4375例输血前4项检测结果分析

目的：了解患者输血前传染性病原体感染状况。方法：运用酶联免疫吸附试验法和甲苯胺不加热血清试验法对4375例住院患者进行HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、梅毒等“输血前4项”检测。结果：4375例患者检测总阳性率505例（11．54％），其中HBsAg阳性439例（10．03％）、抗-HCV58例（1．32％），抗HIV阳性2例（0．05％）、RPR6例（0．14％）。结论：进行输血前4项检测有利于患者的治疗及医院感染的预防，减少因输血而引起的医疗纠纷。     

浅谈术前检测输血5项的必要性

目的：加强医务人员对患者术前检测输血5项的重视，减少医院内感染。方法：回顾我院2006年1月-2007年1月检测输血5项7919例，分析各项传染病指标的阳性率，用以说明医务人员感染的潜在危险性。结果：各项传染病指标阳性率分别为谷丙转氨酶（ALT）9．89％、乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）11．3％、丙型肝炎抗体（抗-HCV）1．16％、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体（抗-HIV）0．025％、梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体（TP）1.84％。结论：术前检测输血五项不仅可以了解患者病情，提高医务人员自我防护意识，减少医院内感染，还可以作为处理医疗纠纷的依据，对医患双方都有重要意义，应引起各级医院的重视。     

手术及输血前患者肝炎感染情况调查

目的：了解手术及输血前患者肝炎感染情况，探讨医源性肝炎传染的风险，避免可能发生的医疗纠纷。方法：对6147例手术及输血前患者采用ELISA法检测HBsAg、HBsAb、HBeAg、HBeAb、HBcAb、抗-HCV；采用速率法测ALT。结果：患者血液异常的总阳性率为23．6％，其中HBsAg阳性867人（阳性率14．1％）、HBcAb阳性287人（阳性率4．52％）、抗-HCV阳性88人（阳性率1．43％）、ALT阳性573人（阳性率9．32％）。结论：对患者进行手术及输血前肝炎指标检测有利于患者的治疗及医务人员的自我保护，还可减少或避免因手术及输血而引起的医疗纠纷及防止医院感染。     

患者输血前感染性指标检测的临床意义

目的：探讨对患者输血前4项感染性指标进行常规检测的临床意义。方法：对2006年1月-2007年12月7892例患者输血前进行乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）、丙肝病毒抗体（抗HCV）、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体（抗-HIV）、梅毒抗体检测分析。所有检测项目均严格按照试剂盒操作说明书进行,同时进行质量控制。结果：7892例患者中,HBSAg阳性率为12．8％;抗-HCV阳性率为0．78％;抗-HIV阳性率0．07％;梅毒抗体阳性率1．52％。结论：对患者输血前进行4项感染性指标检测,对于规范医疗行为、预防血液传播性疾病、减少因输血后感染引起医疗纠纷的发生均具有十分重要的作用,对患者、医院及供血单位均具有保护意义。     

手术前和输血前血液传播性疾病感染因子检测及意义

目的：通过对手术前和输血前患者乙肝5项、HCV、HIV、TP等血液传播性疾病感染因子标记物及ALT检测,探讨其在医院感染控制、化解医疗风险和减少医疗纠纷中的作用。方法：采用ELISA法检测19 592例手术前和输血前患者乙肝5项指标、丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗-HCV）、艾滋病病毒抗体（抗-HIV）、梅毒螺旋体抗体（抗-TP）,谷丙转氨酶（ALT）采用速率法。结果：单项HBsAg阳性率为16.09%,HBsAg加HBeAg阳性率1.62%,HBsAg加HBeAg加HBcAb阳性率7.16%,HBsAg加HBeAb加HBcAb阳性率8.49%,HBsAg加HBcAb阳性率0.51%,单项HBeAb阳性率0.59%,单项HBcAb阳性率4.76%;HBV总阳性率为38.92%。抗-HIV阳性率0.087%;抗-TP阳性率0.74%;抗-HCV阳性率1.27%;4898例ALT〉40 U/L,阳性率25%。17例抗-HIV阳性病例中HIV重叠感染HBV 7例（41.18%）;HIV重叠感染HCV 3例（17.65%）;HIV同时感染HCV和HBV三重感染2例（11.76%）。结论：①手术前和输血前进行相关感染疾病标记物的检测对防范手术和输血风险是十分必要的。②要加大经费和技术投入,最大限度的选用灵敏度高、重复性好的试剂和仪器,尽可能的采用能缩短＂窗口期＂的试剂,进一步提高检出率,才能有效地减少输血和手术医疗风险和纠纷的发生。     

