超声监护下免疫抑制大鼠肝癌模型的建立

目的　用超声监测免疫抑制大鼠肝癌模型的建立情况。方法　将CBRH 7919大鼠肝癌细胞注入经60 Co照射和氢化可的松联合免疫抑制的 1只大鼠皮下 ,2周后将生成的肿块接种于免疫抑制的 2 0只大鼠肝内。超声下观察肝内肿块的灰阶和彩色多普勒表现。 2周后处死动物 ,并对肝内肿块做常规病理检查。结果　 3只肝内接种的大鼠在实验中死亡 ,余 17只接种 2周后超声检查均可见肝内肿块生成 ,肿块直径平均为 (1.0 2± 0 .15 )cm。大鼠肝癌原位模型成功率为85 %。病理证实肿块均为肝细胞癌。结论　通过免疫抑制可建立大鼠CBRH 7919肝细胞癌模型 ,超声可监测此模型的生长状况。这为肝癌影像学诊断和局部治疗提供了一种较理想的肝细胞癌模型。     

大鼠种植性CBRH-7919肝癌模型的MRI、数字减影血管造影及病理学表现

背景：大鼠种植性CBRH-7919肝癌模型是肝癌实验性治疗和影像学诊断研究重要的工具,但模型建立后如何对模型进行检测和验证鲜有报道。目的：通过彩色超声、MRI及肝动脉血管数字减影血管造影检查的方法来检测和验证Wistar大鼠种植性CBRH-7919肝癌模型,并探讨大鼠种植性CBRH-7919肝癌模型的影像学及病理表现。方法：CBRH-7919大鼠肝癌细胞瘤株接种裸鼠双侧肩胛部皮下,再将生成的肿瘤组织在开腹直视下移植接种于成年Wistar大鼠肝脏内,建立大鼠种植性CBRH-7919肝癌模型。模型建立4周后用彩超检查、筛选建模成功的Wistar大鼠进行MRI检查、肝动脉血管数字减影血管造影及病理学检查。结果与结论：在建模成功的35只大鼠中,超声检查发现37个结节,MRI检查发现肝脏内共41个结节,较超声增加4个;最小的结节约3mm,最大约8mm。MRI扫描显示T1WI表现为低信号,T2WI及脂肪抑制序列表现高信号。肝动脉血管数字减影血管造影均表现由肝动脉供血的富血供结节。光学显微镜下观察可见肿瘤细胞呈巢状或条块状排列,周围伴行多条血管,肿瘤细胞体积大小不一致,核大而浓染,细胞质少,异型性明显。结果表明彩超和核磁共振扫描是大鼠肝癌检查简单而有效的方法,肝动脉血管数字减影血管造影可以了解肿块的供血动脉及其血供情况。通过对Wistar大鼠种植性肝癌模型的MRI及肝动脉血管数字减影血管造影表现能反映肿瘤的病理形态学和生物学行为改变。     

大鼠种植性CBRH-7919肝癌模型的MRI、数字减影血管造影及病理学表现

背景:大鼠种植性CBRH-7919肝癌模型是肝癌实验性治疗和影像学诊断研究重要的工具,但模型建立后如何对模型进行检测和验证鲜有报道。目的:通过彩色超声、MRI及肝动脉血管数字减影血管造影检查的方法来检测和验证Wistar大鼠种植性CBRH-7919肝癌模型,并探讨大鼠种植性CBRH-7919肝癌模型的影像学及病理表现。方法:CBRH-7919大鼠肝癌细胞瘤株接种裸鼠双侧肩胛部皮下,再将生成的肿瘤组织在开腹直视下移植接种于成年Wistar大鼠肝脏内,建立大鼠种植性CBRH-7919肝癌模型。模型建立4周后用彩超检查、筛选建模成功的Wistar大鼠进行MRI检查、肝动脉血管数字减影血管造影及病理学检查。结果与结论:在建模成功的35只大鼠中,超声检查发现37个结节,MRI检查发现肝脏内共41个结节,较超声增加4个;最小的结节约3mm,最大约8mm。MRI扫描显示T1WI表现为低信号,T2WI及脂肪抑制序列表现高信号。肝动脉血管数字减影血管造影均表现由肝动脉供血的富血供结节。光学显微镜下观察可见肿瘤细胞呈巢状或条块状排列,周围伴行多条血管,肿瘤细胞体积大小不一致,核大而浓染,细胞质少,异型性明显。结果表明彩超和核磁共振扫描是大鼠肝癌检查简单而有效的方法,肝动脉血管数字减影血管造影可以了解肿块的供血动脉及其血供情况。通过对Wistar大鼠种植性肝癌模型的MRI及肝动脉血管数字减影血管造影表现能反映肿瘤的病理形态学和生物学行为改变。     

超声引导下微波消融治疗小肝癌疗效观察

【目的】对超声引导下微波消融治疗小肝癌的疗效进行研究。【方法】应用超声引导微波消融治疗32例小肝癌患者,共计42个癌结节,1月后应用超声造影检查。【结果】所有病倒治疗后1月超声造影,42个肿块中,其中35个肿块内血流消失,各个时相呈无回声增强。7例肿块内血流减少,未灭活部分动脉相高回声增强,门脉相及延迟相低回声增强,灭活部分各时相无增强。病人治疗后全身情况好转,症状减轻或消失,AFP和肝功能好转,未发生严重并发症。【结论】超声弓1导微波治疗对小肝癌的治疗有较好的疗效,安全实用。     

