Coronary endarterectomy for diffuse extensive coronary artery disease

Introduction Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease is in an increasing trend in India. With the advancement of non-surgical methods of revascularisation, the patients coming for surgery are of less attractive anatomy. The role of coronary endarterectomy along with coronary artery bypass grafting for a selected group of these patients is quite promising. Materials and Methods From March 2000 to March 2005, out of 362 CABGs performed, 42 patients had undergone coronary endarterectomy. The age range being from 35 to 76 years, M: F is 38∶4 Hypertension was present in 26 (61%), diabetes mellitus in 20 (47.6%), smoking in 26 (61%) and dyslipidemia in 12 (28.5%) cases. Old myocardial infarction was present in 52.3% cases, unstable angina in 16.6%, stable angina in 23.8% and cardiogenic shock in 7.1% cases. All cases had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting with endarterectomy. Out of 18 LAD endarterectomies 17 cases LIMA was used as onlay patch. Result The average number of grafts anastomosed was 3.7. Single-vessel endarterectomy was done in 37, double vessel in 4 and four vessel in one case. LAD endarterectomy was done in 18, RCA in 12, diagonal in 10, intermediate in 1 and marginals in 8 cases. Postoperatively 3 patients had arrhythmia, two perioperative MI, one recurrent angina and one congestive cardiac failure (CCF). There was 2 (4.76%) mortality. Conclusion Hypertension and smoking are major risk factors. LAD is the most common artery requiring endarterectomy. Usage of LIMA following endarterectomy of LAD is quite satisfactory and short term results are encouraging.     

弥漫性冠状动脉病变的外科治疗

目的总结非体外循环心脏跳动下冠状动脉内膜剥脱后行非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（off—pump CABG）治疗弥漫性冠状动脉病变的早期临床结果和经验，以提高手术疗效。方法2003年5月～2006年11月，对83例弥漫性冠状动脉病变患者在非体外循环下做冠状动脉内膜剥脱后行off—pump CABG，其中男61例，女22例；年龄55-80岁（65±7岁）；加拿大心脏病协会（CCS）心绞痛分级：Ⅱ级7例，Ⅲ级20例，Ⅳ级56例。有心肌梗死史36例（43．4％）。冠状动脉造影显示：双支血管病变5例，3支病变78例，其中合并左主干病变16例。左心室射血分数25％～65％（51％±16％）。83例共行110支冠状动脉内膜剥脱，其中左前降支系统67支，回旋支、钝缘支9支，右冠状动脉系统34支。20例内膜剥脱后先用大隐静脉片行左前降支成形，再在补片上用乳内动脉行旁路血管移植；应用左乳内动脉83支，桡动脉2支，余均为大隐静脉，每例移植血管3．9±1．2支。结果无手术死亡。术中移植血管血流满意101支（92％），血流量为22±16ml／min。术后发生心肌梗死4例，梗死面积小，无血流动力学改变，未给予特殊治疗。83例患者皆痊愈出院。随访75例（90．4％），8例失访，随访时间8～50个月，无心绞痛发作。8例患者在手术后3～29个月复查冠状动脉造影显示：冠状动脉内膜剥脱后行off—pump CABG的移植血管均通畅。结论非体外循环下冠状动脉内膜剥脱后行off—pump CABG，安全可行，再血管化程度高，是治疗弥漫性冠状动脉病变的有效方法。     

Transmyocardial laser revascularization in combination with coronary artery bypass: Clinical, wall motion and perfusion effects