4825例外科患者输血和手术前传染病检测结果分析

目的 探讨外科患者输血和手术前传染病感染情况。方法 选择本院2004年2月至2005年2月4825例外科输血和手术患者，输血和手术前进行乙肝五项、抗-HCV、艾滋病抗体（抗-HIV）和梅毒抗体检测分析。结果 乙肝五项皆阴性者2475份，占51．30％；1项或多项阳性者2350份，阳性率为48．70％。结论 外科患者输血和手术前，传染病有一定的感染率，尤其是乙肝感染率。因此，外科患者输血和手术前进行传染病检测很有必要，可减少或避免医院感染和医疗纠纷的发生。     

受血者输血前血源性感染疾病检测意义探讨

目的：探讨我院受血者输血前乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBSAg）、丙型肝炎抗体（抗-HCV）、爱滋病抗体（抗-HIV）、梅毒抗体（RPR）检测在医院感染中的临床意义。方法：对2004-2006年我院4996例受血者输血前血液HBSAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、PRP检测结果分析。结果：检出HBSAg、抗-HCV、PRP阳性率分别为10．91％、0.96％及0．10％，未检测出抗-HIV阳性。结论：受血者输血前血源性感染指标检测能更好控制医院感染，对保证安全输血及保护医患双方均有重要意义。     

手术、分娩及输血前患者血液感染性指标检测结果分析

目的:了解手术、分娩及输血前患者乙型肝炎病毒、丙型肝炎病毒、梅毒螺旋体及人类免疫缺陷病毒血液感染性指标的感染情况。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对手术、分娩及输血前患者行乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、丙型肝炎抗体(抗-HCV)、梅毒螺旋体抗体(抗-TP)及人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(抗-HIV)检测。结果:23 516例患者总阳性率为11.95%,HBsAg、抗-TP、抗-HCV及抗-HIV分别检出2 300例(9.78%)、322例(1.40%)、175例(0.74%)和13例(0.05%),HBsAg阳性率高于其他3项检测指标,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);男性患者感染性指标总阳性率显著高于女性(P<0.05);不同年度感染性指标阳性率比较差异无统计学意义。结论:对手术、分娩及输血前患者进行血液感染性标志物的检测可有效预防和减少医疗纠纷的发生,避免医源性交叉感染。     

1242例受血患者输血前相关病原标志物检测结果分析

目的：对受血患者进行输血前相关病原学标志物的检测，了解患者输血前状况，预防临床输血引起的医疗纠纷。方法：用酶联免疫吸附试验技术（ELISA）对1242例受血患者进行乙肝病毒标志物以及艾滋病（HIV）抗体、丙型肝炎（HCV）抗体检测；用甲苯胺红不加热血清反应素试验对梅毒进行检测。结果：1242例受血患者HBsAg阳性率为10．15％；HBcAb（IgG）阳性率为10．15％；HBeAg阳性率为2．90％；HBeAb阳性率为6．28％；HCV抗体阳性率为0．97％；HIV抗体阳性率为0％；梅毒阳性率为0．32％。结论：HIV、病毒性肝炎及梅毒等感染途径多种多样，判断是否由输血所致，必须对受血患者进行输血前相关病原学标志物的检测，及时发现阳性患者，否则感染来源难以界定，极易造成医疗纠纷。     

台州地区2072例患者输血前4项感染性指标检测情况分析

目的:了解台州地区拟输血患者经输血传播疾病的感染状况,减少输血医疗纠纷,保证临床输血的安全。方法:用ELISA法检测2 072例准备输血患者的HBsAg(定性),抗HCV抗体,TPPA抗体和HIV抗体4项感染性指标。结果:2 072例患者中,HBsAg阳性率8.16%,抗HCV阳性率0.63%,TPPA阳性率1.16%,抗HIV阳性率0.14%。结论:通过输血前感染指标检测,明确患者的感染情况,保护医患双方的利益,避免输血引起的医患纠纷。     