肝肿瘤实时灰阶超声造影实验研究

目的 :评价实时灰阶超声造影在诊断兔肝肿瘤中的价值。方法 :9只肝内接种 VX2 肿瘤的新西兰白兔行常规超声检查及实时灰阶谐波超声造影 ,造影剂选用意大利的 Sono Vue TM。观察肿瘤的动态增强表现并比较造影前后检出的肿瘤数目 ,并与病理对照。结果 :常规超声检出肿块 9个 ,检出率 2 5.7% (9/ 3 5) ,造影早期观察到三种增强类型 ,2个肿块为整体增强 ,5个肿块为周边部环状增强 ,2个为不均匀增强 ,未发现无增强型。超声造影共检出肿块 3 0个 ,检出率 85.7% (3 0 / 3 5)。超声造影的检出率明显高于常规超声。超声造影检出的的最小肿瘤为 2 mm× 3 mm。结论 :实时灰阶超声造影有助于提高肝肿瘤的检出率及反映血供状况     

超声造影对进展期胃癌肝转移的评价

目的 评价超声造影在诊断进展期胃癌肝转移中的价值.方法 对206例进展期胃癌患者运用超声造影技术对胃癌病灶进行检查的同时进行肝超声造影检查,观察肝超声造影增强情况,并与二维超声结果比较.结果 206例进展期胃癌患者二维超声检查共发现21例(85个)肝内转移性病变,而超声造影检查发现28例(147个)肝内转移性病变,新增7例(41个)二维超声检查均未发现肝内转移性病灶,而在胃癌超声造影检查同时发现肝内多个低增强才得到诊断,重新回到二维检查程序还是不能发现病灶.超声造影检查对肝转移灶的检出率显著高于二维检查(10.2%vs13.6%,X2=5.143,P＜0.05).结论 超声造影可弥补二维超声的不足,可作为进展期胃癌肝转移的首选检查方法之一.     

经静脉注射FX530对实验性兔VX2肝癌超声造影的研究

目的评价经静脉注射新型声学造影剂ＦＸ５３０观察实验性兔ＶＸ２肝癌的效果。方法先制作兔ＶＸ２肝癌模型１５只,共２０个肿瘤结节。经静脉注射ＦＸ５３０后观察兔肝内正常结构和肿瘤的二维灰阶增强情况。结果造影后,兔肝实质、肝内动脉、门静脉和肿瘤血管明显增强,肿瘤组织增强较弱或不增强,肿瘤的可视性增加,并可检出微小的肿瘤结节。结论静脉注射新型声学造影剂提高了超声对肝癌的观察能力。     

转移性肝癌动脉相增强的实时超声造影与增强螺旋CT比较研究

目的比较低机械指数超声造影与增强CT显示转移性肝癌动脉相血流灌注的差异。方法对72例转移性肝癌145个病灶进行低机械指数（MI〈0.2）反向脉冲谐波实时超声造影和增强CT扫描,比较转移性肝癌病灶动脉相增强的形态,定量分析肿瘤平均灰阶/肝组织平均灰阶比值,以了解病灶增强程度。结果超声造影动脉相显示40.7%的病灶为整体增强,71%的病灶为高增强,而增强CT分别为8.9%和10.3%（P〈0.01）超声造影动脉相肿瘤平均灰阶/肝组织平均灰阶比值为2.39±1.45,增强CT为0.84±0.17（P〈0.01）。结论低机械指数超声造影在显示转移性肝癌动脉相增强方面优于增强CT,可以更好地反映转移性肝癌动脉相微血管灌注情况。     

灰阶超声造影对复发性肝癌的诊断价值

目的评价灰阶超声造影检查对复发性肝癌的诊断价值.方法对复发性肝癌46例与肝血管瘤20例、肝局灶性结节性增生16例,采用SonoVue行灰阶超声造影检查.所有病例均经手术或超声引导下穿刺活检病理证实.结果造影后82例肝肿瘤性病变均表现不同程度的增强.复发性肝癌多表现为快速消退型,如以快速消退型作为复发性肝癌的诊断指标,则超声造影诊断复发性肝癌的敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为93.5%、100%和96.3%,与肝血管瘤的自周围向中心结节样快速或缓慢充填,并呈持续增强型明显不同,同样与肝局灶性结节性增生多表现为动脉相快速自中心向外周放射状的持续增强也明显不同.结论灰阶超声造影对复发性肝癌的诊断有较高的敏感性、特异性及准确性.复发性肝癌由于肝内解剖与病理的特点造成其部分病例超声造影表现不典型,可能与其血流动力学及生物学特性有关,值得深入研究.     

肝肿瘤的动态灰阶超声造影时相分析

目的:应用动态灰阶超声造影技术研究肝脏占位性病变造影增强的时相变化,评价其在肝肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:对54例共58个肝占位性病变进行动态灰阶超声造影检查。肝占位病变包括:原发性肝癌29个,转移性肝癌4个,肝血管瘤8个,肝局灶性结节性增生12个,炎性假瘤2个和血管平滑肌脂肪瘤3个。造影剂选用浓度为400mg?蛐ml的Levovist,经肘部浅静脉快速注射。结果:超声显示注射造影剂后,肝血管瘤开始增强时间[(48±12)s]明显晚于其它病变(P<0.01)。肝恶性肿瘤的增强持续时间[(68±32)s]明显短于肝良性肿瘤(P<0.01)。肝恶性肿瘤的造影特征是肿块在动脉相增强而门脉相消退;有血供的肝良性肿瘤的造影表现为增强持续时间较长,可持续整个门脉相或延迟相。结论:动态灰阶超声造影可动态显示肝肿瘤不同时相的增强情况,有助于肝肿瘤的鉴别诊断。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.