Background. Transmyocardial laser revascularisation (TMR) is increasingly used in the management of intractable angina in the absence of graftable vessels, however it’s role in combination with coronary artery bypass remains undefined. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the impact of the combination therapy. Methods. Patients (20) undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery with one or more non-graftable coronary arteries were prospectively randomized to either have bypass graft surgery alone (CABG) or bypass graft surgery and transmyocardial revascularization with a holmium — YAG laser to non-graftable areas (CABG+TMR). All patients had exercise tolerance test preoperatively and at 6 and 18 months follow-up. Stress echocardiography was performed on 17 patients 18 months following surgery. Wall motion analysis (1=normal, 2=hypokinesis, 3=akinesis, 4=dyskinesis) using the 16 segment model of the left ventricle and rest and stress perfusion analysis were performed. Results. Both groups of patients were similar in preoperative demographics and operative data. There was no perioperative mortality. There was no difference between the two groups in angina scoring at 6 and 18 months follow-up. Exercise tolerance improved by a mean of 46.8±20.0 seconds per patient in the CABG group and by 199.2±66.5 seconds per patient in the CABG+TMR group (p<0.05) and this was maintained at 18 months (157±46.3 vs 61±39.2 seconds; p<0.05). Regional wall motion score index (WMSI) (total score/number of segments) was calculated in non-revascularizable myocardium treated with TMR and compared to areas that were not lased. Although the WMSI in TMR regions is lower at each stage of dobutamine stress, this does not reach statistical significance. Conclusion. The combination of coronary artery bypass and transmyocardial laser revascularization is safe and improves exercise tolerance in patients in whom complete revascularization cannot be achieved by bypass graft surgery alone. Competition paper presented at the 48th Annual Conference of IACTS at Chennai Feb. 2002     

Coronary Endarterectomy on Beating Heart: Is It Worth Doing?

BACKGROUND: Management of patients with severely impaired left ventricular function (LVF) associated with diffusely atheromatous coronary artery disease is a real dilemma. Coronary revascularization can be done only after endarterectomy to facilitate anastomosis. The aim of the present work is to present our experience and see whether performing endarterectomy during off-pump bypass can be of any benefit. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Five patients with a mean ejection fraction of 27 +/- 4.5 underwent coronary revascularization facilitated by endarterectomy using off-pump technique. There were three males and two females with a mean age of 64.4 +/- 7.4 years. All patients were in NYHA class III or IV. Close endarterectomy was done to left anterior descending artery (LAD), right coronary artery (RCA), and intermediate artery. RESULTS: All patients survived the procedure. A total of seven closed endarterectomies were performed. Five of these were done on LAD and the other two were done on RCA and intermediate artery. Two patients (40%) received inotropic support. One patient had perioperative infarction (20%). Mean follow-up period was 14.2 months +/- 19.7 (range, 1 month to 48 months). All patients were free of angina according to Canadian Cardiovascular Society and were in class NYHA I or II except one, who was in class III. Postoperative catheterization showed that all bypasses to endarterectomized arteries were patent. Patency rate was 83.4%. The mean postoperative ejection fraction was 29.8 +/- 6.9, which was not significantly different from preoperative one (p= 0.12). CONCLUSION: Performing endarterectomy on beating heart in patients with compromised left ventricle is not an easy task. But it can be done with difficulty. Although the procedure is associated with high incidence of infarction, our early results, follow-up clinical status, and graft patency justify its use among patients with compromised left ventricular function who were previously considered inoperable.     

Coronary endarterectomy with off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to review our experience in coronary artery endarterectomy performed without cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS: Between May 1998 and June 2000 off-pump coronary endarterectomy was performed on 11 patients who had unstable angina pectoris. The mean ejection fraction (EF) was 26.3 +/- 4.4, and all of the patients were New York Heart Association (NYHA) III or IV. Off-pump open left anterior descending (LAD) endarterectomy was performed on 7 patients, and closed endarterectomy of the right coronary artery (RCA) was done on the remaining 4. RESULTS: There were no deaths. None of the procedures was converted to on-pump operation; all the endarterectomies and bypasses were performed on the beating heart. All patients were completely revascularized, the left internal mammary artery was bypassed to the LAD in all operations, and all other grafts were of saphenous vein. At the end of the first year all bypasses to the endarterectomized arteries were patent. The overall patency rate was 95.6%. The mean postoperative EF was 34.7 +/- 9.1, which was significantly higher than the preoperative one (p < 0.05). At the end of the first year 9 patients were NYHA I or II and all were angina free in Canadian Cardiovascular Society class 0 or I. CONCLUSIONS: Endarterectomy without cardiopulmonary bypass can be performed in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction who are expected to benefit from the complete revascularization.     