Prevalence and genomic variability of transfusion transmitted virus in Italian cryptogenic chronic liver disease and healthy blood donors

BACKGROUND: Infection with transfusion transmitted virus, a new member of the Parvoviridae family, has been found in patients both with chronic and fulminant post-transfusion cryptogenic hepatitis. AIM: To evaluate the prevalence and clinical impact of transfusion transmitted virus infection in Italy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Studies were carried out on 256 patients and control subjects from three centres from Northern, Central and Southern Italy (92 nonA-nonC chronic hepatitis, 10 acute non fulminant cryptogenic hepatitis, 41 hepatitis C virus-related chronic hepatitis and 113 blood donors). Serum transfusion transmitted virus was detected by nested polymerase chain reaction using two overlapping sets of primers. RESULTS: A total of 52 of the 92 patients (54.3%) with chronic cryptogenic liver disease and 17 of the 41 hepatitis C virus chronic hepatitis patients (41.4%) were transfusion transmitted virus-DNA positive. Transfusion transmitted virus co-infection in hepatitis C virus patients was not associated with either a higher severity of liver histology or higher alanine transaminase levels or signs of cholestasis, transfusion transmitted virus was found in 48 out of 113 (42.4%) blood donors. In the majority of samples, transfusion transmitted virus DNA was detected with only one of the two sets of primers used. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis performed on 21 randomly selected viral isolates showed the presence of both type 1 and type 2 transfusion transmitted virus and allowed identification of two isolates with high homology to genotype 6, described, so far, mostly in Japan. CONCLUSIONS: Transfusion transmitted virus type 1 and 2 infection is common among blood donors and patients with liver disease in Italy. The pathogenic potential of transfusion transmitted virus type 1 and 2 in nonA-nonC hepatitis patients is unlikely but further studies are needed to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical impact of other transfusion transmitted virus subtypes.     

TT viral infection through blood transfusion: retrospective investigation on patients in a prospective study of post-transfusion hepatitis

AIM To investigate the role of blood transfusion in TT viral infection (TTV).METHODS We retrospectively studied serum samples from 192 transfusion recipients who underwent cardiovascular surgery and blood transfusion between July 1991 and June 1992. All patients had a follow-up every other week for at least 6 months after transfusion. Eighty recipients recipents blood before screening donors for hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV), and 112 recipients reveiver screened blood.Recipients with alanine aminotransferase level ＞ 2.5 times the upper normal limit were tested for serological markers for viral hepatitis A, B,C, G, Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus.TTV infection was defined by the positivity for serum TTV DNA using the polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS Eleven and three patients, who reveiver anti-HCV unscreened and screened blood, respectively, had serum ALT levels ＞90 IU/L. Five patients (HCV and TTV: 1; HCV,HGV, and TTV: 1; TTV: 2; and CMV and TTV: 1 )were positive for TTV DNA, and four of them had sero-conversion of TTV DNA. CONCLUSION TTV can be transmitted via blood transfusion. Two recipients infected by TTV alone may be associated with the hepatitis.However, whether TTV was the causal agent remains unsettled, and further studies are necessary to define the role of TTV infection in chronic hepatitis.     

Pathogen inactivation technology: cleansing the blood supply

The calculated residual infectious risk of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) from blood transfusion is extremely low. However, the risk of bacterial contamination remains and a variety of other agents including emerging viruses, protozoa and tick-borne agents threaten blood supplies and undermine public confidence in blood safety. Traditional methods of donor screening and testing have limited ability to further reduce disease transmission and cannot prevent an emerging infectious agent from entering the blood supply. Pathogen inactivation technologies have all but eliminated the infectious risks of plasma-derived protein fractions, but as yet no technique has proved sufficiently safe and effective for traditional blood components. Half-way technologies can reduce the risk of pathogen transmission from fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate. Traditional methods of mechanical removal such as washing and filtration have limited success in reducing the risk of cell-associated agents, but methods aimed at sterilizing blood have either proved toxic to the cells or to the recipients of blood components. Several promising methods that target pathogen nucleic acid have recently entered clinical testing.     

