Collective Efficacy and Team Performance: A Longitudinal Study of Collegiate Football Teams.

This study examined the reciprocal relationship between collective efficacy and team performance over a season of competition in American football. Efficacy beliefs of offensive football players from 10 teams were assessed prior to 8 consecutive games to form 2 team-level measures of collective efficacy: aggregated self-efficacy and aggregated collective efficacy. Game-level performance indexes produced a team-level measure of offensive performance for each game. Within teams and across games, aggregated collective efficacy prior to performance was a positive predictor of subsequent offensive performance; however, previous offensive performance was a negative predictor of subsequent aggregated collective efficacy. Within weeks and across teams, aggregated collective efficacy prior to performance also was a positive predictor of subsequent offensive performance, and previous offensive performance was a positive, rather than negative, predictor of subsequent aggregated collective efficacy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Collective efficacy, group potency, and group performance: Meta-analyses of their relationships, and test of a mediation model.

The authors examined relationships among collective efficacy, group potency, and group performance. Meta-analytic results (based on 6,128 groups, 31,019 individuals, 118 correlations adjusted for dependence, and 96 studies) reveal that collective efficacy was significantly related to group performance (.35). In the proposed nested 2-level model, collective efficacy assessment (aggregation and group discussion) was tested as the 1st-level moderator. It showed significantly different average correlations with group performance (.32 vs. .45), but the group discussion assessment was homogeneous, whereas the aggregation assessment was heterogeneous. Consequently, there was no 2nd-level moderation for the group discussion, and heterogeneity in the aggregation group was accounted for by the 2nd-level moderator, task interdependence (high, moderate, and low levels were significant; the higher the level, the stronger the relationship). The 2nd and 3rd meta-analyses indicated that group potency was related to group performance (.29) and to collective efficacy (.65). When tested in a structural equation modeling analysis based on meta-analytic findings, collective efficacy fully mediated the relationship between group potency and group performance. The authors suggest future research and convert their findings to a probability of success index to help facilitate practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Balloon angioplasty combined with primary stenting versus balloon angioplasty alone in femoropopliteal obstructions: A comparative randomized study

PURPOSE: The objective of this research is to describe aspects of the organization of adolescent sexual behavior in order to understand factors associated with risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STD). METHODS: Subjects were 82 females (ages 16-19 years; 77% African-American) participating in a larger STD study. Subjects completed diaries for each coital event, recording date of event, partner initial, condom use, and use of drugs or alcohol before intercourse. Partner change was defined as any event for which the sex partner initials differed from those listed for the most recent previous coital event. RESULTS: The 82 subjects recorded 1265 coital events; the average span of the records was 10 weeks. Intercourse was least likely on Sundays (154 of 1265; 12.2%) and most common on Friday and Saturday (221 of 1265 for each day; 17.5%). The proportion of coital events associated with drugs or alcohol increased from Sunday to Saturday, although the proportion of coital events in which a condom was used did not vary significantly. Intercourse was most common in spring and summer, and least frequent in winter. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate substantial temporal organization of adolescent sexual behaviors that may be related to risk of sexually transmitted diseases. Some STD-preventive interventions may be most effective when targeted to higher risk times.     

Repetition of overdose: a retrospective 5-year study

This study investigated the number, timing and disposal (admission or discharge) of patients repeating an overdose who attended the accident and emergency department of a district general hospital during a 5-year period. There was a total of 1958 overdoses by 1597 individuals over the 5-year period. Overdoses were repeated by 12% (n = 191) of patients and accounted for 552 of the total overdoses (representing 361 repeats). First repeats were found to occur more frequently in the 3 months following the original overdose for 43% of patients, 70% of repetitions occurring within a year. The distribution of first repeats showed a similar pattern for males and females. During the 5-year period 49% of all repetitions occurred within 3 months. Almost one-fifth of repeaters were discharged, irrespective of whether it was the patient's 'index' (first overdose within the study period) or a repeat overdose. Within the repeater population, 31% of overdoses occurred on a Friday, Saturday and on, or immediately prior to, a Bank Holiday. Since there was no on-site psychiatric service available at such times, those patients had to wait until the next working day for assessment. The study recommends that all overdose patients should receive psychiatric assessment, and therefore on-site psychiatric services should be available for accident and emergency patients.     