冠状动脉内膜剥脱联合旁路移植治疗弥漫性冠状动脉狭窄病变的近中期效果

目的探讨冠状动脉内膜剥脱术(CE)联合冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗弥漫性冠状动脉狭窄病变的近中期效果。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年1月在南京市第一医院心胸血管外科接受CE+CABG的248例弥漫性冠状动脉狭窄病变患者的临床资料。男性201例,女性47例;年龄(65.6±8.5)岁(范围:43~79岁)。体外循环手术156例,非体外循环手术92例。共对269根病变血管完成CE,包括前降支108根,右冠状动脉140根,钝缘支21根。共完成旁路移植872支,包括左胸廓内动脉248支,桡动脉48支,大隐静脉576支,每例患者移植(3.5±0.8)支(范围:2~6支)。CE后平均血流量为(26±8)ml/min(范围:13~59 ml/min),血流指数为3.1±0.8(范围:2.0~6.7)。采用t检验或χ²检验比较体外循环和非体外循环患者的手术结果及术后通畅率。结果全组围手术期病死率为1.2%(3/248),2例死于肾功能衰竭,1例死于术后顽固性低心排血量。9例发生围手术期心肌梗死。随访(41.8±21.4)个月(范围:1~68个月)。旁路血管术后1年通畅率为78.4%(182/232),3年通畅率为69.8%(162/232)。左冠状动脉系统通畅率明显高于右冠状动脉系统(1年:87.4%比73.1%,χ²=6.533,P=0.011;3年:78.2%比64.8%,χ²=4.588,P=0.032)。体外循环组和非体外循环组旁路血管通畅率无差异(1年:80.0%比76.9%,χ²=0.277,P=0.599;3年:71.5%比67.9%,χ²=0.300,P=0.584)。结论CE+CABG治疗弥漫性冠状动脉狭窄病变可以获得较满意的完全再血管化,有较好的早、中期效果和旁路血管通畅率。体外循环和非体外循环手术具有相似的早中期结果。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后长期随访

目的 总结１９８２年至１９９１年间３８例冠状动脉旁路移植术（ＣＡＢＧ）者的长期随访结果,以探讨术前危险因子对ＣＡＢＧ疗效的影响。方法 ３８例中男３６例,女２例。年龄４１－７３岁,平均５５．４岁,７３．７％病人年龄大于５０岁。有心肌梗死发作史者１５例,有心衰史者２例。ＰＴＣＡ失败后急症手术２例,３支,３支以上冠状动脉病变者１９例。心功能Ⅲ级及以上者３０例。应用Ｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａ软件包中的Ｌｏｇｉｓ     

Is chlamydia pneumoniae associated with calcification in coronary atherosclerosis?

Background The various factors that initiate coronary atherosclerosis and calcification are unclear. Chlamydia pneumoniae has been implicated in several diseases, including atherosclerosis. The possible association of chlamydia pneumoniae with calcification in coronary atherosclerosis, has not been previously elucidated. Methods Coronary endarterectomy specimens were harvested from 73 patients (67 males, 6 females), aged 40 to 75 years (average age 58 years) at Coronary Artery Bypass Graft [CABG] operation, and analysed by immunohistology, Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR], and electron microscopy. T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and Chlamydia pneumoniae were identified using appropriate cell-specific antibodies. Results Calcification was observed in all specimens, varying from calcific stippling to diffuse calcification. Numerous T-cells and macrophages were seen within atherosclerotic plaques and areas of calcification. Large numbers of cells that stained positive for the antibody to Chlamydia pneumoniae, were distributed in 69% of specimens within atherosclerotic plaques, especially within areas of calcification, in close association with inflammatory cells, but not in the adjacent normal segments. Deoxy-ribo DNA chlamydia pneumoniae was identified in 65% of specimens by PCR. Clumps of chlamydia pneumoniae were observed in about 61% of specimens by transmission electron microscopy. Conclusions This study demonstrated Chlamydia pneumoniae within foci of calcification in atherosclerotic coronary artery plaques obtained following endarterectomy in Indian patients. Chlamydia pneumoniae, in association with macrophages and T-lymphocytes, may contribute to the chronic inflammatory reactions resulting in calcification of atherosclerotic coronary plaques. This finding may improve the treatment of coronary artery disease since Chlamydia pneumoniae is sensitive to antibiotic therapy.     