Pharmaco-economics of blood transfusion safety: review of the available evidence

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pharmaco-economics provides a standardized methodology for valid comparisons of interventions in different fields of health care. The role of pharmaco-economics in the safety of blood and blood products has, however, been very limited to date. This review discusses the pharmaco-economic evaluations of strategies to enhance blood product safety that have been published in the scientific literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed pharmaco-economic methodology with special reference to cost-effectiveness analysis. We searched the literature for cost-effectiveness in blood product safety. RESULT: Net costs per quality adjusted life-year (QALY) gained varied from cost-saving for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody screening and leucoreduction to several million US dollars per QALY gained for solvent-detergent treatment of plasma, nucleic acid amplification testing and HIV p24 antigen testing. CONCLUSIONS: To date the safety of blood transfusion has been largely determined by available technology, irrespective of pharmaco-economics. Net costs up to several million US dollars per QALY gained were found for interventions implemented.     

Anti-HCV antibody in Chinese cirrhotic patients with or without hepatocellular carcinoma: Relation to multitransfusion

To investigate the positive rates of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in Chinese cirrhotic patients with or without hepatocellular carcinoma and to evaluate the influence of blood transfusion on the prevalence of anti-HCV in such patients, a longitudinal study in 30 cirrhotic patients (17 combined with hepatocellular carcinoma) was carried out. Five patients (16.7%) were anti-HCV positive before transfusion. The positive rate of anti-HCV in HBsAg-positive patients and HBsAg-negative patients was 9.5% (2/21) and 33.3% (3/9), respectively. The positive rates in cirrhotic patients with or without hepatocellular carcinoma were 23.5% (4/17) and 7.7% (1/13), respectively. The positive rate of anti-HCV increased significantly after multitransfusion, and the estimated infectivity of blood products was 6.1 patients per 1000 units of blood products. It was concluded that the aetiological role of hepatitis C virus on liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in the endemic area of hepatitis B virus is not so important as in Western countries, and transfusion might result in an overestimated pathogenic effect of hepatitis C virus in cirrhotic patients and patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.     

Hepatitis E virus infection in patients from Saudi Arabia with sickle cell anaemia and β-thalassemia major: possible transmission by blood transfusion

SUMMARY. The seroprevalence of antibodies against hepatitis E virus (HEV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) was investigated in Saudi children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) (50 patients: 28 boys, 22 girls; age range 2–14 years) and P-thalassemia major (28 patients: 12 boys. 16 girls; age range 2–12 years). The SCA patients were from the Gizan area (South) while the thalassemics were from the Riyadh area (Central province). The prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibody (HEVAb) in patients with SCA (18.0%) and in those with β-thalassemia major (10.7%) was higher than in the control groups (5.5% and 2.8%) but this did not reach the level of statistical significance. In contrast to the situation with HEV, hepatitis C virus antibody (HCVAb) positivity was significantly higher in patients with SCA (16.0%) and in thalassemics (57.1%) than in the respective control groups. Although the difference in HEV seropositivity between P-thalassemia major, SCA patients and their respective controls is not statistically significant, the possibility of blood-borne HEV in the Saudi population cannot be excluded. Further investigations using HEV-specific polymerase chain reaction techniques are required to confirm whether transmission of HEV through blood preparations or transfusion is possible.     

Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses and syphilis among blood donors in Koudougou (Burkina Faso) in 2009

Background

The high prevalence of numerous transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis in sub-Saharan Africa affects the safety of blood for recipients. This study was undertaken with the aim of determining the seroprevalence of HIV, HCV, HBV, syphilis and socio-demographic risk factors associated with blood donation in a new regional blood transfusion centre in Burkina Faso.

Material and methods

Sera samples were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to HCV, HIV types 1 and 2 and to Treponema pallidum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and Rapid Plasma Reagin test (RPR) respectively. All the reactive samples for HIV, HBsAg, and HCV were confirmed using a second enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Antibodies to Treponema pallidum were confirmed with a Treponema pallidum haemagglutination test (TPHA).

Results

From the total of 4,520 blood donors in 2009, 1,348 (29.82%) were infected with at least one pathogen and 149 (3.30%) had serological evidence of multiple infections. The overall seroprevalence rate of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis was 2.21%, 14.96%, 8.69% and 3.96%, respectively. Among blood donors with multiples infections, the most common dual or triple combinations were HBsAg-HCV (1.39%), HBsAg-syphilis (0.66%) and HBsAg-HCV-syphilis (0.11%). The highest prevalences of HBsAg and HIV were found among blood donors from rural areas and in the age groups of 20–29 years and >40 years old, respectively.