The development of collective efficacy in teams: A multilevel and longitudinal perspective.

The authors developed and tested a longitudinal multilevel model of collective efficacy formation. In 50 self-managing student teams, they investigated the effects of individual-level and team-level factors on observed behaviors and the subsequent development of collective efficacy for mastering a complex team task. Self-efficacy for teamwork, task-relevant knowledge, and collective efficacy predicted individual teamwork behaviors (rated by peers). Aggregated measures of teamwork behavior were related to subsequent collective efficacy, which was significantly related to final team performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A motivational investigation of group effectiveness using social-cognitive theory.

The authors developed a model of group effectiveness that emphasizes 3 group-level representatives of the mediators hypothesized in social-cognitive theory. Group affective evaluations, group goals, and collective efficacy were predicted to mediate the influences of performance feedback and vicarious experience on group effectiveness. Covariance structure analysis of data from 81 groups indicated that performance feedback affected both group affective evaluations and collective efficacy, which in turn related to group effectiveness. Furthermore, group affective evaluations and collective efficacy completely mediated the relationship between performance feedback and group effectiveness, and collective efficacy partially mediated the linkage between vicarious experience and group effectiveness. No support was found for the mediating role of group goals. Recommendations for future research and applications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attribution, emotion, and collective efficacy in sports teams.

This study investigated the effect of team-referent attributions on emotions and collective efficacy. A sample of 265 athletes, from 31 interdependent sport teams, completed measures of competition importance, the Sport Emotion Questionnaire (SEQ; Jones, Lane, Bray, Uphill, & Catlin, 2005), and a collective efficacy measure (CEM) immediately prior to competition. Immediately after competition, participants completed self-report measures of performance, the Causal Dimension Scale for Teams (Greenlees, Lane, Thelwell, Holder, & Hobson, 2005), the SEQ, and the CEM. Findings indicated that following team victory attributions of team control were associated with higher levels of postcompetition happiness. Further, an interaction effect for team control and stability demonstrated that if team victory was perceived as stable over time, a team controllable attribution was associated with higher levels of postcompetition collective efficacy. For losing teams, an interaction effect for external control and stability indicated that only when team defeat was not perceived as under the control of others would an unstable attribution favor collective efficacy. This study provides evidence that team-referent attributions contribute to emotions and collective efficacy beliefs in group achievement settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Group Leadership: Efficacy and Effectiveness.

A model of leadership effectiveness including leadership efficacy, anxiety, and self- and collective efficacy for the task was hypothesized and tested in 2 laboratory studies. Groups of 3 people, 1 designated as leader, performed distinct employee hiring tasks in both studies. The empirical model from the combined samples indicates that leaders high in leadership efficacy experienced higher levels of self- and collective efficacy for the task and lower levels of anxiety, and lower levels of anxiety were related to higher self-efficacy for the task. Additionally, the model indicates that the leaders' self-efficacy for the task was associated with their collective efficacy, which in turn predicted the followers' collective efficacy. The followers' collective efficacy strongly predicted group performance. The results are discussed in terms of both their practical significance and their theoretical implications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Perceived team and player efficacy in hockey.

This study was designed to examine both the pattern of team and player efficacy across a season of competition and the relationships among player efficacy, team efficacy, and team performance in collegiate ice hockey. The team and player efficacies of hockey players from 6 teams in a midwestern collegiate hockey league were assessed prior to 32 games. Official game statistics were factor analyzed to produce one useable performance measure, performance outcome. A consensus analysis demonstrated that players held homogeneous beliefs regarding their own and their teams' abilities to perform successfully. A meta-analysis of the regression equations for each team confirmed the homogeneity among teams and the predictive superiority of team efficacy in predicting team performance. Also, when team wins and losses were analyzed across the season, team efficacy significantly increased after a win and significantly decreased after a loss, but player efficacy was not affected. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relations entre cohésion et efficacité collective au sein d'équipes professionnelles masculines et féminines de basket-ball.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cohesion and collective efficacy in professional basketball teams. A total of 66 male and 54 female French-speaking professional players from 20 teams completed Heuzé and Fontayne's (2002) Questionnaire sur l'Ambiance du Groupe and a collective efficacy measure designed to assess the athletes' perceptions of their team efficacy in offense, defense, and total. Index of agreement, intraclass correlation, and eta-squared statistic supported the existence of group perceptions for the constructs. At group level, several positive correlations were found between the dimensions of cohesion and collective efficacy. However, sequential multiple regression analyses indicated that only Group integration-task was a significant predictor of collective efficacy and explained 38% to 65% of the variance of the collective efficacy scales. The implications of the results are discussed and future studies using multilevel statistical methodologies are recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nighttime observations of safety belt use: an evaluation of California's primary law