Myocardial revascularization in patients with end-stage renal disease: Comparison of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting

Background: Ischemic heart disease is the major cause of death inpatients with end-stage renal disease. The high prevalence of coronary artery disease results in a rising number of dialysis patients requiring myocardial revascularisation. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of recurrent angina, myocardial infarction, rate of reinterventions and cardiovascular death following percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) inpatients with end-stage renal disease. Patients and methods: In a retrospective investigation 40 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing primarily PTCA and 65 patients undergoing CABG were included. Both groups were comparable for gender, duration on dialysis and the number of cardiovascular risk factors per patient. Patients undergoing PTCA were younger (53 ± 12 years vs. 57 ± 8 years; p < 0.05) and more often diabetics (30% vs. 14%; p < 0.05). Results: Most patients in both groups had a multi-vessel disease (95% in the CABG group vs. 74% in the PTCA group), in the CABG group there were significantly more patients with a triple-vessel disease (62% with vs. 40%in the PTCA group; p < 0.01), PTCA was primarily successful in 95% of the patients while complete revascularization was achieved in 88% of patients undergoing CABG. The perioperative mortality after CABG was 4.8% as compared to none after interventional revascularisation. The cumulative freedom of angina after 6, 12 and 24 months after intervention was significantly lower after PTCA (54%, 40%, 29%) than after bypass grafting (97%, 94%, 90%, p < 0.001). The frequency of reinterventions following PTCA was significantly higher compared to patients following CABG (p < 0.001). After PTCA 15 patients needed further revascularisations, 8 of them underwent CABG, whereas after CABG only two patients required additional myocardial revascularisation. There was no significant difference in the overall mortality between both groups; the survival rate after 12 and 24 months was 95% and 82% after PTCA and 93% and 86% after CABG, respectively. Condition: Although patients receiving CABG had a more severe coronary artery disease the overall mortality was comparable and clinical and functional outcome was improved compared to patients after coronary angioplasty. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

冠状动脉旁路移植加冠状动脉内膜剥脱术的近、远期效果分析

目的探索冠状动脉弥漫性病变的外科治疗策略。方法2003年1月至2013年6月,中国医科大学附属第一医院对92例冠心病合并冠状动脉弥漫性病变患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术（coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG）加冠状动脉内膜剥脱术（coronary endarterectomy,CE）,同期完成冠状动脉血运重建。其中男63例、女29例,年龄52～81（68．7±10．5）岁。CE术后和随访期间复查冠状动脉CT血管成像观察桥血管的通畅性,并观察患者心功能和心绞痛的改善情况。结果92例患者内膜剥脱后靶血管直径均〉1．5mm。术中有63例（69支CE桥）行桥血管血流量测定,显示59支（85．5％）桥血管血流量满意[血流量13～42（23．4±12．7）ml/min,搏动指数（PI）1．6～4．2（2．1±1．1）o术后6例（6．5％）围手术期发生心肌梗死,术后30d内死亡4例（4．3％）,其中2例死于急性心肌梗死、心源性休克,1例死于术后低心排血量并发多器官功能衰竭,1例死于术后大面积脑梗死。术后随访73例,随访率83％（73／88）,15例失访;随访时间6～108（49-3±26．7）个月。随访期间复查冠状动脉CT血管成像显示CE术后的桥血管通畅率为83．9％。随访期间死亡4例（5．5％）,1例死于心力衰竭、肺部感染,1例不明原因猝死,1例死于脑出血,1例死于肺部恶性肿瘤。CE术后5年生存率为87％。CE术后6个月射血分数（EF）较术前增高（55．6％±9．7％VS．50．2％±10．5％,P〈0．05）,患者心功能与术前比较明显改善,心绞痛明显缓解。结论CABG同期CE可提高弥漫性阻塞性冠状动脉粥样硬化患者的再血管化程度,近远期临床效果满意。     