Conclusion

HBV and HCV remain the greatest threats to blood safety in Burkina Faso. Strict selection and retention of voluntary, non-remunerated low-risk blood donors are recommended to improve blood safety in the regional blood transfusion centre of Koudougou.     

Current risks of viral hepatitis from blood transfusions

The incidence of transfusion-associated hepatitis in the United States has fallen dramatically since the late 1960s. Where once the risks were so great that as many as one in three transfused patients contracted hepatitis, now they are infinitesimal. Many factors share responsibility for this accomplishment; however, two stand above the rest: (i) improved donor selection and screening criteria, especially elimination of paid blood donations; and (ii) major advances in testing for viral hepatitis carriers. Currently, four tests are used for the prevention of transfusion-associated hepatitis: (i) hepatitis B surface antigen; (ii) hepatitis C virus antibody; (iii) hepatitis B core antibody; and (iv) alanine aminotransferase. The first two tests are largely responsible for the current low risks of transfusion-associated hepatitis due to hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus of 1 in 63000 and 1 in 125000, per unit, respectively. To further reduce the risks of transfusion-associated hepatitis will require the enhanced sensitivity provided by nucleic acid amplification techniques (e.g. polymerase chain reaction). Currently, however, no such tests are licensed and practical, automated, or inexpensive enough for individual blood donor screening. We have made such great strides in the prevention of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis that background rates of viral hepatitis now greatly exceed the risk of transmission via transfusion. For this reason, while it may still be reasonable to consider a transfusion as a possible cause for hepatitis, it is imperative that many other possibilities (e.g., iatrogenic and other risk factors) be ruled out.     

First report of human immunodeficiency virus transmission via an RNA-screened blood donation

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Blood banks in the USA have recently introduced minipool nucleic acid amplification testing (MP-NAT) of blood products to reduce the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) by transfusions. However, MP-NAT is limited in its ability to detect preseroconversion samples with very low viral RNA loads. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To determine whether a red blood cell unit, from an MP-NAT-negative donation, transmitted HIV when transfused to a patient, we compared the viral sequences from the blood donor and recipient. The implicated donation was also tested by commercially available NAT assays at a range of dilution factors to determine whether the infectious unit could have been detected using individual-donation NAT (ID-NAT). RESULTS: Phylogenetic linkage of HIV sequences in the blood donor and recipient confirmed the transmission of HIV by blood transfusion, the first such case identified since introduction of MP-NAT screening in 1999. Viral RNA was reliably detected by ID-NAT, but only inconsistently detected by MP-NAT. CONCLUSIONS: Even following the introduction of MP-NAT, a preseroconversion donation with a viral load of 相似文献   

Prospective controlled study of posttransfusion hepatitis after cardiac surgery in a large referral hospital in India

ABSTRACT— We studied the risk of post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH) in recipients of blood collected from voluntary donors screened for HBsAg. Two hundred and fifty patients without any previous history of liver disease or transfusion were followed up for 12 months subsequent to cardiac surgery. Thirty-five of them had closed-heart surgery without receiving transfusion and served as controls. The remaining 215 patients received single-point transfusions (mean 4 ± 2.4 units). None of the controls and 15 (6.9%) blood recipients developed PTH. Three (20%) patients had hepatitis-B-virus-induced hepatitis while the remainder (80%) had non A, non B (NANB) hepatitis. The number of units of blood transfused and surrogate markers for development of PTH (donor alanine aminotransferase, anti-HBc and anti-HBs antibody) were not associated with the occurrence of PTH (p>0.05). Nine (60%) of the 15 patients developing PTH were asymptomatic. All the patients recovered from the PTH, except one who died of fulminant hepatitis. At the end of 1 year of follow-up, none of the patients had evidence of chronic hepatitis. Only three (25%) of the patients with NANB-PTH developed anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody during the follow-up. We conclude that the incidence of PTH in India is similar to other parts of the world and NANB virus was the major cause of the PTH. The absence of chronicity and lack of seroconversion to anti-HCV antibody in the majority of the patients after 1 year of follow-up may suggest the possibility of a NANB virus other than HCV as the major cause of PTH in India.