OBJECTIVES: An analysis was conducted to determine what effect California's change to a primary safety belt law had on safety belt use among nighttime weekend drivers. METHODS: Observations of 18,469 drivers in 2 California communities were made during voluntary roadside surveys conducted every other Friday and Saturday night from 9 PM to 2 AM for 4 years. RESULTS: Rates of safety belt use rose from 73.0% to 95.6% (P < .0005). For drivers with blood alcohol concentrations of 0.10 or higher, rates rose from 53.4% to 92.1% (P < .0005). CONCLUSIONS: Because substantial improvement in safety belt use was seen even in a group of high-risk drivers, the injury reduction benefits of this law may be high.     

Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias.

In addition to personal self-esteem, we propose that there is a second type of self-esteem, collective self-esteem. People who are high in trait collective self-esteem should be more likely to react to threats to collective self-esteem by derogating outgroups and enhancing the ingroup. In a study using the minimal intergroup paradigm, trait personal and collective self-esteem were measured, and subjects received information about the average performance of their group. Subjects high in collective self-esteem varied their ratings of above-average and below-average scorers on the test in an ingroup-enhancing fashion, whereas those low in collective self-esteem did not. Analyses based on personal self-esteem did not show this interaction. We conclude that collective self-esteem is an individual difference variable that may moderate the attempt to maintain a positive social identity. The relation between collective and personal self-esteem is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Repair of spondylolysis in young fast bowlers

Azithromycin, rifabutin, and rifapentine were used to treat or prevent disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections produced in rats immunosuppressed with cyclosporine. Animals with bacteremic infections were treated 1 week after intravenous inoculation with 10(7) CFU of MAC with azithromycin, 100 mg/kg of body weight administered subcutaneously for 5 days and then 75 mg/kg on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, or with rifabutin or rifapentine, 20 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally on Monday through Friday. All three drugs showed efficacy after 1 and 2 months. Rifabutin cleared the organisms from tissues more rapidly than azithromycin or rifapentine. To approximate prophylaxis, treatment was started 2 weeks before intravenous inoculation with 10(4) organisms. MAC infections were undetectable in treated animals after 4 months, while control animals had disseminated infections. These findings support the rationale for clinical trials of treatment and prophylaxis with these agents. The cyclosporine-treated rat appears to be a useful model in which to evaluate compounds for the treatment and prophylaxis of disseminated MAC infections.     

Solubility properties of racemic praziquantel and its enantiomers

This study was designed to examine both the pattern of team and player efficacy across a season of competition and the relationships among player efficacy, team efficacy, and team performance in collegiate ice hockey. The team and player efficacies of hockey players from 6 teams in a midwestern collegiate hockey league were assessed prior to 32 games. Official game statistics were factor analyzed to produce one useable performance measure, performance outcome. A consensus analysis demonstrated that players held homogeneous beliefs regarding their own and their teams' abilities to perform successfully. A meta-analysis of the regression equations for each team confirmed the homogeneity among teams and the predictive superiority of team efficacy in predicting team performance. Also, when team wins and losses were analyzed across the season, team efficacy significantly increased after a win and significantly decreased after a loss, but player efficacy was not affected.     

Components of reward in social dilemmas.