Reoperation for coronary artery disease in the young: early and mid-term results

Background As the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) at young age is high in Asian countries, the number of coronary reoperations in this group of patients is increasing. The aim of this study was to define the incidence, risk factors and to discuss the methods of re-revascularization and early to mid-term outcomes in these patients. Methods This study is a retrospective analysis of the data of patients who underwent primary coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) before the age of 45 years and underwent reoperation for recurrence of angina due to progression of native coronary artery disease and, or, graft occlusion. The data was also analyzed with regards to the risk factors contributing to the recurrence of the disease and the short to mid-term outcomes. During a six year period from January 1998 to October 2004, a total of 68 patients had reoperation for recurrence of angina. The mean interval of presentation following primary CABG was 12.48±3.11 years (ranged from 8 months to 16 years). Reoperation was performed under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in 63 patients and in the remaining five patients on beating heart without using CPB. Results Reoperation accounted for 4.6% of 2478 patients who underwent CABG between January 1998 through October 2004 at our institute. Among these 114 patients, 68 patients underwent primary CABG before the age of 45 years. These 68 patients received a total of 214 grafts (3.14 grafts per patient) of which 169 grafts were re-anastamosed to previously grafted target arteries. Left internal mammary artery was used in 61 patients (89.7%) who required graft to left anterior descending coronary artery at reoperation. The early mortality was 4.4% (3 out of 68). Two patients (2.94%) had perioperative myocardial infarction and two more patients were re-explored for mediastinal bleeding. Freedom from recurrence of symptom of angina at 2 and 4 years was 98.01%, 94.5% respectively. Conclusions Redo CABG is associated with higher morbidity and mortality when compared to first-time CABG. Perioperative myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction contribute significantly to the increased risk of redo CABG.     

Immediate and long-term results of coronary artery bypass operation in hemodialysis patients

This study evaluated the early and late results of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients on long-term maintenance hemodialysis (chronic HD) at Teikyo University Ichihara Hospital between January 1996 and June 2000. Thirty-six patients on chronic HD underwent CABG. There were 26 males (72%) and 10 females (28%) ranging from 41 to 81 years (mean +/- SD, 61.8 +/- 9.2 years) of age. Twenty-one patients (58%) had unstable angina, 14 (39%) stable angina, and 1 acute myocardial infarction. Eleven patients (31%) had urgent or emergency CABG. The average graft number was 2.5 +/- 0.8 (arterial graft 1.3 +/- 0.7/patient). Six patients had concomitant cardiac operations. Three patients underwent re- or a second re-CABG. Five patients underwent off-pump CABG. Principally, HD was performed during cardiopulmonary bypass and was followed by continuous hemodiafiltration in the early postoperative period. The early mortality was 11%; 25% in emergency and urgent CABG and 4% in elective CABG. In the follow-up period between 1 and 53 months (mean +/- SD 21.9 +/- 15.1 months), 4 patients died, and 9 patients developed recurrence of angina pectoris (6, occlusion of saphenous vein graft and 3, native coronary progression). Six patients had coronary intervention. The postoperative angiogram showed that all arterial grafts were patent, but the patency of the vein grafts was only 61.5%. The early results of CABG in patients on chronic HD was satisfactory. The late recurrence of angina pectoris mostly was caused by occlusion of the saphenous vein graft. In conclusion, the aggressive use of arterial grafts is crucial in CABG for patients on chronic HD.     

Saphenous vein graft angioplasty pseudoaneurysm: A surgical challenge

A 73-years-male, hypertensive, non-smoker and nondiabetic underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in 1986. Three years earlier he had undergone angioplasty for anastomotic lesion in left anterior descending (LAD) and right coronary artery (RCA). Patient again developed unstable angina in august 2006. Angiogram revealed patent stents with discrete lesion in proximal saphenous venous graft(SVG) to LAD, Graft angioplasty was done and a drug eluting stent was deployed. He presented with low grade fever and pain left shoulder two days following intervention. Serial computed tomography (CT) angiograms revealed expanding pseudoanaeurysm at the distal end of stent. Redo CABG with excision of Pseudoanaeurysm done. Psuedoaneurysm with a patent graft is a surgical challenge.     

