均显著高于城市组（P〈0．05或0．01）,其他因子分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。结论农村与城市儿童个性无显著差异,而农村儿童存在较多的行为问题,可能与其所受教养和生活方式有关。     

Comparison of short-term and long-term protocols for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium

Molecular tools continue to be important in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. However, using these techniques directly in the field remains a major challenge. Therefore, the preservation of clinical samples collected from endemic field areas for later analysis remains an important preanalytical process. This study aimed at identifying a suitable protocol for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA in bioclinical specimens for Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium research. Both spiked and unspiked blood samples were preserved in 7 protocols (different media; storage temperatures). Samples were evaluated for possible degradation of DNA and RNA along the storage duration up to the 10th week. Nucleic acid targets were assessed as follows: (i) Trypanosoma and Plasmodium RNA analysis was done using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) for 18S rRNA and for stage-specific Pfs25 mRNA, respectively; (ii) Trypanosoma DNA assessment analysis was conducted by using a conventional PCR for 18S rDNA; (iii) Leishmania RNA analysis was performed with a quantitative NASBA for 18S rRNA and Leishmania DNA assessment with an RT-PCR for 18S rDNA. Findings suggested that a newly developed L3™ buffer proved to be reliable and suitable for both short- and long-term preservation of parasite nucleic acid material. This buffer is envisaged to be suitable for utilization in field situations where resources are limited.     

Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention

In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world; the last known natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the United States had stopped routinely vaccinating its citizens in 1972. However, with increasing concerns regarding domestic and international terrorism, smallpox has resurfaced as a potential threat to global health. We review the direct and indirect modes of smallpox transmission and how patterns of transmission vary substantially, depending on the severity of circulating disease, vaccination status, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the setting of an outbreak. We examine mechanisms for controlling outbreaks of disease and preventing further transmission in the event of an outbreak, with an emphasis on smallpox vaccination.     

Prevalence and severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and effect of vitamin supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: Although nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is the most common medical condition during pregnancy, there are many unanswered questions regarding its cause, epidemiologic features and optimal management. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of nausea and vomiting in a sample of Canadian women, to characterize the distribution of their severity and to investigate the role of vitamin B6 deficiency in their etiology. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Antenatal counselling service for pregnant women. PATIENTS: Three cohorts of women: a prospective, population-based cohort of 193 women, to estimate the rate and severity of nausea and vomiting (cohort A); a cohort of 555 women who sought advice for nausea with or without vomiting, to study the correlation between the maximal daily number of episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss (cohort B); and a prospective cohort of 301 women who reported vomiting, to correlate vitamin supplementation with vomiting (cohort C). INTERVENTIONS: All 3 cohorts were interviewed during the counselling session, and cohort B was followed up prospectively. OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of nausea and vomiting, weight loss, maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting, rate of multivitamin supplementation. RESULTS: Overall, 67% of the women in cohort A reported experiencing nausea or vomiting, or both; 22% reported vomiting, and 9% experienced weight loss. In cohort B there was a significant correlation between the maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss, although there was wide variation (r2 = 0.25, p < 0.001). There was a highly significant correlation between the number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss (r2 = 0.99). In cohort C, vomiting was significantly associated with lack of supplementation with multivitamins before 6 weeks' gestation (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The relation between number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss may serve as a clinical tool to assess the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and the success of anti-emetics and rehydration regimens. Further study is needed to elucidate the biologic basis of the observed association between vomiting and lack of multivitamin supplementation in early pregnancy.     

History of violence and subjective health of mother and child

Objective: To study the self-reported prevalence of experienced violence among a cohort of women about two years after giving birth, their health during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes and their experience of their child’s health.

Setting and subjects: In 2011, a total of 657 women participated in phase III of the Childbirth and Health Cohort Study in Icelandic Primary Health Care, 18 to 24 months after delivery. The women had previously participated in phase I around pregnancy week 16 and phase II 5–6 months after delivery. Data were collected by postal questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Women’s reported history of experienced violence, sociodemographic and obstetric background, self-perceived health, the use of medications and their child’s perceived health.

Results: In phase III, 16% of women reported experiencing violence. These women felt less support from their current partner (p?p?p?p?p?p?=?0.008).

Conclusions: Our study confirms that a history of violence is common among women. A history of violence is associated with various maternal health problems during and after pregnancy, a higher rate of caesarean sections and maternal reports of health problems in their child 18–24 months after birth.

• KEY POINTS

• Violence is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the impact of violence on human health and developing effective preventive measures are important elements of any public health agenda.

• ??The reported prevalence of experiencing violence was 16% among women attending antenatal care in the primary health care setting in Iceland.

• ??Women with a history of violence reported worse health in general during pregnancy and delivered more often by caesarean section, compared to women with no such history.

• ??Mothers with a history of violence also evaluated the general health of their child as worse than women with no such history.

• ??The findings of this study support the importance of recognizing and addressing experienced violence among women in primary care.

     

我院文职护士管理和培训的实践与体会

目的构建文职护士培训、使用及管理的科学方法。方法通过规范管理、科学施训、作为骨干大胆任用等多种管理方式,使文职护士得到充分的发展。结果文职护士群体成长为医院优秀骨干,首批满3年的文职护士顺利通过续聘考核。结论科学的管理培训是文职护士成长的重要基石,对医院护理管理有着重要作用。     

通用设计原则与产品研发策略

本文介绍了通用设计的概念和设计原则,并阐述了根据此原则实施通用设计的产品研发策略。通用设计惠及的不仅是残疾人,也惠及了包括普通公众在内的广泛人群,以及企业。应将通用设计的原理应融入政府相关政策和未来发展的规划中,为残疾人以及更多人群提供合理便利的通用设计产品。     

骨脂肪瘤及血管脂肪瘤的CT及MRI表现:9例报告并文献复习

目的探讨骨脂肪瘤及血管脂肪瘤的CT及MRI表现。方法收集手术病理证实的9例骨脂肪瘤及血管脂肪瘤的临床及影像学资料,9例术前8例接受CT扫描,3例接受MRI检查。结果9例中骨脂肪瘤6例,骨血管脂肪瘤3例。6例骨脂肪瘤发生于骨内4例,骨旁2例。骨内脂肪瘤跟骨1例,距骨1例,眶骨1例,肱骨1例。骨旁脂肪瘤颅骨1例,股骨1例。骨血管脂肪瘤发生于肋骨1例,颅骨1例,椎骨1例。骨内脂肪瘤CT显示病变骨质呈轻度膨胀性改变,边缘见轻度硬化环,病灶内见脂肪密度及条弧形、结节状钙化,MRI显示病灶T1WI呈高信号,PDWI及T2WI抑脂序列呈低信号。骨旁脂肪瘤CT呈不均匀高密度团块,MRI显示病灶T1WI呈高信号,T1WI及T2WI抑脂序列呈低信号。3例骨血管脂肪瘤CT显示病变骨质呈显著膨胀性改变,骨破坏边缘及内部见多发骨嵴及粗大骨小梁,高密度骨针呈放射状、簇状或不规则排列。结论骨内脂肪瘤及血管脂肪瘤CT及MRI表现均以脂肪成分为主要特征,骨旁脂肪瘤CT以骨化性团块为特征,骨血管脂肪瘤骨质膨胀性改变较骨内脂肪瘤显著,病灶边缘及中心以多发骨嵴及粗大骨小梁为特征。