不同密度梯度离心处理后精子形态的变化

目的研究不同密度梯度法处理后精子形态的变化。方法收集55份男性精液标本,每份精液按不同处理方法分4组,A组为对照直接加生理盐水洗涤离心,B组由40%、80%两层梯度液处理精液,C组由40%、60%、80%三层梯度液处理精液,D组由40%、55%、70%、80%四层梯度液处理精液,处理后均行精子形态改良巴氏染色分析。结果 C组与D组可以显著降低精子的畸形率,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.0125）,其中D组最为显著。结论梯度液层次多对畸形精子的分离效果较好。     

前列腺炎合并不育症患者的抗精子抗体评价

目的评价前列腺炎合并不育症患者的抗精子抗体关系.方法应用混合球蛋白试验(MAR试验)、浅盘精子凝集试验(TAT试验)和浅盘精子制动试验(SIT),对35例前列腺炎合并不育症患者(A组)的血清和精子表面抗精子抗体进行检测,随机选择35例男性不育门诊初诊者作对照(B组).结果 A组采用TAT检出血清抗精子抗体阳性5例,滴度水平在1:8～16,SIT未测出阳性,采用MAR试验检出精子表面抗体阳性8例.B组采用TAT检出血清抗体阳性4例,SIT阳性1例,采用MAR试验检出精子表面抗体阳性2例.经t检验,A组精子表面抗精子抗体阳性率显著高于B组(P＜0.01).结论前列腺炎合并不育症患者存在着精子免疫因素,且表现出精子表面抗体发生率升高,临床对这类不育患者治疗要重视前列腺炎的抗炎处理.     

不育症患者精液分析与抗精子抗体检测

目的不育症男性的精液分析与血清抗体精子抗体(AsAb)的相关性.方法用常规方法对150例男性精液标本进行精液量、pH值、精子活力、精子活率、液化时间、粘稠度及精子密度、白细胞等方面进行检查,同时用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)作血清AsAb免疫学检测.结果115例不育症男性中精液异常患者的AsAb阳性率为34.8%.结论不育症男性精液异常患者与AsAb有一定的关联性,其阳性率也高于国内相关报道.     

精子形态分析在男性不育诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨精子形态染色技术在男性不育诊断中的应用价值。方法已生育健康男性精液标本20例(对照组)、不孕组男性患者精液86例(A组),不良孕产史组男性患者精液标本65例(B组),精液经处理后涂片,用WHO推荐的D iff-Qu ik快速染色方法对精子进行形态染色,计数正常及异常形态精子,并计算精子正常形态的百分率。结果对照组精液标本中精子正常形态率为49.63%,不孕组精子正常形态率为19.34%,显著低于对照组,两组相比有极显著性差异(P<0.01)。不良孕产史组精液标本中精子正常形态率为42.84%。与对照组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05),与不孕组相比有极显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论精子形态染色在临床男性不育的诊断中占有重要地位。在进行常规精液分析时,增加形态学染色项目,对男性不育患者的诊治有很大帮助,有助于临床为不孕患者选择助孕方式,为有不良孕产史夫妇查找病因,作为临床诊治的依据。     

职业性铅接触对男性精液质量的影响分析

目的探讨职业性铅接触对男性精液质量的影响。方法选择163例职业性铅接触的男性为接触组,根据工作年限将其分为A组(工龄≤10年)和B组(工龄10年),对照组为150例非职业性铅接触的健康正常男性。采用SQA-V型精子质量分析系统对以上受试者精液标本的各项主要参数进行对比分析,同时采用改良巴氏染色法进行精子形态评价。结果与对照组男性的精子密度、活率、前向运动率及正常精子形态率相比较,接触组中A组患者与对照组差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而接触组中B组患者与对照组比较差异有非常显著性(P0.01)。结论职业性铅接触对男性精液质量有一定的影响,长期接触可能会引起男性生殖系统毒性效应,导致男性不育。     

多功能超高倍显微分析仪在不育症精液分析中的应用

目的探讨运用多功能超高倍显微分析仪直接湿片观察精子形态的应用价值。方法支原体感染不育症患者156份精液标本,用改良巴氏染色法,1000倍油镜观察精子形态,同时运用多功能超高倍显微镜直接湿片观察精子形态。结果两种方法对精子形态的评估经统计学分析,正常形态率和各种类型缺陷率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）．结论运用多功能超高倍显微分析仪直接观察精子形态是一种简单、快速、有效的方法,值得推广。     

严重白细胞精子症患者精液质量分析

目的分析白细胞数量对精液质量状况的影响。方法根据精液中白细胞数量将患者分为3组，A组：白细胞数量小于1×10^6／ml 60例；B组：白细胞数量1×10^6／ml-7×10^6／ml 50例；C组：白细胞数量大于7×10^6／ml 28例，回顾性分析a级精子（快速向前运动），a＋b级精子（快速向前运动＋慢速向前运动），精液量，密度，畸形率的差异。结果C组精液a，a＋b级精子均低于A组和B组；C组精液量和密度均少于A组和B组；C组畸形率最高，和其他两组差异有统计学意叉。结论严重白细胞精子症患者精液各项指标均比其他两组差。应重视精液中白细胞增多现象，可进一步行细菌培养检查。     

冷冻保存对人类精子顶体完整性及超微结构的影响

目的探讨冷冻保存对人类精子顶体完整性及超微结构的影响.方法 2 0例正常生育力精液标本(A组)和27例不育症精液标本(B组)行冷冻保存.应用荧光标记豌豆凝集素法检测冷冻前、后精子顶体完整率.采用透射电镜观察冷冻精子头部超微结构的改变 (n=3).结果解冻后A和B组的顶体完整率与冷冻前的比较均有显著性下降(P<0.01) ,且B组的降低程度明显大于A组.透射电镜观察到冷冻精子头部超微结构发生不同程度的损伤,浆膜和顶体膜出现肿胀、破损,顶体结构异常改变显著增多,顶体内容物丢失,甚至顶体帽缺失.结论冷冻-解冻过程对精子顶体造成了损伤,引起顶体完整率降低和超微结构改变.     

男性不育症患者精液细胞成分DNA流式细胞术分析

目的　研究男性不育症患者精液细胞DNA的病理改变。　方法　采用流式细胞仪 (FCM)、激光共聚焦显微镜 (CLSM)和常规精液检查法 ,对 82例男性不育症患者进行精液细胞DNA分析。　结果　男性不育症患者精液细胞成分等有多种变化 :1.亚单倍体细胞碎片和凋亡细胞增多。 2 .单倍体的成熟精子数量减少。 3.单倍体圆形精子细胞增多。 4.畸形精子增多 ,精子DNA含量和密度异常。 5 .≥ 2倍体的细胞 (白细胞、G1 期精原细胞、精母细胞、上皮细胞及 4倍体细胞等 )增多。 6 .少精和无精。　结论　精液细胞DNA变化反映男性不育症患者精液细胞成分有明显改变。精液DNA流式细胞术分析可作为研究和诊断男性不育症的辅助方法。     

支原体感染精液与男性不育症的关系

目的确定支原体感染精液与男性不育症之间的关系.方法先对精液进行常规检查,再对多重聚合酶链反应扩增阳性的精液标本做Feulgen染色,观察精子的畸形率.结果46份被支原体感染标本的精子质量参数分别为活动率为29.0%,活动力0-I级为602%,畸形率为61.5%,与正常人相比,3项指标均有显著差异(P＜0.01).结论支原体感染精液与男性不育症有一定关系.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.