Two experiments with 324 undergraduates investigated components of reward in social dilemmas, which are defined as situations in which individuals are faced with a conflict between maximizing selfish interests and maximizing collective interests. The dilemma is based on the fact that, if all choose to maximize selfish interests, all are worse off than if all choose to maximize collective interests. Using 3-person decomposed games, 2 types of incentives were contrasted: a positive incentive (bonus) for cooperative choices and a negative incentive (penalty) for noncooperative choices. Results show that the positive incentive evoked a higher level of cooperation than the negative incentive. Findings are discussed in terms of nonadditive utility components, D. G. Pruitt's (see record 1970-07717-001) motivational interpretation, and H. H. Kelley and J. W. Thibaut's (1978) theory of interdependence. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Impact of Perceived Loafing and Collective Efficacy on Group Goal Processes and Group Performance

This paper presents two studies investigating the influence of social perceptions (perceived loafing, collective efficacy, and cohesion) on group goal processes (difficulty and commitment) and group performance. The role of group goal processes as mediators of the relationships between social perception variables and group performance was also tested. The first study involved a sample of 247 college students in 59 groups working on a team interdependent, divisible academic task. Results supported all but one hypothesis. The mediation hypothesis was not supported as both group goal and social perception variables related similarly to group performance. The second study employed a different design to address some limitations of the first study and to extend those findings. Results from the second study, using 383 college students in 101 groups, were consistent with Study 1 with two exceptions. First, the mediation hypothesis was supported in Study 2, replicating the findings of Klein and Mulvey (1995). Second, anticipated lower effort and the sucker effect, additional intervening variables examined in Study 2, partially mediated the relationship between perceived loafing and collective goal difficulty as hypothesized. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.     

Collective efficacy: A neglected construct in the study of schools and student achievement.

A theoretical analysis is advanced that discusses social cognitive theory at the group level to explain the formation and impact of collective efficacy. The study used student- and school-level data from a sample of urban elementary schools. Consistent with social cognitive theory, mastery experience was found to be a significant predictor of differences between schools in teachers' collective efficacy perceptions. In addition, after controlling for student demographic characteristics and prior achievement, collective efficacy was positively and significantly related to differences among schools in student achievement. Finally, the amount of consensus among faculty members regarding collective efficacy perceptions was not a significant predictor of student achievement, nor was it significantly related to school socioeconomic status or minority concentration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Competence, achievement orientation, and intrinsic motivation: A process analysis.

Three sources of competence information were manipulated in an experiment in which 120 male 15–18 yr olds worked on a word game, after being given an expectancy for success and an objective standard for average performance, to investigate the process through which competence information affects intrinsic motivation. It was predicted that performance cues that differed in terms of objectivity and timing during task performance would affect task interest differentially and that the effects of competence information would vary according to achievement orientation. Normative feedback was provided after task completion. Results show that the effects of the cues on self-efficacy and task interest were generally consistent with A. Bandura's (1982) self-efficacy model of intrinsic motivation. Objective information provided before the game was optimal in enhancing self-efficacy and interest for all Ss. High achievers responded positively to competence cues, whereas cues providing positive feedback about ability reduced interest for low achievers. Path analytic process analysis indicated that mediational structures also varied according to achievement orientation. Competence information enhanced high achievers' valuation of competence which had a positive causal impact on subsequent intrinsic motivation. In contrast, efficacy expectations mediated increases in intrinsic motivation for low achievers. (55 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency.

Addresses the centrality of the self-efficacy mechanism (SEM) in human agency. SEM precepts influence thought patterns, actions, and emotional arousal. In causal tests, the higher the level of induced self-efficacy, the higher the performance accomplishments and the lower the emotional arousal. The different lines of research reviewed show that the SEM may have wide explanatory power. Perceived self-efficacy helps to account for such diverse phenomena as changes in coping behavior produced by different modes of influence, level of physiological stress reactions, self-regulation of refractory behavior, resignation and despondency to failure experiences, self-debilitating effects of proxy control and illusory inefficaciousness, achievement strivings, growth of intrinsic interest, and career pursuits. The influential role of perceived collective efficacy in social change and the social conditions conducive to development of collective inefficacy are analyzed. (2? p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Abstinence Incentive Effects in a Short-Term Outpatient Detoxification Program.

Despite being widely available, outpatient detoxification has limited efficacy as a stand-alone treatment. This study examined whether abstinence-contingent incentives would improve outcomes for patients entering outpatient opiate detoxification. Participants (N = 211) received a $100 voucher on the last day of detoxification either contingent on opiate and cocaine abstinence or noncontingently. Urine samples were collected at intake, on Wednesday, Friday (the last day of detoxification), and the following Monday. Among contingent-voucher participants, 31% were drug-free on Friday compared with 18% of noncontingent controls (Z = 2.4, p