Coronary endarterectomy and on-lay patch anastomosis in a case with unstable angina due to diffusely diseased coronary artery

A 76-year-old woman with unstable angina due to diffusely diseased coronary artery successfully underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using endarterectomy and on-lay patch anastomosis. She had triple vessel disease in the coronary artery and all of them were diffusely stenotic. It was impossible to undertake simple CABG. We were able to perform 3 coronary artery bypass grafting using endarterectomy and on-lay patch anastomosis. The postoperative course was uneventful and postoperative angiogram revealed well patent 3 grafts. Coronary endarterectomy and on-lay patch anastomosis were effective procedure in a patient with diffusely diseased coronary artery.     

Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in patients on chronic hemodialysis

BACKGROUND: Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting(CABG) has gained much support but has been scarcely reported in patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD). The details of CABG for such patients on chronic HD are presented. METHODS: Between January 1998 and December 1999, off-pump CABG was performed in 5 patients on chronic HD. All patients presented with unstable angina pectoris. The indication for off-pump CABG was suitable coronary anatomy (N = 5) and expected high risks associated with cardiopulmonary bypass due to reoperation (N = 1) and impaired cerebral blood flow (N = 2). The approach was median sternotomy (N = 4) and left anterior short thoracotomy (N = 1). The mean graft number was 2.0 +/- 1.0 (range, 1-3). In situ arterial grafts were mainly used: the in situ left internal thoracic artery was used in four patients, the in situ right gastroepiploic artery in two, the in situ right internal thoracic artery in two, and the saphenous vein in two patients. RESULTS: There were no deaths or complications. Nine of 10 grafts were confirmed fully patent by postoperative angiography before hospital discharge. In a mean follow-up of 17.2 months, no patients had developed recurrence of angina or any cardiac symptom. CONCLUSION: Off-pump CABG using in situ arterial grafts can be performed on patients on chronic hemodialysis subject to suitable anatomy of the target coronary arteries.     

Coronary artery involvement in Takayasu's arteritis. Collective review and guideline for surgical treatment.

Coronary artery disease is a rare involvement of Takayasu's arteritis. From 1961 to 1989, 63 patients, including our five, have been reported to undergo operations for coronary artery disease resulting from Takayasu's arteritis. Most of the patients were Japanese (86%) and female (86%). The initial clinical manifestation was angina pectoris in 71%. Among 92 lesions, coronary ostia were most frequently involved (73%) followed by nonostial proximal lesions (18.5%). Forty-two of 62 (67.7%) ostial lesions of the left main coronary artery had more than 90%, or complete, stenosis. Aortic regurgitation was associated in 28 patients (44.4%). Myocardial revascularization was performed in 49, and transaortic endarterectomy in 12. Concomitant aortic valve replacement was done in 16 patients. Operative mortality was five (7.9%), and late deaths were reported in three patients. Postoperative steroid therapy was performed in 22. Operation was repeated in two patients because of graft failure. Thus coronary artery disease resulting from Takayasu's arteritis should be suspected in young Asian women with angina pectoris. The timing preferred for surgical intervention is during an inactive phase. Two procedures are commonly chosen for surgical intervention, either transaortic endarterectomy or coronary revascularization with vein grafts. Postoperative steroid therapy is strongly recommended to those patients who are operated on in the clinically or histologically active stage.     

连续170例冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗冠心病

目的 回顾应用冠状动脉旁路移植术（ＣＡＢＧ）治疗冠心病的早期效果和经验。方法 １７０例（男１５２例,女１８例;年龄３５－８０岁,平均６６．７岁）冠心病病人中９７％为多支冠状动脉病变。８１例左室射血分数≤４５％,其中２１例〈３０％。８４％病人心绞痛ＣＣＳⅢ－Ⅳ级。除１例在左前外侧小切口非体外循环下手术,余均为正中开胸低温体外循环下ＣＡＢＧ。     

非体外循环下冠状动脉内膜剥脱后搭桥治疗弥漫性冠状动脉病变

目的探讨非体外循环心脏跳动下冠状动脉内膜剥脱后搭桥治疗弥漫性冠状动脉病变的早期临床结果和经验。方法2003年5月—2005年5月,对53例弥漫性冠状动脉病变患者行非体外循环下冠状动脉内膜剥脱后搭桥手术治疗。53例中,男性41例、女性12例,年龄55～79(64±7)岁。加拿大心脏病协会心绞痛分级：Ⅰ～Ⅱ级15例,Ⅲ级6例,Ⅳ级32例。有心肌梗死史26例(49%)。冠状动脉造影：双支病变3例,3支病变50例,其中合并左主于病变9例。左心室射血分数0．26～0．65(0．52±0．17)。53例共行70支冠状动脉内膜剥脱：左前降支系统38支,其中5例内膜剥脱后先用大隐静脉片行前降支成形,再在补片上用乳内动脉搭桥;回旋支的钝缘支8支;右冠状动脉系统24支。应用左乳内动脉53支,桡动脉2支,余均为大隐静脉桥,人均搭桥(3．8±1．1)支,再血管化指数1．03±0．07。结果术中桥血流测定显示63支桥血流满意,7支欠满意。术后2例发生围手术期心肌梗死,但对血流动力学无明显影响。53例皆痊愈出院。44例随访6～29个月,无心绞痛发作;9例失访。6例在手术后3～27个月复查冠状动脉造影,显示桥血管均通畅。结论非体外循环下冠状动脉内膜剥脱后搭桥,安全可行,再血管化程度高,是治疗弥漫性冠状动脉病变的有效方法。     

The results and problems of reoperation for coronary artery disease]

In six hundred and six consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) within the past 17 years (May 1974 to March 1991), repeated CABG were performed on 10 patients (1.65%). The main reasons for repeated CABG were graft failure (GF) in 8, progression of native disease (NP) in 5 and incomplete revascularization (IR) in 3 patients. The incidence of GF was high either within a half year or around 5 years after CABG. Although all patients survived from reoperation, four patients continued to have mild angina pectoris. When the recurrence of angina is noted after CABG, coronary arteriography and if necessary PTCA should be done as soon as possible. If a second surgery is inevitable, maximum utilization of arterial graft and accomplishment of complete revascularization are emphasized.     

Myocardial revascularization in patients with severe ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Long term follow-up in 141 patients

Objectives: The present study evaluates our experience with coronary bypass grafting in patients with EF ≤25%. Myocardial revascularization in this setting remains controversial because of concerns over operative mortality and morbidity and lack of functional and survival benefit. Materials and methods: One hundred and forty-one patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular ejection fraction ≤25% underwent coronary artery bypass graft between January 1988 and December 1998. Mean age at operation was 63.3 years and 81.4% were male. The major indication for surgery was angina (114 patients, 80.8%). Ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and cardiac index (CI) were used to assess left ventricular function. The number of graft was 2.7±1.6/patient. Internal mammary artery was used in 119 patients (84.3%). Intra aortic balloon pump was placed preoperatively in 25 patients (17.7%). Five operative risk factors were associated with a higher mortality: emergency, female sex, LVEDP, CI and NYHA class IV. Results: The operative mortality was 7% (10 patients). Left ventricular ejection fraction (assessed post operatively in 83 patients) improved from 22.2% preoperatively to 33.5% post operatively (P<0.001), mean end diastolic volume index fell from 98 to 83 ml/m² following surgery. Survival at 2, 5 and 7 years was respectively 84±3%, 70±4% and 50±5%. Two variables were associated with increased long term survival: congestive heart failure (NYHA class lower than IV (P=0.035) and cardiomegaly (P=0.04) Conclusion: In patients with left ventricular dysfunction, myocardial revascularization can be performed relatively safely with good medium term survival and improvement in quality of life and in left ventricular function. Coronary artery bypass graft may be offered to patients with impaired ventricular function, but careful patient selection and management when considering these patients for operation should assess potentially reversible dysfunction.